Lets Get Digital

CS/ECE/EEE/INSTR F215:Digital Design

Lecture 01: Introduction to Course Digital Design
Tue, 06 Aug 2024

BITS Pilani R. N. Ponnalagu, EEE

Hyderabad Campus
 CS/EEE/ECE /INSTR F215 Digital Design

Instructor-in-charge: Ponnalagu RN

Instructors : L1: Ponnalagu RN

L2: BVVSN Prabhakar Rao
L3: Joyjit Mukherjee

Office Room No. : H-226

e-mail id : [email protected]
INSTRUCTIONS
 General Instructions

Keep your mobile phones in Silent mode during class hours

Course Notices - Displayed only on CMS

Chamber Consultation Hour: Monday 12 to 1 pm

Lecture slides and Tutorial questions/slides/solutions will not

be shared
 TEXT BOOK
T1: M. Moris Mano and Michael D. Ciletti “ Digital Design”, PHI, 6th Edition, 2018

REFERENCE BOOKS

R1: Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss & Ronald J. Tocci, “Digital Systems Principles
and Applications” Pearson, 12th Edition, 2018.

R2. Charles H. Roth, Jr. and Larry L. Kinney “Fundamentals of Logic Design”
Cengage Learning 7th Edition, 2013.

R3: Donald D. Givone, “Digital Principles and Design” TMH, 2003

 Evaluation Scheme
Marks Nature of
Weightage
Component Duration allotted Date & Time Compon
(%)
ent
Closed
Quizzes (3) - 10 % 20 To be announced
Book
Mid Semester 04.10.2024 Closed
90 minutes 30 % 60
Examination (9.30 to 11.00 am) Book
During lab Regular Lab Open
Regular Lab 10 % 20
hours classes Book
Final Lab Open
- 10 % 20 To be announced
Examination Book
Comprehensiv 180 Closed
40 % 80 4.12.2024 (AN)
e Examination minutes Book

Total 100 % 200

 Course Instructions
• General Make-up Policy : Please go through the Course Handout carefully.
• For regular lab sessions: Only ONE Make-up Lab is allowed for the regular
practical classes for any type of reasons (Health issues/Attending Sports events/
attending functions etc.)
• Make-ups will NOT be given for the Quiz and laboratory exam evaluation
components.

• Three Quizzes (based on lectures) will be conducted and best two out of three
will be considered.

▪ Quiz 1: 31 Aug 2024 Saturday

▪ Quiz 2: 21 Sep 2024 Saturday

▪ Quiz 3: 09 Nov 2024 Saturday

 Lab Instructions

• Attendance will be taken in the laboratory classes.

• Students are expected to be in the lab prior to the start of the lab classes for their
scheduled lab sessions.

• Complete the lab experiment and write the observations in a notebook and get it
signed by the faculty or research scholar TAs.
• Late comers will not be allowed to do the experiment and will not be given
attendance also.
 Course Objective
The objective of the course is to impart knowledge to students on the basic concepts
of digital logic and the tools, methods and procedures used for designing digital logic
circuits for various applications.
The course also provides laboratory practice using simulation tools (Verilog HDL),
digital ICs and trainer kits to simulate and implement various operations of digital
electronics.
 COURSE OVERVIEW
Digital Design : Lecture
➢ Basics of Number system
➢ Binary logic and logic gates
➢ Boolean Algebra and Boolean Functions
➢ Gate Level Minimization
➢ Combinational logic circuits
➢ Sequential Logic circuits
➢ Registers and Counters
➢ Memory unit and Programmable Logic devices (PLDs)
➢ Digital ICs and their characteristics
➢ Algorithmic State Machines (ASMs)
Digital Design : Lab
▪ Hardware experiments using Digital logic IC trainer kits
▪ Simulation experiments using HDL ( basics of HDL)
▪ FPGA kits
 Lab Experiments
1. Introduction to Hardware Trainer Kit and Verilog HDL
2. Implementation & Simulation of Boolean Functions using Logic Gates and
Verilog Gate Level Modeling
3. Parity Generator and Code Converter using Verilog Data Flow Modeling and
Implementation on FPGA Board
4. Implementation of Adders and Subtractor on the Digital Trainer Kit
5. Verilog: Instantiation and Implementation of Adders on FPGA Kit
6. Implementation of BCD to 7-Segment Decoder on Digital Trainer Kit and BCD Adder using
Verilog Data Flow Modeling
7. Implementation of Decoders, Demultiplexers, and Multiplexers on Digital Trainer Kit

8. Implementation of Comparators and Arithmetic Logic Units on Digital Trainer Kit

9. Implementation & Simulation of Latches and Flip-Flops using Digital Trainer Kit and
Verilog Gate Level Modeling
10. Implementation & Simulation of Counters using Digital Trainer Kit and
Verilog Data Flow Modeling
11. Implementation of Shift Registers using Digital Trainer Kit
 Introduction to Digital System and Design
A Digital System is an interconnection of digital modules designed to execute
essential operations.
Digital Systems
A digital computer: Ex. of Digital System Operates on discrete elements of
information

Either receives discrete data from nature or

> Connection of Digital modules converts analog data to discrete data

Discrete information are represented using

Binary Codes
> Connection of Digital gates
Performs various arithmetic and logical
operations

> Connection of Transistors Enables data transmission

Transistor: Controlled Switch
Stores data for future display or processing
 Introduction to Digital System and Design
Digital systems are a crucial part of our everyday life.

Hardware Software

➢ All Electronic/digital devices have hardware and software integrated together.

➢ Hardware circuits may be analog and digital and digital hardware execute the program commands, process and
store data.
➢ To learn about the Digital hardware and design a sophisticated hardware with all functionalities, knowledge of digital
logic circuits is important
❑ Understand the theory of operation of digital logic circuits
❑ ​Analyze how a digital systems performs complex operations by manipulating binary bits (zeros and ones)
❑ ​Design digital logic systems!
 Introduction to Digital System and Design
Analog and digital circuits are the fundamental building blocks of all modern electronics.
The key difference is their representation of information as signals.
Analog circuit is a circuit that represents the information as a continuous range of voltage.
Digital circuits represent information as distinct values of voltage, such as 0V and 5V, which
correspond to “false” and “true” in a Boolean logic system.
⮚ Analog Signal: Output value varies continuously. Most of the real world signals are analog in nature.
Analog signals (continuous-time) Analog Signals (discrete-time)

➢ Digital signals: Discontinuous data or events.

Analog vs Digital

• ANALOG • DIGITAL

• Analog systems compute with • Digital systems compute with

continuous values/signals of discrete values of physical variables
physical variables (0s and 1s).

• Computations may be offset prone • Immune to noise.

since it is sensitive to mismatch in
physical parameters and noise.

• Cascading many analog stages • Complex systems are easily built.

accumulate noise; complex systems Mostly blocks/modules are repeated.
are difficult to build.
Analog vs Digital
• DIGITAL
• ANALOG

• Analog signal processing is faster • Data conversion is needed which

and does not requires data requires time.
conversion.

• Wider band width and dynamic • Dynamic range depends on the

range number of bits

• Uses continuous (infinite) range • Finite range of values

of values to represent information
 Further processed in digital system
Conditioned by amplifiers and filters
Ex. Mixing, editing, special effects addition
and converted to digital by ADC
Transmission, storage and retrieval

Digital Circuits - Advantages

Precision and Accuracy Storage and Memory
Flexible and Programmable Scalability
Reliability Cost Efficient
 Digital Circuits – Basic units- Digital logic gates

Three fundamental logical operations AND, OR, NOT (INVERTER).

Logic Symbol Representations Function Truth table
Gate
• x AND y F = 1 only
• x.y if x = y = 1
AND 0 otherwise
• xy
AND Gate

• x OR y F = 1 if x =1 or y =1 or
OR • x+y both x = y = 1
• •Function
x y definition:
F = 0 if both x = y = 0
Z=1 only if X=Y=1
0 otherwise

• x’ F is the
NOT • x complement of x
Universal Logic Gates
Other Digital Logic Gates
 Evolution of Digital Technology

⮚ Diode Transistor Logic (DTL) : 1959 (IBM 1401)

⮚ Resistor Transistor Logic (RTL) : 1961 (Apollo Mission)
⮚ Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) : 1963 (Phoenix Missiles)
⮚ Emitter-coupled logic (ECL) : First Microprocessor 360
⮚ CMOS : 1965 (Any Modern Chip)

⮚ 1974 Intel 4004 had 2000 Transistors

⮚ 1993 Intel Pentium P5 had 3.1 million Transistors
⮚ 2017 AMD Ryzen has 4.8 billions Transistors
⮚ 2022 Apple M2 Chip has 20 billion Transistors
Digital ICs: Levels of Integration
1) For a given input wave forms draw the output waveforms for
(i) AND (ii) OR iii) NOT gates (use single input for NOT)