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M AT H VA U LT

Algebra Symbols
A comprehensive collection of 225+ symbols used in algebra, categorized by subject and type into tables
along with each symbol's name, usage and example.

Home » Higher Math Resource Hub » Foundation of Higher Mathematics » Mathematical Symbols »
Algebra Symbols

A
lgebra is a subfield of mathematics pertaining to the manipulation of
symbols and their governing rules. The following is a compilation of
symbols from the different branches of algebra, which include basic
algebra, number theory, linear algebra and abstract algebra.

For readability purpose, these symbols are categorized by their function and topic into
charts and tables. Other comprehensive lists of symbols — as categorized by
subject and type — can be also found in the relevant pages below (or in the navigational
panel).

Table of Contents 
1. Constants
1.1. Key Mathematical Elements
1.2. Key Mathematical Sets
2. Variables
3. Delimiters
4. Function-related Symbols
5. Operators
5.1. Number-related Operators
5.2. Key Functions
5.3. Operators Related to Complex Numbers
a d
5.4. Operators in Linear Algebra k h
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5.4.1. Vector-related Operators

5.4.2. Matrix-related Operators
5.4.3. Vector-space-related Operators
5.5. Operators in Abstract Algebra
6. Relational Symbols
6.1. Equality-based Relational Symbols
6.2. Comparison-based Relational Symbols
6.3. Number-based Relational Symbols
6.4. Relational Symbols in Abstract Algebra
7. Additional Resources

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Get the master summary of mathematical symbols in eBook form —
along with each symbol’s usage and LaTeX code.

a d
Yes. That’d be useful.
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Constants

In algebra, constants are symbols used to denote key mathematical elements and sets.
The following tables document the most common of these — along with each symbol’s
name, usage and example.

(For common constants in general, see common math constants.)

Key Mathematical Elements

Symbol Name Explanation Example

i Imaginary unit i
2
+ 1 = 0

0 0 ,→ Zero vector 0 ≠ 0

0 0 0
O Zero matrix O 2×3 = ( )
0 0 0

1 0
I Identity matrix I2 = ( )
0 1

Identity element of a For all g ∈ G ,

e
group g ∘ e = e ∘ g = g .

Key Mathematical Sets

In algebra, certain sets of numbers (or other more elaborated objects) tend to occur
more frequently than others. These sets are often denoted by some variants of
alphabetical letters — many of which are of the blackboard bold typeface.

Symbol Name Explanation Example

P Set of prime numbers 127 ∈ P

Set of natural numbers

N0 0 ∈ N0
(starting with 0)

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Symbol Name Explanation Example

Set of natural numbers

N1 0 ∉ N1
(starting with 1)

For all x, y ∈ N ,
Z Set of integers
x − y ∈ Z .

Z+ Set of positive integers Z+ = N1

–
Q 3.73 ∈ Q Set of rational numbers

In Q 10 , −1 = … 999
Qp Set of p-adic numbers
(as 1 + … 999 = 0).

Set of algebraic
A √5 + 3 ∈ A
numbers

R Set of real numbers i ∉ R

Set of positive real For all x, y ∈ R+ ,

R+
numbers xy ∈ R + .

Set of negative real If a, b ∈ R− , then

R−
numbers a + b ∈ R− .

Set of irrational
R − Q log 2 ∈ R − Q
numbers

Set of imaginary
I 5i ∈ I, 2 + 3i ∉ I
numbers

There exists a number

Set of complex
C x ∈ C such that
numbers
x + 2x + 3 = 0.
2

H Set of quaternions 5 + 6i − 2j + 3k ∈ H

O Set of octonions e0 + ⋯ + e7 ∈ O

N-dimensional
a d k h
n 3
R i, j, k ∈ R
Euclidean space

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Symbol Name Explanation Example

Open ball of radius r (0.5, 0.8, 0.4) ∉

B r (p)
around point p B 1 (0)

Set of integers modulo

Zn [24] = [11] ∈ Z 13
n

m×n
Set of m × n matrices 2 3
2×2
R ( ) ∈ R
with entries from ring R 1 4

Group of n × n
1 0
GL n (R) invertible matrices with ( ) ∉ GL 2 (R)
2 0
entries from ring R

Symmetric group on a
Sn |S n | = n!
set of n elements

x ∈ Z if x ∈ Z and
×

R
×
Group of units of ring R ∃y ∈ Z such that

xy = yx = 1.

Polynomial ring with −3x

3
+ x
2
+ 2x + 1
R[x]
coefficients from ring R ∈ Z[x]

Variables

Since algebra is concerned with the manipulation of mathematical symbols, it often

draws upon a wide range of variables as placeholders for varying objects and quantities.
The following table documents the most common of these — along with their respective
usage and example.

Symbol Name Used For Example

Natural numbers and

m, n, p, q m + n − 2p = q
integers

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Symbol Name Used For Example

A linear equation has

Coefficients of
a, b, c the general form
functions and equations
ax + by + c = 0.

Unknowns in functions If 14x + 2y = 4 , then

x, y, z
and equations y = 2 − 7x .

For quadratic
Δ Discriminant polynomials,
Δ = b –4ac
2
.

(3,5)
i + j
i, j, k Index variables ∏
2
(i,j)=(1,1)

z Complex numbers |z 1 z 2 | = |z 1 ||z 2 |

,
f (x) g(x, y) h(z) , Functions g(f (x), 3) = h(x)

u, v, w
Vectors 2u + 3v = 5w
→, v→, w
(or u →)

U is a subspace of
U, V , W Vector spaces
vector space V .

A, B, C Matrices AB ≠ BA

Since Av 0 = 3v 0 , 3 is
λ Eigenvalues
an eigenvalue of A.

There exists an element

G, H Groups e ∈ G such that for all

x ∈ G, x ∘ e = x.

A polynomial ring F[x]

consists of polynomials
F Fields
with coefficients from
field F.

X, Y a dIndeterminates k 3X
2
Y + 5Y ∈ Z[X, Y h
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() []

{}

,
: ∣
, ,

⎜⎟ ⎜⎟
Delimiters

⎝
x
⎛ ⎞
y

z
⎠
,[
w
x y

Function-related Symbols
]
Comprehensive List of Algebra Symbols | Math Vault

In mathematics, delimiters are symbols used to denote the separation between

independent mathematical entities. The following table features some of the most
common delimiters in algebra. For common delimiters in general, see common
delimiters.

Symbol Name Explanation

Vectors/matrices
indicators

Set builder

Piecewise-function
indicator

“Such that” marker

As a foundational component of algebra, function plays a key role in establishing the

rules pertaining to the manipulation of symbols. The following table documents some of
the most common function-related operators and notational symbols — along with their
meaning and example.

f : A → B

A → B
f
Symbol Name

a
,
Explanation

Function mapping rule

(f maps set A to set B)

d
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k
1
⎛ ⎞

⎝ ⎠
3
2

|x| = {

Q =

{
x

y
–
+
Example

{−1, 3.5, π} ∈ R

The function
f : N → R with
x

−x
4
⎛ ⎞

⎝ ⎠
6
5

x ∈ Z, y ∈ N}

Example

f (x) = x is strictly
2

increasing.
=

x ≥ 0

x < 0

h
5
⎛ ⎞
7

⎝ ⎠
9

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Symbol Name Explanation Example

Function mapping rule The function

f : x ↦ y ,
f (f maps element x to g : x → x takes a 3

x ↦ y
element y) number to its cube.

dom(f ) Domain of f dom(g) = R +

If ran(f ) = Z, then f is
ran(f ) Range of f an integer-valued
function.

Image of element x
f (x) f (g(3)) = f (5) = 7
under function f

Image of set X under If f (x) = tan(x) , then

f (X) π π
function f f [(−
2
,
2
)] = R

Inverse function of f , If f is an one-to-one

f
−1
(y) pre-image of element y function with f (3) = 5,
under function f then f −1 (5) = 3.

If g : R → R with
Pre-image of set Y
x , then
−1 2
f (Y ) g(x) =
under function f
g
−1
([0, 1]) = [−1, 1] .

If f (x) = 5x and
Composite function f
x , then
3
f ∘ g g(x) =
of g
(f ∘ g)(x) = 5x
3
.

Restriction of function dom(f | A ) =

f |A
f to set A A ∩ dom(f )

If (1, 3) ∈ R and
Composite relation R
R ∘ S (3, 6) ∈ S , then
of S
(1, 6) ∈ R ∘ S.

−1
(x, y) ∈ R ⟺
R
−1
Converse relation of R
(y, x) ∈ R

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Symbol Name Explanation Example

For all transitive relations

Transitive closure of
R
+
T containing R,
relation R
⊆ T.
+
R

Operators

In algebra, operators can be thought of as a special type of function mapping one or

multiple mathematical entities to another, and are often given special names or notations
due to their repeated occurrences.

In particular, these operators are often related to numbers, key functions, linear algebra
and abstract algebra — the vast majority of which are found in the tables below. For
common operators in general, see common operators.

Number-related Operators

Symbol Name Explanation Example

Greatest common
gcd(x, y) gcd(20, 15) = 5
divisor of x and y

xy
Least common lcm(x, y) =
lcm(x, y)
multiple of x and y gcd(x, y)

Remainder of x when
x mod y 23 mod 4 = 3
divided by y

|x| Absolute value of x |−5| = |5| = 5

⌊x⌋ Floor of x ⌊5.999⌋ = 5

For all x ∈ R ,
⌈x⌉ Ceiling of x
⌈x⌉ − 1 < x ≤ ⌈x⌉ .

,
⌊x⌉ round(x) Nearest integer of x round(3.5) = 4

max(A)
a dMaximum of set A
k max ({3, 11, 5}) = 11
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Symbol Name Explanation Example

For all x ∈ A ,
min(A) Minimum of set A
min(A) ≤ x .

n (m,n)

∑ ai , ∑ a ij , (5,5)
i + j
i=1 (i,j)=(1,1) Sum of a i /a ij ∑ ≥ 15
2
(i,j)=(1,1)
∑ ai

i∈I

n (m,n)

∏ ai , ∏ a ij , ∏ (i
2
− 1) =

i=1 (i,j)=(1,1) Product of a i /a ij i∈{3,5,7}

∏ ai 8 ⋅ 24 ⋅ 48

i∈I

Key Functions

Symbol Name Explanation Example

Polynomial of degree n 3
2x (x + 1) =
kn x
n
+ ⋯ + k0 x
0
with coefficients 4 3
2x + 2x
k0 , … , kn

Natural exponential
x
e , exp x For all x ≥ 3 e , x
≥ 20 .
function

x
Exponential function x+y x y
b 2 = 2 ⋅ 2
with base b

Natural logarithmic
ln x ln 10 = ln 2 + ln 5
function

Common logarithmic
log x log 1000000 = 6
function

Logarithmic function of ln 23
log x log 11 23 =
b
base b ln 11

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Symbol Name Explanation Example

6 trigonometric
, ,
sin x cos x tan x , functions (sine, cosine, 1
csc x =
sec x, csc x, cot x tangent, secant, sin x

cosecant, cotangent)

−1
Inverse trigonometric
,
arcsin(x) sin (x),
functions (inverse sine, π
arccos(x), cos (x),
−1
arcsin(−1) = −
inverse cosine, inverse 2
arctan(x), tan
−1
(x)
tangent)

sinh x, cosh x, x −x
e − e
tanh x, sech x, 6 hyperbolic functions sinh x =
2
csch x, coth x

−1
arcsinh(x) sinh , (x)

, arccosh (x),
−1
Inverse hyperbolic
cosh (x), arccosh (1) = 0
functions
arctanh(x),
−1
tanh (x)

Prime-counting
π(x) π(11) = 5
function

ϕ(x) Euler’s totient function ϕ(15) = ϕ(5) ⋅ ϕ(3)

Since 60 = 2
2
⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ,
ω(x) Prime omega function
ω(60) = 3 .

For all sets A, id A is

Identity function on set
id A (x) both one-to-one and
A
onto.

Indicator/characteristic 1 x ∈ Q
,
1 A (x) χ A (x) 1 Q (x) = {
function of set A 0 x ∉ Q

Kronecker delta For each identity matrix

δ ij
function I , I ij = δ ij .

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Operators Related to Complex Numbers

Symbol Name Explanation Example

– Conjugate of complex
z̄ 5 + 6i = 5 − 6i
z number

Real part of complex

R(z) R(z) ∈ R
number z

Imaginary part of
I(z) I(z̄) = −I(z)
complex number z

Absolute value of 2
|z| |z| = zz̄
complex number z

Arguments of complex π
arg(z) ∈ arg (1 + 1i)
number z 4

Cis notation
By Euler’s formula,
cis(θ) (Shorthand for πi
cis(π) = e
cos θ + i sin θ )

Operators in Linear Algebra

Vector-related Operators

Symbol Name Explanation Example

Additive inverse of
−v v + (− ) = 0 𝕧
vector v

Scalar product of
kv (−1)v = −v
vector v by scalar k

u + v Sum of vectors u and v u + 0 = u

Difference of vectors u (5, 7, 1) − (3, 2, 5) =

u − v

a d
and v
k (2, 5, −4)
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Symbol Name Explanation Example

Dot product of vectors

u ⋅ v (5u) ⋅ (7v) = 35(u ⋅ v)
u and v

Cross product of
u × v v × u = –(u × v)
vectors u and v

Wedge product of
u ∧ v u ∧ v = –(v ∧ u)
vectors u and v

Inner product of In an Euclidean space,

⟨u, v⟩
vectors u and v ⟨u, v⟩ = u ⋅ v

(1, 2) ⊗ (3, 4) =
Outer product of
u ⊗ v 1 ⋅ 3 1 ⋅ 4
vectors u and v ( )
2 ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 4

∥v∥ Norm of vector v ∥kv∥ = |k|∥v∥

∥v∥ 1 =
∥v∥ p P-norm of vector v
|v 1 | + ⋯ + |v n |

Unit vector in the v

v
^ v
^ =
direction of vector v ∥v∥

Projection of vector v v ⋅ u
proj u v proj u v = u
onto vector u u ⋅ u

Orthogonal projection
oproj u v of vector v onto vector proj u v + oproj u v = v

Matrix-related Operators

Symbol Name Explanation Example

Additive inverse of
−A −A + A = O
matrix A
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Symbol Name Explanation Example

Scalar product of
kA 5(3B) = (5 ⋅ 3)B
matrix A by scalar k

Sum of matrices A and

A + B A + B = B + A
B

2 5 1 5
( ) − ( ) =
Difference of matrices 3 1 2 4
A − B
A and B 1 0
( )
1 −3

Product of matrices A (AB) ij = (ith row of A)

AB
and B ⋅ (jth column of B)

Hadamard entrywise Unlike standard matrix

A ∘ B A ⊙ B , product of matrices A products,
and B A ∘ B = B ∘ A.

1 2
( ) ⊗ B =
Kronecker product of 3 4
A ⊗ B
matrices A and B 1B 2B
( )
3B 4B

A
T
Transpose of matrix A (AB)
T
= B A
T T

– Conjugate transpose
A
H
A
∗ H
(A ) ij = A ji ,
A of matrix

−1
Multiplicative inverse −1 −1
A (A ) = A
of matrix A

tr(A) Trace of matrix A tr(I n ) = n

Determinant of matrix 4 3
,
|A| det(A) = 4 ⋅ 5 − 3 ⋅ 2
A 2 5

∥A + B∥ ≤
∥A∥ Norm of matrix A
∥A∥ + ∥B∥

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Symbol Name Explanation Example

∥A∥ p P-norm of matrix A ∥A∥ 1 ≥ 0

adj(A) A = A adj(A)
adj(A) Adjugate of matrix A
= det(A) I

rank(A) Rank of matrix A rank(A

T
) = rank(A)

Vector-space-related Operators

Symbol Name Explanation Example

v ∈ ker(f ) ⟺
ker(f ) Kernel of linear map f
f (v) = 0

span ({(1, 2), (4, 5)})

span(S) Span of set of vectors S 2
= R

Dimension of vector
dim(V ) dim(W ) ≤ dim(V )
space V

For all w 1 ∈ W1 and

Sum of subspaces W 1
W1 + W2 w2 ∈ W2 w1 + w2 ,
and W 2
∈ W1 + W2 .

If W 1 and
+ W2 = V
Direct sum of
W1 ⊕ W2 W1 ∩ W 2 = {0}, then
subspaces W 1 and W 2
W1 ⊕ W2 = V .

Direct product of If v 1 ∈ V1 and

V1 × V2 vector spaces V 1 and v2 ∈ V 2 , then

V2 (v 1 , v 2 ) ∈ V 1 × V 2 .

Tensor product of
dim(V 1 ⊗ V 2 ) =
V1 ⊗ V2 vector spaces V 1 and
dim(V 1 ) × dim(V 2 )
V2

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Symbol Name Explanation Example

V /W contains the
Quotient space of
equivalence classes
V /W vector space V over
[v] ≐ {v + w ∣
subspace W
w ∈ W} .

Set of linear maps from

If f ∈ L(V 1 , V 2 ) , then
L(V 1 , V 2 ) vector space V 1 to
f (kv) = kf (v).
vector space V 2

Orthogonal ⊥
dim(W ) + dim(W )
W
⊥
complement of
= dim(V )
subspace W

∗
Dual space of vector ∗
V dim(V ) = dim(V )
space V

Operators in Abstract Algebra

Symbol Name Explanation Example

Equivalence class of In Z 5 , [2] =

[a]
element a {2 + 5m ∣ m ∈ Z} .

Degree of polynomial deg(p(x)q(x)) =

deg(p(x))
p(x) deg(p(x)) + deg(q(x))

Subgroup generated by If G = ⟨S⟩, then S is a

⟨S⟩
elements of set S generator of G.

Direct sum of
H1 ⊕ H2 G = H1 ⊕ H2
subgroups H 1 and H 2

Direct product of
G1 × G2 (e G 1 , e G 2 ) ∈ G 1 × G 2
groups G 1 and G 2

Product of group If S, T ⊆ G , then ST

ST
subsets S and T
a d k h
= {st ∣ s ∈ S ∧ t ∈ T }.

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Symbol Name Explanation Example

Semi-direct product of
N ⋊ H G = N ⋊ H
subgroups N and H

Wreath product of
G1 ≀ G2 Z2 ≀ Z
groups G 1 and G 2

Quotient group of
G/N group G over subgroup Z/3Z = {[0], [1], [2]}

There is a natural
Quotient ring of ring R
R/I homomorphism from R
over ideal I
to R/I .

Kernel of x 1 , x 2 ∈ ker(f ) ⟹
ker(f )
homomorphism f x 1 ∘ x 2 ∈ ker(f )

– x S Topological closure of If is a limit point of ,

S
–
S x ∈ S set then .

S
∘
, int(S) Interior of set S int([0, 1]) = (0, 1)

ext(S) Exterior of set S ext(S) = int(S )

c

∂([−1, 1]) =
∂S bd(S), Boundary of set S c
∂([−1, 1] ) = {−1, 1}

–
– Algebraic closure of
F R = C
F field

Relational Symbols

In algebra, relational symbols are used to express the relationship between two
mathematical entities, and are often related to concepts such as equality, comparison,
divisibility and other higher-order relationships. The following tables document the most
common of these — along with their usage and meaning.
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Equality-based Relational Symbols

Symbol Name Explanation Example

2
(5 + 0.1) =
x = y x is equal to y 2 2
5 + 1 + 0.1

x ≠ y x is not equal to y ln(x + y) ≠ ln x + ln y

xis approximately 2
x ≈ y e ≈ 7.4
equal to y

x is related to y (as xRy if and only if

x ∼ y ,
defined by some x + y = 2m for some
xRy
mathematical relation) m ∈ Z.

x ≡ y x is equivalent to y 11 ≡ 23 mod 12

Function f is directly
f (x) ∝ g(x) proportional to function A ∝ r
2

Comparison-based Relational Symbols

Symbol Name Explanation Example

x < y x is less than y 2π < 6.3

If x > 0 , then
x > y x is greater than y
(1 + x)
n
> x
n
.

x is less than or equal n(n + 1) (n + 1)!

x ≤ y ≤
to y 2 2

xis greater than or

x ≥ y sin x ≥ −1
equal to y

x is much smaller than 2 2

x ≪ y 1 + ⋯ + 5 ≪ 100

a d
y
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Symbol Name Explanation Example

x is much greater than 4

(3 )
x ≫ y 2 ≫ 1000000
y

If x ≺ y and y ≺ z ,
x ≺ y x precedes y
then x ≺ z.

(u 1 , u 2 ) ⪯ (v 1 , v 2 ) if
x ⪯ y x precedes or equals y and only if u 1 ≤ v 1 and

u2 ≤ v2 .

x ≻ y x succeeds y x ≻ y ⟺ y ≺ x

f ⪰ g if and only if
x ⪰ y x succeeds or equals y f (x) ≥ g(x) for all

x ∈ R.

Number-based Relational Symbols

Symbol
Explanation Example
Name

m ∣ n Integer m divides integer n 11 ∣ 121

Integer m does not divide

m ∤ n 34 ∤ 90
integer n

If n ∣ pq and n ⊥ p , then
m ⊥ n Integers m and n are coprime
n ∣ q .

Relational Symbols in Abstract Algebra

Symbol Name Explanation Example

N is a normal If N ⊲ G , then for all

N ⊲ G
subgroup of G g ∈ G gN g , −1
= N .
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Symbol Name Explanation Example

Let
I ⊲ R I is an ideal of ring R 7Z = {7m ∣ m ∈ Z}

, then 7Z ⊲ Z .

Structure A is
A ≅B isomorphic to structure R
2×2
≅R
4

For the master list of symbols, see mathematical symbols. For lists of symbols
categorized by type and subject, refer to the relevant pages below for more.

🔍 Arithmetic and Common Math Symbols

🔍 Geometry and Trigonometry Symbols
🔍 Logic Symbols
🔍 Set Theory Symbols
🔍 Greek, Hebrew, Latin-based Symbols
🔍 Algebra Symbols
🔍 Probability and Statistics Symbols
🔍 Calculus and Analysis Symbols

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Prefer the PDF version instead?

Get the master summary of mathematical symbols in eBook form —
along with each symbol’s usage and LaTeX code.

a d
Yes. That’d be useful.
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Additional Resources

Definitive Guide to Learning Higher Mathematics: A 10-principle framework for

tackling higher mathematical learning, thinking and problem solving efficiently
Ultimate LaTeX Reference Guide: Comprehensive LaTeX reference guide to make
the LaTeXing process more streamlined, more efficient and less painful
Linear Algebra eBook Series: Four free eBooks on the various subtopics of
introductory linear algebra
10 Commandments of Higher Mathematical Learning: Illustrated web guide on 10
scalable rules for learning higher mathematics

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DEB JYOTI MITRA

April 23, 2020 at 8:52 PM

Useful For Everyone Interested In Pre-Unversity /University Mathematics.

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Foundation of Higher Math

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Pavan lakkas
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and 13,
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Thanks
Logic for giving us such a beautiful content .
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Algebra Symbols
Probability and Statistics Symbols
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Hi Pavan. Thank you!

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Tracy

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I did not see the definition of the funny-shaped half circle that looks like a capital E.

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Math Vault
June 27, 2021 at 9:15 PM

Hi Tracy. This sounds like the set memebership symbol which you can find in the
Set Theory Symbols page.

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tilkesh
September 23, 2021 at 11:52 PM

I was searching for the list and I found your work. It is best in the math word. Thank
you very much. It may have taken so much effort to make it concise and precise and
complete. Excellent. Thank you very much.

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September 24, 2021 at 1:26 PM

Thanks Tilkesh. Glad you like it!

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