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ICCAI 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1566 (2020) 012034 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1566/1/012034

Data Science
Mahyuddin K M Nasution∗ , Opim Salim Sitompul, Erna Budhiarti
Nababan
Fakultas Ilmu Komputer dan Teknologi Informasi, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Padang Bulan
20155 USU, Medan, Indonesia
E-mail: ∗ [email protected]

Abstract. The presence of new science does not necessarily occur just like that. Every
science starts from interests, discussion, and looks for a basic foundation, but in general the
main foundation of science is mathematics. Data science includes structured and systematic
knowledge about data. However, many other sciences that has a relationship with the data in
question, ranging from statistics to computer science. This paper aims to reveal the obstacle
and limitations of other science into a data science completely, on that basis the definition of
data sciences needs to be elaborated, then confirm data science as new science and not depend
directly on several other sciences.

1. Introduction
Data science consists of two words that form a term to refer to scientific activities around or
relating to what is recognized with data [1], i.e., starting from the collection and processing,
then presenting it as information that is useful for decision making or beneficial to stakeholders
concerned with data [2, 3]. As science, restrictions about it need to be expressed, but the
term reference is not enough to state the purpose and objective of its existence as a science,
which causes various definitions about it to appear [4, 5]. A science, has an ontological basis,
and taxonomically spreads in various directions of development, but still within the interrelated
scope [6, 7].
Data science involves methods in all its activities or scholarly [8], but it is logically mapped
into a scientific integration [9, 10]. In other side, data in particular is an object of study which
has long been a part of other scholarly differently [11], whereas science is born theoretically
to deliver technology and other applications that pioneered the improvement of the quality
of human life [12]. Therefore, data science becomes a paradigm system involving empirical,
theoretical, computational, and big data.

2. Reviews on the track

Data science [13] as a scientific system is an open system [14], which consists of interacting units.
Thus, internal units interact with external units. Internal units focus on data, while external
units complement from the outside [15]. If data science is a science about data (or knowledge
related to data as a whole), then data science as a system requires that the whole units be
organized in a scientific structure and systematics [16], see Figure 1.
Data is phenomenal at the moment, which requires a special study container. Although data
has long been a major part of statistics, based on mathematics, , statistics do not have more

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ICCAI 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1566 (2020) 012034 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1566/1/012034

Figure 1. Data and anything for data science.

capabilities without involving the core concept, namely probability [17, 18], even though it is
already well established with data analysis [19, 20]. Statistics both in theory and application
consist of a combination of the involvement about an amount (Σ) to an average (μ), or the
centrality of the data and some of their expansion. [21]. Statistics has not been able to predict,
test and assess something, before proving the formula in fairness according to the contour the
probability [22, 23]. Many scientists claim that data science according to the first term is none
other than statistics itself [24]. However, data as a phenomenon cannot be completely revealed by
statistics. Statistics in general targets quantity or quality with parametric and non-parametric
containers. However, the data has its own systematic structure besides the distribution concepts
[25, 26].
From the data side as a bequest from the data or derivation from data, or sometimes as
a twin of data, or also at a particular time a source of data, namely information is the most
important part of all human activities today [27, 28]. In this case, the method has a role, to
solve problems that are linked with or from/to the data. Computationally, statistics grow in
theory to present methods. However, the method’s implications are only the implementation
of statistical formulas in computation, such as computers and other tools [29, 30]. Statistics in
theory has no way to use the facilities in an effective and efficient manner [31]. In fact, ease
of computing such as memory and processor speed requires a balance of performance between
them.
The main requirement of a statistical contour, namely probability, is randomness [32]. To
bypass testing, minimal number of data as sample is statistical reasons as initial assumptions for
data processing and benchmarking [33], as for the dataset [34]. Instead of looking for ways to
test the validity of samples from generally accepted populations, issue a concept that statistics =
data science [35]. It means that assuming data ↔ formula ↔ computation [36, 37], which have no

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ICCAI 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1566 (2020) 012034 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1566/1/012034

mathematical conclusions abstractions that have not been validly proven. It puts data mining,
as a shift in understanding of the data, unconsciously coupping the data processing rules, so it
is not uncommon for the same data to have different conclusions [38].
Is that just a recognition or as a process before the data [39]. Is it a presentation or just
an external dish. Clearly, there is a series of scientific activities before and after the data
form. Background of data, for example, who is as the collector or about its origin, will cause
information as a result of processed data to make it invalid as a source of knowledge [40, 41].
Do we need to do forensics? [42, 43] The answer lies in placing the statistical position in the
scientific sequence [44]. Not a few fields of science that struggle with data, statistics part of
it. However, the basis of all that is mathematics, which was originally divided into four main
areas: arithmetic, algebra, trigonometric, and geometry. On that basis, however, statistics try
to break free from the arithmetic trap, the pitfalls of computing place statistics growing around
arithmetic involving numbers and operators [45]. Along with that, demands for the meaning of
data require the presence of other fields such as optimization, matrices, distance and similarity,
operations research, and others [46]. Is not it, the fuzzy theory and the rough set are also the
results of the demands or the interests of the data [47].

3. An approach
The birth of a science begins with the emergence of the term in certain academics [48]. The
existence of science was awakened when elaborating and it gave rise to many documents that
were published.
Related terms will be present to offset the terms that might be the name of the science. Data
science is a term, and definitions about it come with the documents that describe it. Currently,
the description comes with the information space as a result of discussion and exchange of
opinions. There are two different spaces that become the focus of attention. First is the
information room of the search engine where there is information that is recorded about the
term, it shows the interest from various stakeholders about it [49]. The term data science is
recorded and revealed based on the year of discussion, to see the ups and downs of activities
about data science activities. Of course, semantically, this information involves all internet users
who are connected and record their interests with their responses about data science [50].
In addition, as a counterweight to that interest, information about documents related to the
term science data is indexed by search engines in the form of numbers and years [51]. On the
grounds that the documents become reliable information because they come from scientists who
are related to various fields of science as stakeholders for realizing the new science. A graphic
will illustrate the trajectory of a scientific journey.

4. A discussion for establishment

To establish a new science, the related term continues to flow in every related scientific activity,
see Figure 2. Definitions fill the discussion room, and then define it, even though a definition
only applies as long as there are no objections.

4.1. Some of related terms

The term science implies organizing systematically and structurally knowledge [52]. Systematics
refers to an effort or study to build and organize knowledge in the form of explanations so as to
produce a limit as the presence of definitions in science, then followed by a theory in the form
of theorems and proofs [16]. All of that is arranged logically and in reasoning, and the parts
become a structure of the science [53]. Based on that, data science originally addressed computer
science to underlie its science [54], but the unresolved complexity trap on algorithms [55, 56],
with which it was the focus of computer science, had caused computer science to experience
scientific defraction, and cannot be a strong foundation for a new science.
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ICCAI 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1566 (2020) 012034 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1566/1/012034

Figure 2. Hit count of term ”Data Science” in 1960-2019 based on Google.

Conversely, computer science is not to replace data science. The failure of the data science
affirmation, there is an idea to come with the term datalogy [57, 58]. Based on the nature
and characteristics of the data in its dimensions, the data becomes part of the overall existing
knowledge [59, 60]. As the word logy tries to emphasize the word method in methodology, the
term datalogy thus trends to make it a part of every existing science by which data become the
support of any study in it [61]. Therefore, datalogy increasingly do not reinforce the existence
of science that is intended as data science.
Data science as a term is to express data and what is around it, starting from its existence
and its meaning. However, a systematic study of data - organization, property, and analysis,
or its role in inference - in statistic gives restraints to both if the term data science replace
statistics or vice versa. The fact that today, talking about data means that dealing with large
amounts of data, or recognizing big data [62], causes some statistical concepts to change [63].
Organizing data is not limited to numbers. Data characteristics abound as long as they are
related to the meaning of life, data attributes are not like the properties available in statistics
[64]. Data analysis by statistic is constrained by the sample, and experience obstacles when
dealing with the obscurity that big data exhibits (between as a sample or population) [65, 66].
In other words, statistics deal with convergence in computing [67], and with that the term data
science goes peacefully for describing a discipline typically involving some mixture of statistics
and large-scale computing [68]. Therefore, the term data science as a phrase in this case is an
affirmation of new tasks related to data [69].
In addition to the terms computer science and statistics, not a few other terms present as the
trial name of this science such as data mining to obscure the importance of data science [38]. In
the view of data mining, drilling rigs will mine big data such as oil mines in one pool. Although,
the big data is compartmentalized in the existing systems, but actually the big data is in an
information space that does not have any such structure. Thus, mining data in accordance with
the method is only able to reveal part by part of the whole big data [70, 71, 72]. The term data
science is not data mining in its overall sense, or vice versa.

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ICCAI 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1566 (2020) 012034 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1566/1/012034

Figure 3. Terms about ”Data Science” and their definition.

4.2. Toward definition

As a new science, data science get strengthened by the dissemination that has been done by
scientists or organizations through lectures or scientific meetings [73]. Discussion about data
science becomes a major issues in the scientific world with the presence of journals that serve
as a means of publishing articles related to research or review of this science, covering the scope
of studies that may be present [74]. Along with that, a new definition of data science and an
additional scope of study are presented to explain it, see Figure 3.
Once again, the basic concepts of statistics that never come out of arithmetic traps in the
interval [0, 1], from theory to computation [75], are followed by computer science which must
be pleased to be in the study and application of ”Program = Data structure + Algorithm” until
”Genetic algorithms + Data structure = Evolution programs” with the pitfalls its complexity

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ICCAI 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1566 (2020) 012034 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1566/1/012034

Figure 4. Hit count of term ”Data Science” in 1960-2019 based on Google Scholar.

[76]. Statistics does not need to change into data science, while computer science must still
be able to assert itself in science. Statisticians should unravel the constraints of convergence
to be able to handle data transformation, from classical to fuzzy or rough (rough sets). The
birth of another field that studies from another angle about data and computers has sorted out
several derivatives of science of fields. The focus of the study of computer science is different
from systems/information sciences, information technology or computer systems, for example.
Although, there are scientists who state that ”Data science is the child of statistics and computer
science [77]”, in theory of data science is the science of data. Differences occur only as a results
of organizing the scientific units needed in a scientific system to deal with the dimensions of
the data. This system is based on the interaction and continuity of the scientific units. Even
though, all of them are based on mathematics discrete as a driving force of scientific energy, but
it will give different implications when interpretation is based on scientific mission and vision
and external targets. Thus, any science that will be born, will rely on mathematics as a scientific
foundation.
Data science consists of scientific units that are openly organized, but have their own borders.
Border is intended to limit the study in accordance with the output targets and achievement
targets, but also remains open to recognizing the changes needed. There is an unequivocal
goal that scientists want to produce something so people can judge [78]. The substance of
data science comes from a variety of sciences or involves multidisciplinary investigations, and is
supported by the application of technology. However, the data model is the foundation of the
investigation, but to build the model requires recognition of the data as a whole. Data models
propose a choice of method for accessing data so that data analysis has the ability to rely on
producing information. Collaborative statistics, optimization, and mining methods, including
probabilistic inference, are an attractive choice for knowledge to be present [44]. With various
constraints that the method has, artificial intelligence is present in an integrated way. Thus, data
science is not only related to units of data recognition or data models, statistics, optimization,
data mining, artificial intelligence, but involves the support of technology available in form of
computing with all its devices (hardware systems, software systems, and algorithms) [79, 80],
but do not make them the substance of the study [81]. As data with all its characteristics,

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ICCAI 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1566 (2020) 012034 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1566/1/012034

Figure 5. Comparison of scientific information and documents about data science.

data science is very closely related to all other important concepts about the data itself such
as big data and decision making. This assertion also gives something commitment to the data.
Data recording should involve good validation, forensics about the origin of the data becomes
part of smart collection of data, because after all principle of the use of technology still applies,
namely garbage in garbage out (GIGO), whereby behavioral and economic data have different
properties than other, the data with suspect the existence of a subjective system [82].

4.3. Track record

The track record of the development of data science as new science can be seen from the growth of
information in the information space. Information related to data science was revealed from the
Google search engine starting from the first year this term was present in the literature, Figure 2
and Figure 3, and confirmed through studies with documented documentary evidence on Google
Scholar, see Figure 4. Use of the term data science as a name this new science has reached its
culmination point, and scientists are examining its completeness in different headlines, Figure
5. It is shown by the decreasing percentage of documents related to data science compared to
information about research group sites or other information related science data [83].
The debate about what data science is had ended, and data science is accepted as a new
science that is entirely related to data, in contrast to statistics, computer science, data mining,
and so on.

4.4. Definition
Dealing with data, which as a whole as Figure 1, to express data science, it is necessary to
consider a series of relationships: data (δ), information (ι), and knowledge (κ), in a relation, as
stated as follows [84]:
Data Science is ”the extraction of knowledge from high-volume data, using skills in computing
science, statistics and the specialist domain knowledge of experts.”
OR

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ICCAI 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1566 (2020) 012034 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1566/1/012034

Data Science is ”concerned with the extraction of useful knowledge from large, complex data
sets.” 1
However, when the extraction of something is done from its source, for example Ω represents
the source, γ represents an extraction function that involves artificial intelligence [85, 86, 87, 88,
89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95], the data science is

DS(δ, ι, κ) = γ(Ω) + μ(Σ)

by which μ is a function involving tools available through other knowledge Σ.

5. Conclusion
In particular, data science has been stimulated by various relevant experts. Various terms have
been raised to provide suggestions and invitations, various responses from the public and other
scientists reflected by the presence of study documents presented in various scientific activities.
As a search, data science is a new science even though data has long been recognized in all
scientific activities. Furthermore, based on the importance of data science determination, it is
necessary to study the current status of chronological data science.

Acknowledgment: This paper is the result of a study visit to Europe by Universitas Sumatera
Utara Team of the Erasmus+ DS&AI project.

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