Chapter 6

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
CONTENT
• Electromagnetic induction;
• Faraday's laws, induced EMF and current;
• Lenz's Law,
• Self and mutual induction.
• AC Generator

❖ Electromagnetic Induction
Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a coil changes, an emf is induced in the coil. This
process is called electromagnetic induction.
❖ Faraday’s Experiment
• In the first experiment of Faraday and Henry, a coil was connected to a galvanometer.
Then a bar magnet was pushed towards the coil This was done in a way that the north
pole was pointing towards the coil. It was noticed that as the bar magnet shifted, the
galvanometer showcased deflection. The same thing was done with the South Pole.
• It was observed in this experiment of Faraday and Henry that the shift and deflection
took place only when the magnet was in motion and not when it was stationary. The
point of deflection is small or large depending on the speed at which the motion takes
place.
• The conclusion of the Faraday and Henry experiment was that there was relative motion
between the coil and magnet, resulting in the generation of current in the coil.
❖ Magnetic Flux
The total number of magnetic field lines passing through a given area normal to it is called
magnetic flux. Mathematically it is represented by Φ and defined as the dot product of magnetic
field vector and area vector i.e. given by

∅ = 𝐵. 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃
The SI unit of magnetic flux is Weber (Wb)
 ❖ Faraday’s Law
• Faraday's First Law states that whenever the flux of magnetic field through the area
bounded by a closed loop change, an emf is produced in the loop. The flux may be
changed in a number of ways. In any case, as long as the flux keeps changing, the emf
is present. And that produced emf drives an electric current through the loop.
• Faraday's Second Law states that the magnitude of induced emf is directly
proportional to the time rate of change in magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
𝑑∅
∈∝
𝑑𝑡
𝑑∅
∈=−
𝑑𝑡
❖ Lenz’s Law
It states that the direction of the current induced in a conductor by a changing magnetic field is
such that the magnetic field created by the induced current opposes the initial changing
magnetic field.
Lenz's law is based on Faraday's law of Induction which says, a changing magnetic field will
induce a current in a conductor whereas Lenz's law tells us the direction of the induced current,
which opposes the initial changing magnetic field which produced it.
According to Lenz's law, when an electromagnetic field is generated by a change in magnetic
flux, the polarity of the induced electromagnetic field produces an induced current whose
magnetic field opposes the initial changing magnetic field which produced it.
𝑑∅
∈ = −𝑁 ( )
𝑑𝑡

∈ is induced EMF, 𝑑∅ is change in magnetic flux, & N is the number of turns in the coil.

❖ Motional EMF
Motional emf is a process in which an emf is inserted into a conductor as a result of its movement
within a magnetic field.
• Consider a straight conductor PQ as shown in the figure, moving in the rectangular loop
PQRS in a uniform and time-independent magnetic field B, perpendicular to the plane of
the system.
• Let us suppose the motion of rod to be uniform at a constant velocity of v m/sec and the
surface to be frictionless.
• Thus, the rectangle PQRS forms a closed circuit enclosing a varying area due to the
motion of the rod PQ.
 • The magnetic flux ΦB enclosed by the loop PQRS can be given as

∅𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴

𝐴=𝑙𝑥

∅𝐵 = 𝐵𝑙𝑥

Where, RQ = x and RS = l, Since the conductor is moving, x is changing with time. Thus, the
rate of change of flux ΦB will induce an emf, which is given by:

𝑑∅
∈= −
𝑑𝑡

𝑑
∈= − (𝐵𝑙𝑥)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥
∈ = −𝐵𝑙
𝑑𝑡

∈ = −𝐵𝑙𝑣

❖ Self & Mutual Induction

• Self-Induction
When the current through a coil changes, an e.m.f. is induced in it. This is called self-
induction.

∅∝𝐼
 ∅ = 𝐿𝐼
L is called self-inductance of the coil or coefficient of self-induction, SI unit of self-
inductance is henry (H)
According to Lenz’s law
𝑑∅
∈=−
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
∈ = − 𝐿𝐼
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼
∈= −𝐿
𝑑𝑡
The self-inductance of a coil is defined as the induced e.m.f. developed in the coil when
the rate of change of current through it is unity.

❖ Expression for Self-Inductance

Consider a solenoid total no. of turns N, number of turns per unit length ‘n’ and length l.
Magnetic flux linked with the solenoid.
∅ = 𝑁𝐵𝐴
But Magnetic Field inside the coil is
𝐵 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑛𝐼
Therefore,
∅ = 𝜇𝑜 𝑛𝐼𝑁𝐴
𝐿𝐼 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑛𝐼𝑁𝐴
𝐿 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑛𝑁𝐴
We know N = nl
𝐿 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑛 𝑛 𝑙 𝐴
𝐿 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑛2 𝑙𝐴
❖ Mutual Induction
When current through a coil changes an e.m.f. is induced in the neighbouring coil. This
is called mutual induction.

∅ ∝ 𝐼1
 ∅ = 𝑀𝐼1
M is called Mutual-inductance of the coil or coefficient of mutual-induction, SI unit of
mutual inductance is henry (H)
According to Lenz’s law
𝑑∅
∈=−
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
∈= − 𝑀𝐼
𝑑𝑡 1
𝑑𝐼1
∈= −𝑀
𝑑𝑡
Mutual inductance of two coils is defined as the induced e.m.f. developed in the
secondary coil, when the rate of change of current through the primary is unity”.
❖ Expression for Mutual-Inductance
Consider two solenoids (primary and secondary coils) having number of turns 𝑁1 & 𝑁2
respectively, and magnetic field created by the primary coil is 𝐵1 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑛1 𝐼1
𝑁1
Where, 𝑛1 = 𝑙

The flux linked with secondary coil is

∅2 = 𝑁2 𝐵1 𝐴
But Magnetic Field inside the coil is
𝐵1 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑛1 𝐼1
Therefore,
∅2 = 𝑁2 𝐵1 𝐴
𝑀𝐼1 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑛1 𝐼1 𝑁2 𝐴
𝑀 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑛1 𝑁2 𝐴
𝑁1
We know 𝑛1 = 𝑙
𝑁1
𝑀 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑁𝐴
𝑙 2
𝜇𝑜 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴
𝑀=
𝑙
❖ AC Generator
An AC generator is an electric generator that converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy in form of alternative emf or alternating current. AC generator works on the
principle of” Electromagnetic Induction”.
❖ Parts of AC Generator
An Ac generator consists of two poles i.e is the north pole and south pole of a magnet so that
we can have a uniform magnetic field. There is also a coil which is rectangular in shape that
is the armature. These coils are connected to the slip rings and attached to them are carbon
brushes.
The slip rings are made of metal and are insulated from each other. The brushes are carbon
brushes and one end of each brush connects to the ring and other connects to the circuit. The
rectangular coils rotate about an axis which is perpendicular to the magnetic field. There is
also a shaft which rotates rapidly.

❖ Working of an AC Generator
When the armature rotates between the poles of the magnet upon an axis perpendicular to the
magnetic field, the flux which links with the armature changes continuously. Due to this, an
emf is induced in the armature. This produces an electric current through the galvanometer
and the slip rings and brushes.
The galvanometer swings between the positive and negative values. This indicates that there
is an alternating current flowing through the galvanometer.
❖ Expression for AC
The Magnetic Flux through the Coil
∅ = 𝑁𝐵. 𝐴 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃
Therefore, the induced emf will be
𝑑∅
∈= −
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
∈= − 𝑁𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑡

Where 𝜃 = 𝜔𝑡
Where 𝜔 is the angular velocity and t is time.
 𝑑
∈= − 𝑁𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
∈ = −𝑁𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡
∈ = −𝑁𝐵𝐴 ( −𝜔. sin 𝜔𝑡)
∈ = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡
Where, 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔 = ∈𝑜
Therefore,
∈ = ∈𝑜 sin 𝜔𝑡
According to Ohms Law
∈
𝐼=
𝑅
∈𝑜 sin 𝜔𝑡 ∈𝑜
𝐼= = sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑅 𝑅
∈𝑜
Where, 𝐼𝑜 = 𝑅

𝐼 = 𝐼𝑜 sin 𝜔𝑡