IMSTRUOTIOM MANUAL

=> Thank you very much for purchasing the Casio PB-100. This unit is a "handy type"
personal computer which is excellent for those who are beginning to learn about
t computers.

By using this handy personal computer, you can enter the world of computers and can
freely perform programming using BASIC language.

CONTENTS

Prior to Operation 3
Use Precautions 3
Power Supply and Battery Replacement 4

Chapter 1 Name and Operation of Each Section 5

1-1 Name of Each Section 5
1-2 How to Read the Display 10

Chapter 2 Prior to Calculating 11

2-1 Contrast Adjustment 11
2-2 RAM Pack for Expansion 11
2-3 Memory Expansion . • 12
2-4 Auto Power Off 13

Chapter 3 How to Calculate 14

3-1 Calculation Priority Sequence 14
3-2 Input/Output Number of Positions and Operation Number of Positions 14
3-3 How to Perform Fundamental Calculations 15
3-4 Callout of Previous Calculation Result IS
3-5 Error Messages 17
3-6 Key Operation 17

Chapter 4 Manual Calculation 20

4-1 What Is Manual Calculation? 20
4-2 Operation Method for Manual Calculation 20
4-3 Manual Calculation Examples 21

4-3-1 How to Perform Fundamental Calculation 21

4-3-2 How to Perform Function Calculation 23

4-4 Arrays
 ( Prior to Operation)
This computer is delivered to you througl) our strict testing process, high-level
electronics technology and rigid quality control.
In order to insuie long life of the computer, please be sure to note the following
precautions.

■ Use Precautions

• Since the computer is constructed using precision electronics parts, never attempt to
take it apart. Also, do not subject the computer to shock such as throwing or
dropping or to extreme temperature variations. Be especially careful to avoid
locations where there is high temperature, high humidity or a lot of dust.
Furthermore, if the ambient temperature is low, the display response speed may be
slow or there may be no display. However, it will return to normal when normal
temperature conditions are resumed.

• Do not attempt to connect any equipment to the adaptor socket other than our
exclusive optional equipment.

• While the computer is operating, a will be displayed. At this time, key operation
will be ineffective except for one section. Therefore, always be sure to press the keys
while confirming the display.

o Be sure to replace the batteries every 2 years regardless of the amount of use.
If worn out batteries are used, they will leak and may cause a malfunction so never
leave them inside the computer.

• For care of the computer, avoid using thinner or benzine. Wipe off with a soft, dry
cloth or use a cloth which has tieen dampened with a neutral detergent.

In case of malfunction, contact the store where it was purchased or a nearby dealer.

Prior to seeking maintenance, please read this manual again and also check the power
supply as well as program or operatiorral error.

- 3 -
■ Power Supply and Battery Replacement
This unit uses two lithium batteries (CH2032) for a power supply.
If the contrast is weak even when the eontrast control is adjusted for maximum contrast
(refer to paye 11), this means that the batteries are worn out. Therefore, please replace
the batteries at the earliest opportunity using the following procedure.
Furthermore, even though the unit is functioning normally, be sure to replace the
batteries every 2 years. Screws
• H o w t o R e p l a c e t h e B a t t e r i e s ^ iI 1^ ,
(1) After turning the power switch off, loosen the two
screws on the rear panel and remove the rear panel.

ALL RESET button

(After replacing the batteries,
press with a pointed object.)
(2) While pressing (g), slide the battery compartment lid (i "
--7-TT~r—-(A;"
in the direction of the arrow and remove it.

(3) Remove Ifie old batteries.

(This will be easier if you tap the unit lightly
with the battery compartment facing down.)

(4) Using a dry cloth, wipe off the new batteries and
insert them with the <3side facing up.

(5) While pressing the batteries down with the battery

compartment lid, slide it closed.

(6) Replace the rear panel and tighten the screws ana
after turning the power switch on, press the ALL
RESET button.

Be sure to replace both batteries. . , -3

Never throw the old batteries into a fire. This is very dangerous as
might explode.
Be sure to position the0and ©terminals correctly.

- 4 -
 Chapter 1

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0 Adaptor connector (6) Display contrast control

(2) Display window (7) Calculation instruction keys
0 Shift key (8) Execute key
(|) Power switch (|) Numerical keys and decimal point key
d) Mode key m)' Alphabet keys

Each key has 1 or 2 operations. The operations can be divided using the shift out mode,
whereby the keys are pressed directly, and the shift in mode, whereby a key is pressed
after pressing the ® (SHIFT) Key.

GOSUB Shift in mode

Shift out mode

Key operation in the shift out mode Qg an

Sd]©© S(s)(aia
(SSljDEESISCriSCE) 0(5)(b)H
S(1](1]IZ)CI](13IZICk]CD@ (l](e)(3lO
(XI(X)E®[1]Cn][m]®@(13 feilFli exe i

Key operation in the shift in mode

E S S S
P7 P8 P9 >

t >< >< >< »< >1 >1 1 I >< 1

GOSUB FOR TO STEP NEXT GOTO IF THEN PRINT PI P2 P3

RETURN STOP END DEFM RUN LIST INPl/T 3= TT PO I ( rvr \

CID CIID CIID C=D CZD (ZID C=D CIZD CZD i ii i l EXE I

In the shift in mode, the alphabet keys become one-key commands and the
numerical keys become program area designation keys.
▶ In the extension mode (press ■ "EXT" will be displayed.), small English letters
will be displayed in the shift out mode and special symbols will be displayed in the
shift in mode using the alphabet keys.

Shift out mode using the extension mode

® S H (ZD (ID EIZ] CD Cill [Zl

HSECDIIDCEICDBED
S B E S E Z D C D a D D
Shift in mode using the extension mode

dD CZZ3 C=D C=) C=) C==) CZD CZT) CUD

%.«?'¥( ) & - 1 -

CZZ) CZD ( ) ( ) I 1 < > t 1

O □ A X V ? [ D
c? '=p=<="z= a □ CD
 SHIFT Shift Key (Symbolized by @ hereafter)
If this key is pressed, ihe shift ir) mode is selected ("|T]" 'S displayed) and the shift in
functions on the keyboard can be used. Do not confuse (J](red letter) with the regular
d ] .

(iooil Mode Key

" This is pressed in conjunction with the GD and (SI through (e) Keys to designate the
computer's condition or angular unit in advance.
®IZ] "EXT" is displayed and the extension mode is designated. Small English
letters and special symbols can be used. To release the extension mode
press @ GD again.
^(0) "RUN" is displayed and manual calculation and program execution can be
performed.
®(3D "WRT" is displayed and program write-in and checking/editing can be
performed.
"TR" is displayed and execution trace can be performed. (See page 43 for
details.)
When "TR" is displayed, it will be extinguished and the execution trace
function will be released.
"DEC" is displayed and the angular unit will be designated as "degree".
®|5| "RAD" is displayed and the angular unit will bedesignated as "radian".
"GRA" is displayed and the angular unit will be designated as "gradient".
"PRT" is displayed and if a printer is connected, printout can be
performed.
When "PRT" is displayed, it will be extinguished and the printout
function will be released.

Cursor Keys

Press to move the cursor left or riglTt. If pressed once, it moves one character. If you
keep pressing, it will continue to tnove automatically.

O N
All Clear Key

• Press to clear the entire display.

• If pressed during program execution, program execution will stop.
• When an error message is displayed, press to clear the error message display.
• When auto power off (automatic energy saving function, refer to page 13) is in
e operation and the display is off, press to turn power back on.

I N S
Delete/Insert Key
' • Deletes one character at the position of the blinking cursor.
• In the shift in mode, press to open up one character space for character insertion.

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^ Stop Key
P(os-;dd clurinn proyra(T> uxeajion, "STOP ' wil be d.bpiayed and proyra.n execuiion
li_si()p at the end of the line.
.nny exeaiiion tiace with "SI OP" on the display, this key will display the program
;a number and the line number.

^ Execute Key
When the result of a manual calculation is required, press instead of
In the "WRT" mode, when writing in a program, press to write (store) each line in
the computer. If this key is not pressed, nothing will be written in.
In the "RUN" mode, press for data input during program execution or press to
continue program execution while "STOP" is displayed

^ Answer Key
r manual calculation, press to call out the calculation result (answer) of the previous
dilation.

J Exponent/Pi Key
len inputting exponential value, press after inputting the mantissa portion,

ample: 2.56 x 10^ (M]a(5)(D(l](aO{l]

The exponential portion may be a maximum of ±99. If this is exceeded, an error wil
accur,

] Equal Key/Comparison Key

Press when using a substitution statement or for comparison when using an IF
statement (equal sign).
In the shift in mode, press for comparison when using an IF statement.

2 (B) (S) Keys/Program Number Keys

^ fMt * when inputting numerical values into the computer. Press ED
at the location of the decimal point.
D (M) (3l * ® through become the program number
>0 t designation keys and when a program has been written in, the
3J [3 program will start.
• The ch Key is pressed in the shift in mode when a power (x*) is
required.
> <

OOa Calculation Instruction Keys/Comparison Keys

Mien performing addition, subtraction, multiplication and division press at the
aspective locations.
a is used for multiplication (corresponds to "x").
9 is used for division (corresponds to -r).
n the shift in mode, press for comparison of a judgement in an IF statement
- 8 -
 UnUW STOP END DEEM RUN LIST WPUT

Alphabet Keys/One-Key Command Keys/Character Keys

• When writing In a program or writing a command/function command, if these keys
are pressed, letters of the alphabet wil be displayed. Press the ® Key when a space
is required.
• ® Keys; In the shift in mode, the characters which are written on the panel
above the keys will be displayed.
• U) - d) Keys: In the shift in mode, the one-key commands which are written on the
panel above the keys will be displayed.

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 1-2 How to Read the Display

EXT®5,^!JdEGRADGRATR 5 S S' PRT STOP

O T ..i i=: i£ 7 O u
A 8 A. "T -J 'J I «J «

j Displays the calculation value or result. The respective display positions are composed
I of 5 horizontal and 7 vertical dots. Up to a maximum of 12 positions are available for
display of numbers or characters. (Zero is displayed as 0.) If a formula or statement
exceeds 12 positions, the numbers or characters will move to the left and up to a
maximum of 62 characters can be input.
The blinking cursor is displayed until 55 characters have been input. From the 56th
character on, a blinking " | " will be displayed instead.
A 4-position numerical display is available on the upper portion of the display to
indicate the number of remaining steps.
Furthermore, during operation, a will be displayed in the rightmost position of the
4-position display on the upper portion of the display.
Also, various symbols such as "DEG", "RAD" and "GRA" for angular units, "(T]"
(when the ® Key is pressed), "RUN" (RUN mode), "WRT" (WRT mode), "TR" (TR
mode), PRT (PRT mode) and "STOP" will be displayed to indicate the respective
situation.

• Alphabet display example

S
MDL "!, ~
- -~
- -j'iLr -rrp L
U i Ti -TJ L r. *-.'
Adjustment of display contrast can be performed using the adjustment control located
on the right side of the computer.

Turn in the directioti of the arrow to increase contrast. Turn in the opposite direction
to reduce contrast. This is used to compensate contrast of the display in accordance
with battery capacity or to adjust to compensate for the viewing angle.

2-2 RAM Pack for Expansion (option) , .

The standard RAM area (memory) of this unit is 544 steps/26 memories. However, this
can be increased to a maximium of 1,568 steps/222 memories by using the OR-1
optional RAM pack. This expanded RAM area can be used the same as the standard area
and permits step number increase and memory expansion (refer to page 12).

• How to install the RAM pack

(preparation)
Since the internal circuitry may be damaged by static electricity, prior to handling the
pack, be sure to ground yourself by touching some metallic object such as a doorknob
so as to discharge any static electricity.

(procedure)
(1) Turn ilie power switch off. r
PCS pad portion
(2) Loosen the two screws on the rear panel
and remove the rear panel.

- 11 -
(3) Insert the pack into the socket on the
computer body and slide the clasp into a
locked position.
* Never touch the connector portion of the ■f— Clasp
RAM pack or the PCB pad portion of the
computer body.
ill Hi
(4) Replace the rear panel and tighten tfie
screws.

After installing or removing the RAM pack, be sure to press the ALL.
RESET button with a pointed object after turning the power switc^t on.;, ^
If the ALL RESET button is not pressed, the memory contents may
changed or a meaningless display may be shown. .' ;
Use care not to allow the connector portion of the pack or the PCB,R3ci,^'^
portion of the computer body to become dusty or dirty, and avpid
fingerprints on them as this will cause poor contact. ' > <«• n
Be sure to place the removed pack in its case and store In a location where ft
is not subject to dust or dirt. : %4v

2-3 Memory Expansion

There are normally 26 memories (variables). The number of steps at this time is 544.
The maximum number of standard memories is 94. Using a RAM pack, this can be
expanded to 222. For memory expansion, program steps are converted to memory using
8 steps per memory.

Number of Program Steps

Number of Memories
Standard Expanded
544 1568
536 1560
528 ' 1552
Memory expansion Is performed in units of 1 using a DEFM command.

Example:
Expand by 30 and make 56.

Operation:
Select the RUN mode (press ® (^ ) or the WRT mode (press @(T| ).

DEFM 30aa I * * * VAR : 56

* DEFM can be input by pressing (1](T)(T)(m] or by pressing .

A DEFM command is also used to confirm the number of memories which are currently
designated.

Example:
A total of 56 memories are designated.

DEFM SQ [ * * * VAR : 56
• When a large number of program steps are already in use. in order to protect the
existing program, if a designation is attempted which would cause an insufficient
number of steps, an error will occur. (ERR 1 insufficient number of steps)
• The exclusive character variable ($) is not counted when designating since it is a
special memory.

This is an automatic energy-saving function which prevents wasted power consumption

when you forget to turn off the power switch. Approximately 7 minutes after the last
key operation (except during program execution), power will go off automatically.
In this case, power can be resumed by pressing the Q3 Key or turning the power switch
off and then on again.
Even if power is turned off, memory contents and program contents will not be
erased. However, angular unit designation and the respective mode designation
("WRT", "TR", "PRT", etc.) are all released.

- 1 3 -
 Chapters i
How to Calculate
."v.-:

Munual calculation and program calculation are performed in the "RUN" mode. (Press
and RUN will be displayed.)
Furthermore, with respect to "DEC", "RAD" and "GRA", since these only apply to
angular unit, the display of these has no effect for a calculation which has nothing to do
with angular unit.

3-1 Calculation Priority Sequence (True Algebr^c Logic)

This unit determines the calculation priority sequence internally and will perform
calculations based on that sequence.
The calculation priority sequence is determined as follows.

(p Functions (SIN, COS, TAN, etc.) When the priority Is Jthe,j5^e,„^|a^

(2) Power
(DMultiplication and division (sfcand /)
'0Fijrthermpre, when parenl[l^s^1pj^s
latlon.will.begrfi
' used,' these
0Addition and subtraction (+ and -)
Example:
2 + 3*SIN (17+13) t 2=2.75

3-2 Input/Output Number of Positions and Operation Number of

■ Positions ! ...

The number of input positions for this unit are 12 positions for the mantissa portion
and 2 positions for the exponential portion. Internal operations are also performed
using 12 positions for the mantissa portion and 2 positions for the exponential portion.
The range is 1 x 10"®®-±9.99999999999 x 10^®®and 0.
The number of output positions is 10 positions for the mantissa portion and 2 positions
for the exponential portion. However, if an exponential portion is attached, the
mantissa portion will be 8 positions.
• For function results, etc., when the number of display positions (12 positions) is
exceeded, up to 12 positions will be displayed, including the 0 and the decimal point.

- 1 4 -
Example:

(1X10'^)-^7 = 14285.71429 1[I]5a7aa |l4285.71429

(1x10^)^7-14285-0.7142857 1 ESQ70142850 0.7142857
When the calculation result exceeds 10'° (10,000,000.000) or is below 10"^ (0.001), it
is automatically displayed using an exponential display.

Example:

1234567890X10=12345678900 12345678900160 j 1.2345678e10

( = I.23456789XI0") Exponential'si7n
The exponential portion is displayed along with an exponential sign following the
mantissa portion.

1.234-M 0000=0.0001234 1.23401000002 1.234E"04

( = 1.234X10")

How to Perform Fundamental Calculations • ^ 4

(1) Calculation symbols and function commands
For calculation symbols used in BASIC, the and are used for addition and
subtraction. However, for multiplication and division, "5|c" and " / " are used instead of
"x" and "-r".

Example:
2 + 3- 4x5-^6 becomes 2 + 3- 43|t5/6
The functions usable with this unit are as follows.

Function Name

Trigonometric function
cos X COS X

tan X TA N X

Inverse trigonometric function sin ' ^ ASN X

ACS X

AT N X

Square root SOR X

Exponential function EXP 1*

Natural logarithm
Common logarithm log X LOG X

Change to integer

- 1 5 -
i Delete fraction from the Integer portion FRAG X FRAG x
j Change to absolute value \x\ ABS X
1 - Symbolize positive number -> 1 SON x

1 0->0

1 negat ive number -> -1

1* Round off (round off A-at 10-^) RND(r,i/)*

1 Random number RAN n

^ • In the case of the RND function, the argument must be enclosed In parentheses
s EXP is a command to call out the numerical value of the exponential table '

3-4 Callout of Previous Calculation Result , .

The result obtained by executing a manual calculation or program calculation Is stored
1 until the next calculation Is executed. This result can be displayed by pressing the |^
1 Key.
1 Example:
74 H 852-1593

2431-1593-838

i Operation:

1 SdiaicadKDd) sa
7 4 1 + 8 5 2

1 5 9 3

( i K D ^ m o ® 2 4 3 1 - 1 5 9 3

8 3 8

Also, the numerical value which Is displayed following a calculation can be used In the
next calculation just as it Is.

Example:

25.3+13.9=39.2

39.2X7.6=297.92

( 2 i ( 5 ) Q ( 3 ] a ( i i ( 3 ) i z ] [ i ] a fl 3 9 . 2

aSCDfe] 3 9 . 2 * 7 . 6

m 2 9 7 . 9 2

- 1 6 -
 3 - 5 E r r o —r M e s s a g— e s v - —- ^ ; ~ ~ i ' ' ;^- - - - -iT I'vn']-l-fly

If the formula or substitution siatetneni cfo not conform to BASIC grammar or if the
calculation range of the computer is exceeded, an ei roi will occur during execution and
an error message will be displayed. Concerning power (.vt.)') however, when y is a
natural number, an error message will not be displayed even if .y is smaller than 0 (zero).
The following error messages are displayed for manual calculation.

E R R 2 (Syntax error)

E R R S (Mathematical error]

The following error messages are displayed for program calculation.

ERR2 P0-10 (A syntax error has occurred on line 10 of

p ro g ra m P0 .)
(A mathematical error has occurred on line 30 of
ERRS P2-S0
program P2.)
(Refer to page 61 for an explanation of error messages.)
• If the calculation result exceeds ±9.99999999999 x 10^'*^ an overiiow will occur and
an ERR 3 error message will be displayed. Also, if tfie result is less than 1.0 x 10"'^.
an underflow will occur and the calculation result will become 0.

3-6 Key Operation

For manual calculation as well as for program calculation and program write-in, key
operation is performed as follows.

(1) Alphabetical

Example: Input ABC

Operation: (JUl]© [aBC
Example: Input SIN

Operation: (SITjCS SIN

• Numerical input

Example: Input 123

Operation: |TJ(2l(3) 1 9 S

Example: Input 96.3

Operation:

- 1 7 -
• Symbol input

Example: Input $#?

Operation: ®clD@ci3t5!DdL)

Example: Input @¥£7 Extension mode

Operation:
@(3.... (extension mode designation)

(extension mode release) m c i

• Input of numerical value with exponent

Example: Input 7.896 x 10'^

Operation: [ 2 1 Q ® ( 1 ] 11 ] ( I ] ( D ( D 7.896e15

Example: Input -2.369 x 10"

I(1]Q(1]|6|(1]|T)B(§](5) -2.369e-45

(2) Changing input contents (correction, deletion and insertion)

• Correction
For correction, move the cursor to the location to be corrected (using © and g]
and at that position, press the correct character, number or symbol.

Example: Correct "A$" to "B$". A$_

Operation: Move the cursor 2 character positions to the left.

Press the dl Key.

Example: Correct "LIST" to "RUN". LIST_

Operation: Move the cursor 4 character positions to

the left.

L I S T
Press or ®aD RUN _

- 1 8 -
 • Deletion
For deletion, move the cursor to the position to be deleted and press the ® Key. Each
time the key is pressed, one character is deleted and the characters to the right of that
will move one position to the left.

Example; Delete one of the "1" characters from

"SUN".
SIIN_

Operation: Move the cursor 2 character positions to

the left.

© g ) S U N

Press @ . S I N

Example: Delete "X," from "INPUT X, Y". INPUT x.y_

Operation: Move the cursor 3 positions to the left.

© © © INPUT X.Y
Press . INPUT Y

• Insertion
For insertion, move the cursor to a position located just to the right of the character
after which you want to make an insertion. At that position, press and one
character space wil be opened up. Then press the desired character, number or symbol
k e y.

Example: Change "T=A$" to "T$-A$". T = A $ _

Operation: Move the cursor 3 character positions to

the left.

© © © T = A $
Press and open up one charac
ter space. T_=A$
Press &3CL . T $ = A $

Example: Change "PRINT X" to "PRINT SIN X". PRINT X_

Operation: Move the cursor 1 character position to the left.

© PRINT X
Press PRINT _ X
Press Cs]©[rD . PRINT SINX

The above are methods for changing input contents.

- 1 9 -
 Chapter 4
Manual Calculation

4-1 What Is Manual Calculation?

In this case, calculations are not made automatically by storing calculation formulas as a
program.
Calculations are performed manually by substituting the calculation on the right side of
the numerical formula for the left side or by calling out the contents of the variable.
This is called "manual calculation".

4-2 Operation Method for Manual Calculation |

• Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are performed by true algebraic
logic operation. □ , B , □ (x), Q (-r) and B (=) are used.
The B Key is used to obtain the calculation result.

Example: 124-36-0x5^4=36.75
Operation:

SMinraKDBeaisiaa 12-1-36-9*5 /4 ~
SB 36.75

• Function calculation is performed the same as a normal formula, including addition,

subtraction, multiplication and division, and data is written following the function
command.

Example: log 1.23=0.0899051114

Operation:
COG 1.23 LOG 1.23
as 0.0899051 11 4
* In this manual, the frames around the letters of the alphabet and the numbers will
5 be omitted.

Example: [DC0[N]lTl(T)(5ja(DmaB -SINli'li 15 Q 8®ciDBa

For memory calculation, etc., when storing the numerical value or calculation result
or when totalling, variables are used. Letters of the alphabet (A through Z) or a
combination of letters and numbers {when used as an array) are used for variables
and they operate as memories.
A substitution formula is used to input a numerical value or a calculation result into
a variable.
- 2 0 -
Example: Store 1234 in variable A.

Operation: A(=J 1 2 34 A= 1 234

Example: Add the result of 23 x 56 to variable K.

Operation: K©K8323056 K = K + 2 3 * 5 6

This method is performed manually similar to a substitution statement in a program.

Prior to pressing the GQ| Key, corrections can be made by moving the cursor to the
position to be corrected and pressing the desired key.
(Refer to page 18.)
• To clear the entire display, press IS .

4"3 Manual Calculation Examples :

4-3-1 How to Perform Fundamental Calculation
• Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division calculation

Example: 23 + 4.5 53--25.5

Operation: 2304.506303 -25.5

Example 56x (-12)+■ (-2.5)-268.8

Operation: 56a®d=01 2@(iO®c!Da2.5®<i0B [2^78
Example: 12369X7532x74103-6.9036806x10'^ (=690368060^0^
Operation: 123690753207410303 | 6.9036806e
Example: 1.23+-90+-45.6=2.9970760X10 M = 0.00029970760)
Operation: 1.23090045.603 [ 2.9970760 e*
Wlten the result exceeds lO'® (10.000,000,000) or is less than 10"^ (0.001). it will be
displayed exponentially.

Example: 7X8+4X5=76

Operation: 708Q405BS 76

Example: 12 -h (2.4 X10')+- 42.6 - 78 X 36.9=2767.602817

Operation 1202.4(I]5042.6078036.903 [2767.60281

-21 -
i

1 • Memory calculation

Example: 12 >■ 45 - 540

12X31=372

75^12 = 6.25
1
Operation: A[=i12BS
Aa4583 5 4 0

1 A U 3 ^ m 3 7 2

1 ySQASS 6 . 2 5

Example 23+9=32

53-6=47

-)45X2=90
99+3=33

To t a l 2 2

Operation: M@23Q9BB

M [ = ] M a 5 3 a 6 B S

M@MCa450200

i ME]Ma99Q38a

MBS 2 2
1
1 * For this calculation nnethod, since the result of the respective calculations are not
known, when you want to see the calculation results, use the following method.
1

1
230900 3 2

Mini^oa
'f: 530600 4 7

M@MQ@00

1 4 5 0 2 0 0 9 0

1' M(DMO@BS

1
99Q300 3 3

MEUVjO^Sa

MOO 2 2
S

t
- 2 2 -
1
sV-
4-3-2 How to Perform Function Calculation

• Trigonometric functions (sin. cos, tan) and inverse trigonometric functions (sin"',
cos"', tan"')
Whon using trigononiotfic/inveise iiigononietric functions, be sure to designate the
angular unit.
Example: sin 12.3455*-0.2138079201
Operation: @(D-* "DEG*
SIN 12.3456® 0.2138079201

Example: 2-sin45* XcosSS.l*-0.5954345575

Operation: 208 IN45000365.1©
0.5954345575

Example: sin *0.5 = 30'

C
O
i 10
Operation: ASN 0.5®

Example: COS (-frad) =0.5

Operation: @(5}-» *RAD*
COS 3 @cb® 0 . 5

Example: cos ' - 0.7853981634rad

Operation: ACSI«.)r^SaR 2a2®(i® 0.7853981634

Example: tan(-35gra) =-0.612800788

Operation: 'GRA'

TA N ® 3 5 ® -0.612800788

• Logarithmic functions (log. In) and exponential functions ()

EXP (e) cannot be used In a continuous calculation^.^ .5

Also, it cannot be used in a multistatement.

Example: log 1.23( = log,ol.23)=0.0899051114

Operation: LOG 1.23® 0.0899051114

Example: In 90(= log..90) =4.49980967

Operation: LN 90® 4.49980967
- 2 3 -
Example: e =2.718281828
(This function is a command to call out the numerical value of the
exponential table.)

Operation: EXP laa |2.7 18281828

Example: 10'16.98243652

(To get the antilogarithm of common logarithm 1.231

Operation: 1 1.23BB 16.98243652

Example: 5 6-' 52.58143837

O p e r a t i o n : 5 . 6 2 . 3 11 8 52.58143837

Example: 123 1 988647795

Operation: 1 2 3 1D 7 I. SS 1 . 9 8 8 6 4 7 7 9 5

Example: lug .si(i40" i lug 00835" 0.278567983

The antilogarithm is 0.5265407845 (logarithmic calculation of sin 40°

Operation: ' *DEG" x cos 35 )

LOG SIN 40aLOG COS 35Sa -0.278567983

1 0lH!ilc':>(*!«^l23 0 . 5 2 6 5 4 0 7 8 4 5
The input range of power (.vt>') is A-> 0.

Other functions {yT, SON. RAN #, RND. ABS, INT, FRAG)

Example: .. z ' 5 3.65028154

Operation: SQR 2aSQR 502 3 . 6 5 0 2 8 1 5 4

Example: Give "1" to a positive number, " -1" to a negative number, and "0" to a

Operation: SGN 601

SGN OOS

SGNa2iiai

Example: Random number generation (pseudo random number of 0< RAN#< 1

Operation: RANf^rf^GB 0.790373907

"Example: The result of 12.3x4.56 is rounded off at 10 T

. 12.3X4.56" 56.088

Operation: RNDtijllcLjl 2-304*561*^02l-li 02

For RND (x. y). y is\y\< lOQ

Example: 1-78.9-: 5.6h 14.08928571

Operation: ABS78-905-6SiBB 1 4 . 0 8 9 2 8 5 7 1

Example: The integer portion of is 81.

Operation: |NT®c:L780Oa96®iBB 8 1

• This function obtains the maximum integer which does not exceed the original
numerical value.

Example: The decimal portion of is 0.25.

Operation: FRAC|Si)<i7800D96®ci:.aa [0.25

• Designation of number of effective positions and designation of number of decimal
positions

Designation of number of effective positions and number of decimal positions is

performed using a * SET* command.

Designation of number of effective positions SET E/2 (n = 0 through 9)

Designation of number of decimal positions SET F/i
Designation release SET N
* When the designation of the number of effective positions is "SET E 0* .the
number of positions is 8.
* The last designated position will be displayed rounded off.
Furthermore, the original numerical values will remain inside the computer and in the
memory.

Example: 100^6=16.66666666
Operation: SET E4 SB (designates 4 effective positions)
100a6BB I 1.667e01
Example: 123 ^ 7 = 17.57142857

Operation: SET F2 SBi (designates 2 decimal positions)

12307® [I'7.57
Example: 1-f 3=0.3333333333

Operation: SET N ® (releases the designation)

IDS® 0.3333333333

- 2 5 -
For arrays, one-dimensional arrays are used with letters attached such as A(/). B(/),etc.
Since these arrays are used both with the normal 26 memories and with expanded
memories, pay attention to the following array arrangement.

A = A ( 0 )

B=A( 1)=B(0)

C=A(2)=B(1)=C(0)

D=A(3)=B(2)=C(1)=D(0)

E=A(4)=B(3)=C(2)=D( 1 )=E(0)

Y=A(24)=B(23)=C(22) • = Y ( 0 )

Z=A(25)=B(24)= =Y(1)=Z(0)
A(26)=B(25)= =Y(2)=Z(1)
A(27)=B(26)= =Y(3)=Z(2)
Expanded memories

A(93)=B(92)= =Y(69)=Z(68)

When arrays are used in this manner, since the same memory may be used depending on
the array argument, avoid using the same memory in the same program.

Example:
Can be used at the same time A, B, C, F(0), F(9)
Cannot be used at the same time F, G, A(5), A(6)

Perform memory expansion correctly according to the size of the array.

- 2 6 -
Program calculation is a method for-
0 Programming the calculation contents to be executed.
(2) Storing the program in the cotnputer.
(|)Using that program, obtaining the result automatically by simply inputting data.
Let's examine the programming concept and programming procedure required to
process a given problem using the computer.

• Programs and programming

When computer users process a problem using a computer, they compose instructions
which are written in a language that the computer can understand. These instructions
are called a "program" and composing these instructions is known as "programming".

• What is a program?
In order to make a program, there are various rules or grammar. However, this will be
explained later in detail. At this time, let's take a look at an example of a simple,
fundamental program to see what it looks like.

Command Operand

10 INPUT A,B — Input statement

20 C = A + B Operation statement
30 PRINT C Output statement

The above is a fundamental program which consists of an input statement, an operation

statement, an output statement and line numbers. An input statement is used to input
the data. An operation statement is used to process that data. An output statement is
used to output the execution result. Line numbers are used at the beginning of each
line. In the case of the operation statement, not only one but many can be used or
judgement statements can be added to make a long and complicated program. However,
fundamentally speaking, they are all the same. Also, on one line, following the line
number, there is a word which consists of letters of the alphabet which has a special
meaning and which tells the computer what to do next. This word is called a
"command". Following this command is a character string which contains information
required to process the command. This is called the "operand".
- 2 7 -
 • How to count the number of steps
A command or function command in a program uses 1 step.
A line number (numerical value from 1 through 9999) uses 2 steps.

Example;
1 INPUT A 633 5 steps

10 B = SIN A 633 7 steps

2 VI W
100 PRINT •8 = *' 10 steps

Total 22 steps

5-2 Program Fundamentals

5-2-1 Constants and Variables

Characters which can be used in BASIC are capital letters (A through Z) and numbers (0
through 9) and certain special characters such as symbols, etc.
• Constants

These are fixed numbers which are used in a program and are used to write numerical
values directly into the program.

Example: S = becomes 8 = ;r * R12

2 is the constant.
• Va r i a b l e s
These are numerical values which are used in a program. They are used during execution
to make inputs from the keyboard or to substitute calculation results which were
initially unknown.
A variable is a single capital letter (A through Z) or a single capital letter with "$"
attached (character variable). They may be freely selected from within this range.

Example: S = becomes S * R12

R is the variable.

Example: Y=2*Xt 2-l-3*X-l-4

I I I ■ 1
Va r i a b l e Va r i a b l e Constant Constant
Constant Constant Va r i a b l e

In other words, algebraic terms are "variables" and cxjnstant numbers are "constants".
Also, in addition to the above, there are character constants and character variables.
A character constant is a character string which is written directly and these are
enclosed in quotation marks such as "ABC" and "END". A character variable is not a
numerical value but a variable which contains a character string. Various character
variables can be made by changing the character string.
Furthermore, a character string is a group of characters which is enclosed in quotation
marks such as "123". This is not a numerical value. In other words, "123" just happens
to be 1 and 2 and 3 in sequence and is considered the same as "ABC". A character
variable is made by attaching a "$" to a regular variable (A, B, X, Y, etc.). These can be
freely selected from within this range.

Example: A$.B$,C$,X$,Y$

Comparison or addition of each character variable is possible but other operations

such as subtraction, multiplication and division cannot be performed.

Example: If A$ = "123" and B$ = "456"

As a result of C$ = A$ + B$. C$ becomes "123456".
(For C$ = B$ + A$, C$ becomes "456123".)

A character variable can contain up to 7 characters.

Also, in addition to these character variables, there is also an exclusive character
variable.
This exclusive character variable is "$" and can contain up to 30 characters.

Example: $= M 234567890ABCDE FG'

Since this exclusive character variable can use a character function (MID function)
which will be explained later, it is much more convenient than other character variables.
• Numerical variables and character variables which contain the same letter cannot be

used at the same time.

Numerical variable A—i
... . -Cannot be used at the same time.
Character variable A$-J
Since numerical variables and character variables use the same memory, they cannot
be used at the same time.

5-2-2 Substitution Statements

BASIC substitution statements are in the following format.

Variable = numerical expression
In a BASIC substitution statement, the right side which contains addition, subtraction,
multiplication or division is called a "numerical expression".

Example: y=2*X-F3

The "25|cX+3" on the right side is a numerical expression.

The does not mean "equal", it means "substitute".

In V= 2'l'X+3, the left side is the variable and the right side is the numerical expression.
In other words, the meaning is different from normal mathematics where "the left side
(V) and the right side (2*X+3) are equal".
It means "input the operation result of the right side (2*X+3) into the left side (V)".
It may be easier to understand by thinking of V = 2 *X+3 as Y ■<- 25)«X+3.
- 2 9 -
Operation: Number of remaining steps
0Designate the WRT mode.
® ( T ) P 0 123456789
f Program areas with no
The currently designated programs written in
program area will blink.
* This display varies depending
on the number of memories
or the size of the written
program.
* The area numbers will not be

displayed for those areas

where programs have already
been written.
0 Designate program area P0.
@(ii P 0123456789

d) When a previous program remains, clear it.

(Not required if nothing is written.)

CLEARISa P"" 0 123456789

* To clear all the program areas (P0 through P9),
press Cc3CQ(T)CA]d][A]Q33.

0 Write line 10.

IOljINPUTljA.B m 10 INPUT A.B

I 1 ^
Be sure to press
at the end of the line.

Means one character space

(May be omitted)

0 Write line 20.

20Ljvi=]AaB m 20 V=A+B

0 Write line 30.

30ljw@aob m 30 W=A-B

0 Write line 40.

4 0 l j P R I N T l i V, W B 3 3 4 0 P R I N T V. W
0 Write line 50.
»•' 5)0

50i_jEND 631 50 END

• When the program is complete, write an "END" command. This is not required in
the above program but when a GOTO statement or GOSUB statement is used, be
- 3 1 -
 sure to use it to clearly designate the end location.
The spacing between the line numbers and commands and between commands and
operands is to make the display easy to read. In BASIC language, it has no special
meaning except for a PRINT statement message, etc. so it may ncrrnally be omitted.
In this program, line numbers have been divided into increments of 10 but they may
be freely used within a range of 1 through 9999. However, it is more convenient for
subsequent addition/insertion if they are divided into increments of 10.
Since program execution is performed in sequence from lower numbers to higher
numbers, use lirte numbers in the desired execution sequence.
To clear the program in one program area, a CLEAR command was used. However,
to clear all of the programs in areas P0 through P9, a CLEAR A command is used.

5-3-2 Program Execution

Program execution is performed in the RUN mode. (Press ®(@) and "RUN" will be
displayed.)
There are 2 methods for executing a program which has been written.

1. Program execution method

(X) Execution using program area designation
For this method, exeaition begins as soon as the program area is designated.

^ I i [ (Press ® then press the desired program area.)

Example: To start the program in the previous example

RUN mode

I (omitted hereafter)
Operation:
• This " ? " is because an INPUT

statement is written in the pro

gram as the first step.

)Execution using a RUN command

RUN 0B3 ("RUN" may be input by pressing either
dDCEKFl® or •) r

* When performing following the previous example, a " ? " is displayed. When the
program is in an input await condition, " ? " will not be released even if Q3 is
pressed. Therefore, press ® (Q) then perform operation (2) to re-input data.
Also, to execute from along the way, input the line number after the RUN command
then press the BS Key.
- 3 2 -
Example: To start from line 20.

Operation: RUN 20 SB
• For method J.', it is not necessary to designate the program area to be executed.
However, for method @ . 't is necessary to designate the program area to be
executed. (If the program area Is different, the program written in that program area
will be executed.)

2. Key input during program execution

Key input may be performed during program execution using an INPUT statement and
KEY function. Key input using the KEY function Is only 1 key input but even if there
is no key input, execution will continue. For key input using an INPUT statement, a
" ? " will be displayed and the program will stop in an input await condition. Therefore,
execution will start by pressing the OS Key after data input.

Example: Execute the program written In P0 in the previous example.

Operation:
• To execute the program

®[i)

• In this program, since 2 variables are input, first,

input the value of variable A.

4 7 SB 1?
• Next, input the value of variable B.

6 9 B B

s s

In this manner, data is input during execution using the

input statement as follows.
data SB

Also, when in an input await condition as a result of an INPUT statement, other opera
tions such as manual calculation can be performed.
Furthermore, when you want to stop program execution while in an Input await
condition, press ® .

- 3 3 -
 5-4 Program Editing

• Program editing is the performance of changes/additions/deletions in line number

units or changing of line numbers in order to permit programs to be logically
executed.
• Program editing is performed by calling out each line using a LIST command.
• T h e L I S T c o m m a n d c a n b e u s e d i n b o t h t h e R U N m o d e a n d t h e W RT m o d e . W h e n
used in the RUN mode, the program contents will be displayed and when used in the
WRT mode, it will permit program editing.

1. Program list display in the RUN mode

Operation:
L I S T S a 10 INPUT A R Displayed for approxi-
mately 2 seconds (same
(LIST may be input by pressing 20 V=A+B for the following)

fkiminrijiaj or i _
30 W=A-B

40 PRINT V,W
50 END
READY P0

If the list is not required from the beginning, designate the line number.
To l i s t f r o m l i n e 3 0

Operation:

30 W=A-B
LIST 30®
4 0 P R I N T V, W
50 END

READY P0
• During LIST command execution, each line will be sequentially displayed, so if you
want to stop, press the li^ Key.
To resume the stopped LIST command, press the GDI Key.

2. Program change/addition/deletion in the WRT mode

Designate the WRT mode by pressing ^(3D •
0 Change
Each time the ® Key is pressed, one line will be displayed starting from the line which
was designated using a LIST command.
If the line number designation is omitted, the display will begin sequentially from the
fi r s t l i n e .

- 3 4 -
 1

a. Partial change

Example: Change the "+" on line 20 of the previous example to"*".

i* i Operation:

j • If the PO program area Is not designated, designate PO.

J **

P ^ 123456789
^ Blinking means that a program is
written and this is the currently
designated program area.
• Call out line 20 using a LIST command.

i LIST 20 83 20 V=A+Br
• Move the cursor below the

(D® 20 V=A±B
«
If a cursor movement keys (dJand©) remain pressed for more than 1 second, the
cursor will move quickly and continuously.
1

• Make the change.

O® 30 W=A-b1"'
«
Be sure to press the (SQ Key. If it is not pressed, only the display will change and the
written program will not be changed.

• If left as is, line 30 can be changed, so press CS3 and the change is complete.

ES

»
Since any other key operation will result in an unnecessary change being made, avoid
pressing any other keys besides the BS and ES Keys.

• Let's list the program and check the change.

READY P0
*

L 'ST la 10 input a,b

20 V=A*B
m

30 W=A-B

4 0 P R I N T V. W
50 END

READY P0
- 3 5 -
b. Complete change of one line

Example: Change "W ^ A — B" on line 30 to "W = V/2".

Operation: @(T) P „123456789

Write the new line 30.

30LjW[=)va2aa 30 W=V/2

Confirm the program list.

ready P0
L 1ST sa 10 INPUT A.B

20 V=A=t:B
30 W=V/2
40 PRINT V. W

_50_ END
READY P0

(2) Addition
Addition may be made in line units by writing new lines between existing lines.

Example: Add "U = \/^2" between line numbers 30 and 40 of the previous example
and change line 40 to "PRINT V, W, U".

Operation: @(T] P _123456789

Input line number 35 to make input between line numbers 30 and 40.
bu 4

35l j U ( = ) Va 2 I I B 35 U=V^2

For inputting between line numbers 30 and 40, line numbers may be freely selected
in the range from 31 through 39.

To change line 40, call it out using a LIST command and add ",U".

LIST 40Sa 4 0 P R I N T V. W
s d o

50 END_

- 3 6 -
 Let's list the program to confirm the additions.

READY P0
LISTGE
10 INPUT AtB

20 y=A^B
30 W=V/2

35^ U^y*2
.40 fRiNT_V*W
P R ! N T. . v ^ W i y _ _
10 END
READY P0

Deletion

a. Partial deletion

Example: Delete "V," from line 40 of the previous example.

@(D I P ^ 123456789
• Call out line 40 usin} a LIST command and move the cursor below the " V
b O O

LIST 40 4 0 P R I N T V. W

4 0 P R I N T y. W

• Delete " V," using the ® Key.

40 PRINT W.U
5 0 2

50 END

If the (Si Key is not pressed, the program contents

will not be changed.

• Be sure to press CS to release the change condition

for line 50.

- 3 7 -
 List the program to confirm the deletion.

READY P0

LIST 63 10 INPUT A,B

20 y=A*B
30 W=V/2
3 5 U=V*2

40 PRINT W>U
50 END
READY P0

b. Complete deletion of one line

If you input the line number for the line to be cleared,

the entire line will be deleted.

Example: Delete line 30.

Operation: @(T) P 123456789

Input line number 30.

3063

C o n fi r m t h e d e l e t i o n .

READY P0

LIST63 10 INPUT A,B

20 V=A^B
35 U=V*2

40 PRINT W,U

EJMD
READY P0

- 3 8 -
 Line renumbering

Example: Write the following progratn in P2.

10 INPUT N

20 M=N*N

30 L=SQR N

40 PRINT M.L
50 END
Move line 20 between lines 30 and 40.

Operation: @Q] P

Call out line 20 using a LIST command.

LIST 20SB 20 M=N*N_

Move the cursor below the "2" of line number

"20".

20 M=N*N

Change 20 to 35 and input.

35 m 30 L=SQR N

To complete the change, press Q3 and release the

change condition.

List the program to see how the contents have been

changed.

READY P2

L 1ST aa 10 INPUT N

20 M=N>fcN

30 L = SQR N

35 M=N>»^N

40 PRINT M,L
50 END
READY P2

- 3 9 -
• In this condition, the contents on line 20 were
moved between line 30 and line 40 but line 20 still
remains, so delete it

P _1_3456789
2 0 8 3

• This completes line renumbering. Confirm by listing

the program.

READY P2
L I S T 8 S
10 INPUT N

30 L = SQR N

35 M=N^N

40 PRINT M,L
50 END
READY P2

5-5 Program Debug

(1) Program debug system

The debug system of this unit is divided into table top debug and conversation
type debug using the display.

a. Complete debug
To check logic composition of
I . Ta b l e t o p d e b u g 3 p r o g r a m .

Debug system b. Partial debug

To check a program by line unit.

II. Conversation type debug using the display

This uses the automatic check function of the computer
to check program execution flow and identify BASIC
language errors.

Since table top debug is performed during programming, we will explain conversation
type debug using the display here.
(2) Conversation type debug
It an eriur oixurs cluniuj program execiution, an eiror message will be shown on the
display. These errors will be shown in line uniis and will indicate the kind of BASIC
language error. Based on the error message which is shown on tlie display, debugging
is then manually performed while conveising with the display. For the meaning of the
error messages, refer to the Error Message List on page 61.

Example:
10 INPUT X
20 IF X^0;PRiNT •X^0':GOTO 10
30 Y=XT2 + 3*X+15
40 PRINT Y

50 END

Line 20 of the above program is a judgement of the input range of power When
A*<0, program execution will return to the INPUT statement on line 10.

Suppose line 30 of the above program is mistakenly

input as follows.

30 Y=Xt2 + 3X+15

Operation:

• If this program is executed, a "?" will be displayed

as a result of the INPUT statement on line 10.

@(S3RUN 023 I ?
• Suppose "45" is input at this time. The display would show.

45 OS ERR2 P0-3O

This means that "a syntax error occurred on line 30". Confirm the p r o g r a m c o n t e n t s .
program contents.

c a ^ m P _123456789

L 1ST 30 EO 30 Y = Xt2 + 3X+

The " 5|c" was omitted between "3" and "X" on line 30. Therefore, correct it by
following the procedure for program editing.

30 Y=Xt2-F3_X

40 PRINT Y

-41 -
(3) Debug while executing the program
Conversation type debug is performed by obtaining information from the computer
using an error message. However, when an error message is not displayed but the
calculation result is not as it should be, repeat program execution and confirm the
calculation results along the way.
There are two ways to do this: (1) the execution process is stopped using a STOP
command; (2) execution is performed in one line unit using the TR (trace) mode.

■ Debug using a STOP command

Example: Write the following program.

10 Y=0

20 INPUT N.X
30 FOR 1 = 1 TO N

40 Y=Y+X*X

50 NEXT 1

60 PRINT Y

70 END

In order to see the value of Y in this FOR-NEXT loop, the result of each loop is viewed
using a STOP statement.

Operation:
• The STOP statement should be placed right after the calculation formula. Therefore,
write a STOP statement between line 40 and line 50.

45 STOP 30

As a result of this, after the calculation on line 40 is completed, execution processing

will stop and a check can be made.

^(DRUNSa

8 7 3 0

Cursor blinks STOP display

What is the value of V at this point?

7 5 6 9

- 4 2 -
 • If the program is resumed, it will stop at the next STOP statement and the value of Y
can be obtained again.

Y SQ 1 5 1 3 8

• By repeating this operation, the calculation process can be seen.

This example used a simple program but when actually assembling a complicated
program, checking the process using table top debug is very difficult. So, if the variables
are checked using this kind of STOP statement, programming mistakes can be found and
corrected more easily.

■ Debug using the TR (trace) mode

If program execution is performed using the TR mode (press ® (M) ), execution will
stop at each line and execution debug can be performed easily.
Let's use the TR mode to debug the example which was previously debugged using a
STOP command.

Operation:

Designate the RUN mode. READY P0

••• ^[gj
Designate the TR mode. READY P0
TH s To ^

RUNBa P 0 - 1 0

?
r H s To *

Check the execution process. ■ ^ ?

TH avo^

& P 0 - 2 O
'TR" and "STOP" will
Continue program execution. • 33 7 be omitted hereafter.

4 33 ?

8 7 3 3

P 0 - 2 0

QQI P 0 - 3 0

S23 P 0 - 4 0
The value of Y -Y S3 7 5 6 9

m P 0 - 4 5

Repeated hereafter

Debug using the TR mode is ideal for checking the entire flow and is convenient for
checking to see where mistakes have been made.

- 4 3 -
 &6 Program Commands

5-6-1 Input Command

• Input statement
An input command is used to input the data during program calculation.
An input statement is used to input data into a variable using the keys during program
execution and program execution stops after displaying a " ?
Format: INPUT ("character string",] variable [, "character string", variable]
(Items enclosed in brackets may be omitted.)
The "character string" may be omitted. However, when it is written, since the
characters enclosed in quotation marks will be displayed preceding the question mark,
this can be used as a message during input.
The variables following the INPUT statement can be numerical variables (A, B, etc.),
character variables (X$, Y$, etc.) and the exclusive character variable ($). These can be
written consecutively using a

Example:

INPUT A

I N P U T ' D ATA = ' . A DATA=?

As a result of an INPUT statement, a " ? " will be displayed and an input await
condition will occur. At this time, if data is input and the US Key is pressed, program
execution will proceed to the next process.
Furthermore, when in an input await condition, even if the GS Key is pressed, the
condition will not be released. Therefore, when you want to stop the program along the
way. press @ (^.

• Data which can be input using an INPUT statement includes numerical values or the
results (answers) of numerical expression (for numerical variables) and character
strings (for character variables).
In the case of INPUT A

Numerical value 123li0 — A=123

Result of a numerical expression 14025SI A = 3 5 0

In the case of INPUT B$

ABCaa— B$=ABC
Character string •••■
'789aa-> B$=789
Furthermore, other numerical variables can also be used as input for numerical
variables.

In the case of INPUT A (make X = 987654)

Va r i a b l e XISl *• A=X

= 9 8 7 6 5 4
- 4 4 -
 • KEY function
This function is used to read one character into the character variable by pressing one
key during program execution. This function is different from an INPUT statement and
does not stop in an input await condition (" ? " display). Even when there is no key
input, program execution will proceed sequentially.
Format: character variable = KEY

A$. $, etc. are used for the character variable.

Example:
10 A$=KEY
20 IF A$= ^A' THEN 100
30 IF A$= '*8' THEN 200
40 IF A$= THEN 300
50 GOTO 10

This program shows the data input using the KEY function and a portion of the
distribution. However, a determination will be made using the IF statements whether
the character data read by the KEY function on line 10 was input or not. Using the
KEY function, even if the HQ Key is not pressed, the first key input only will be read.
However, since program execution will not stop as it does when using an INPUT
statement, an input await condition is achieved by incorporating the following IF
statements.
The IF statements on lines 20 through 40 are judgement commands and perform
distribution using character variables which were input using the KEY function. For
details concerning IF statements, refer to page 48.

5-6-2 Output Command

• PRINT statement
A PRINT statement is used to display the calculation result or data. It displays the
character string, contents of the variable and calculation result following the command.
» *1

Format: PRINT CSR numerical expression

character expression

Either one of the items enclosed in || can be used.

Items enclosed in ( lean be omitted.

- 4 5 -
The output control function following the PRINT statement is a CSR function, which
designates the location where the following data is to be displayed.
For the numerical expression, a variable or calculation formula is written. In the case of
a variable, the contents of the variable will be displayed. In the case of a calculation
formula, the calculation result will be displayed.

PRINT A (make A = 12345) 1 2 3 4 5

PRINT 789

PRINT A*2 (make A = 147)

PRINT B$ (make B$= "PB-100") P B - 1 0 0

In the case of a character expression, the characters enclosed in quotation marks will be
displayed.

Example:

PRINT 'ABC

PRINT 'XYZ* + M23' XYZ123

The numerical expressions or character expressions may be written consecutively by

using a " ;" or " ,". However, the number of characters which can be written on one
line must be 62 or less, including the line number. The number of characters in the
character string enclosed in quotation marks must be 30 or less.
The difference between the " ;" and the " , " is that with the " ;", the numerical
expression or character expression will be displayed following the previous expression
and with the " the display will go off once and then the next display will be made.
When a " ; " is not written after the data, "STOP" will be displayed after the data Is
displayed, and program execution will stop. Therefore, when you want to display the
following data or continue program execution, press the dS Key.

• CSR function

The CSR function is an output control function and designates the location where the
data is to be displayed.

numerical expression
Format: PRINT CSR
expression' character expression

Either one of the items enclosed in j } can be used.

Items enclosed in ( ) can be omitted.

The value of the numerical expression is 0 to 11 by disregarding decimal

portion.
- 4 6 -
Using the value of this numerical expression, designation is made as to at which position
from the left of the display output data display will begin.
The method for counting the positions on the display is shown below.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11

Example:

PRINT A (make A=12345) 1 2 3 4 5

PRINT CSR 1 ;A 12345
PRINT CSR 5; A 1 2 3 4 5
PRINT B$ (make B$ - ABCDE) ABODE
PRINT CSR 2; 8$ ABODE
PRINT CSR 10;B$

ABODE

If a ) is used instead of a ; following the CSR function, the display will be

cleared once and then display will be made from the left using the OS Key.

5-6-3 Jump Command

• GOTO statement
A GOTO statement is also called an "unconditional jump" and is a command which
causes program execution to go to a designated location (line number) unconditionally.

Format: GOTO | expression line number (1 through 9999)

[ # numerical expression program area number
(0 through 91

When a numerical expression is written immediately following the GOTO statement,

program execution jumps to a line number. When a is written immediately
following the GOTO statement, program execution jumps to a program area.
The numerical expression may be a numerical value, a variable or a calculation formula.
Example:
GOTO 10 jump to line 10

GOTO N jump to the line number which is the value of variable N

(jump to line 30 if N is 30)

- 4 7 -
 GOTO A* ICQ to "oe number which Is the result of A* 100
(jump to line 200 if A is 2)
GOTO #2 jump to the P2 program area

GOTO ttX jump to the program area which is the value of variable X
(jump to the P8 program area if X is 8)
GOTO #P+1 jump to the program area which is the result of P+1 (jump
to the P5 program area if P is 4)

A GOTO statement is used to repeat program execution from the beginning or to jump
to another program to perform a particular calculation.

5-6-4 Judgement Command

• IF statement
An IF statement is also called a "conditional jump". This command is used to perform
some operation or to jump to a designated location only when a certain condition is
s a t i s fi e d .

Format: IF comparison expression line number or #w (a2 = 0 through 9)

; command or substitution statement

The comparison expression following the "IF" compares the right side and the left side
of "=" or "^" and if YES, program execution proceeds after the "THEN" or If
NO, program execution proceeds to the next line.
This operation is shown in the flowchart below.

This means that if the IF statement condition is fulfilled, the process goes in the "YES"
direction and if the IF statement is not fulfilled, the process goes in the "NO" direction.
In other words, an IF statement indicates a branch and selects the next operation as a
result of judgement. An IF statement can be used to terminate a loop (repetition) when
the number of data is unknown or to select the next operation based on a calculation
result, etc.
Constants/variables/numerical expressions/character constants/character variables can bef
used for this comparison.

- 4 8 -
5-6-5 Loop Command
• FOR-NEXT statement
A FOR "NEXT statement is used when you want to perform similar operations
repeatedly and the number of repetitions (loops) is known.

Format: FOR variable = w TO m

T T
I initial fi n a l increment
value value
NEXT variable

(Item enclosed in brackets may be omitted.

(/I, /tiand Care numerical expressions.)

In other words, this is a command to repeatedly execute the command between "FOR"
and "NEXT" while a variable changes from ii to m in increments of C.
When execution reaches m, it proceeds to the command following "NEXT".

- 4 9 -
Example:
To increase variable I in increments of 2 between 1 and 10.

FOR I -1 TO 10 STEP 2

NEXT I

To reduce variable A in increments of 0.5 between 50 and 1.

FOR A=50 TO 1 STEP-0.5

I
NEXT A

To increase variable P in increments of 1 between Q and R.

FOR P =0 TO R

NEXT P

* When increase is performed in increments of 1, "STEP" may be omitted.

* Nesting
Up to 4 FOR-NEXT loops can be stacked. This stacking is called "nesting".

-FOR A =

-FOR B--
This shows 4-stack nesting.
-FOR C=-

rFOR

i-NEXT D
I NEXT 0

NEXT B

NEXT A

When nesting is performed in this manner, attention must be paid to the NEXT
statement and its variable which correspond to the FOR statement.

- 5 0 -
 FOR I-l TO 5 STEPl

FOR J =2 TO 20 STEP 2

5
NEXT I This kind of FOR'NEXT loop
cannot be assembled.
NEXT J

Furthermore, exit from FOR'NEXT loop is permitted but entry to FOR'NEXT loop is
not permitted.

FOR A =

FOR B

THEN-

NEXT B

NEXT A

5-6-6 Subroutine Command

• GOSUB statement
A subroutine is also called a subprogram . It is different from programs shown so far
(called "main routines"). It is a separate program to be called out from a main routine.
The command to call out this subroutine is a GOSUB statement. Using this command,
program execution jumps from the main routine to the subroutine and after executing
the program in the subroutine, jumps back to the original location in the main routine
» using the RETURN statement in the subroutine.

Format: GOSUB / ""-"encal expression

ff numerical expression subroutine callout (jump) command
RETURN command to return to main routine

-51 -
rhe numerical expression following the GOSUB statement indicates the initial line
lumber of the subroutine area. Without a RETURN statement at the end of the
lubroutine area, program execution cannot return to the main routine.

1000 A=B

subroutine area
100 GOSUB 1000

1 9 9 0 RETURN

9 9 9

The numerical expression following a GOSUB statement may be either a numerical

/ariable or a calculation formula. In the case of a variable or a numerical expression, the
subroutine which is called out will be different depending on the numerical value
contained in the variable or the result of the numerical expression. When a is
attached prior to the numerical expression, another program area (P0 through P9) will
be used as the subroutine. This method is very convenient because even different
programs can use the same routine.

10.A=B

GOSUB #9 300 GOSUB #9

999 RETURN

999 END 999 END

- 5 2 -
 • Nesting
Similar to the FOR*NEXT statement, GOSUB statements can also be stacked. The
number of times the subroutine is i:alled out is fixed.
This nesting can be performed up to 8 levels. Therefore, a subroutine can be called out
from a subroutine.

Main routine Main routine

Subroutine

1st level 2nd level, 3rd level

Subroutine

Subroutine

Subroutine

In this example, the subroutines This example shows three levels of

are not stacked so you can use nesting. Up to 8 levels can tje stacked.
as many as you like.

A subroutine is convenient for assembling common portions of a main routine in order

to save the number of steps or for assembling portions separately as subroutines when
assembling a complicated program.

- 5 3 -
 5-6-7 Multistatement
A multistaterneni is used to connect two or more commands using a

Example:

10 A=2

20 B=10 10 A=21B=101C=50
30 C=50

10 PRINT *N0/ ;N;

10 PRINT ;N;: INPUT A
20 INPUT A

Note: A VAC (memory clear) command cannot be used in a multistatement.

5-6-8 Stop Command

• STOP statement
A STOP statement is a command to stop program execution temporarily. When a
program is stopped using this command, press the IS3 Key to resume program
execution.

Any number of STOP commands can be written in a program.

5-6-9 End Command

• END statement

An END statement is a command to terminate program execution and program

execution cannot be resumed as it can with a STOP statement.
This END statement is written at the end of a program. When a subroutine follows the
main program, be sure to write an END statement at the end of the main routine.

5-6-10 Execute Command

• RUN command
A RUN command is used to execute a program. It cannot be used by writing it in a
program.

Format: RUN (line number] (Item in brackets may be omitted)

When followed by a line number, the program will start from that line number. If it is
omitted, the program will start from the initial line.

Example;

a
R U N m •■• s t a r t f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g

RUN 2083 start from line 20

RUN 5533 • •• start from line 55
When the designated line number does not exist, execution will start from the line with
t h e n e x t n e a r e s t l i n e n u m b e r.
- 5 4 -

I
5-6-11 List Command
• LIST command
A LIST command is used to display the program contents. It can be used in both the
"RUN" mode and the "WRT" mode.

Format: LIST (line number) (Item in brackets may be omitted)

LIST A

When followed by a line number, display will be made in sequence starting from the
designated line number of the currently designated program area. When no line number
is designated, display will be made from the beginning of the program.
In the case of "LIST A", this is a command to display the programs in all program areas.
It displays program contents sequentially from P0 through P9. This command cannot be
used by writing it in a program.
When performed in the "RUN" mode, the program contents will be displayed
sequentially from the designated line. However, when performed in the "WRT" mode,
one line is displayed each time the OS Key is pressed.

Example:
(RUN mode) (WRT mode)

LIST® 10 A=0 • LIST 20® r20 INPUT

20 INPUT B BB 30 A=A+B_

30 A=A-I-B Sa 40 GOTO 20.

40 GOTO 20

If performed in the "WRT" mode, program editing (refer to page 34) is possible.

5-6-12 Mode Designation

• MODE command
The MODE command is used to designate the angular unit of printer output condition
in a program.

Format: MODE n {n = 4 through 8)

MODE 4 'DEG' designation
MODE 5 *RAD* designation angular unit designation
MODE 6 ''GRA* designation
MODE 7 PRINT mode designation
MODE 8 PRINT mode release '

This MODE command is the same as the designation which is performed by pressing the
® Key during manual operation.

- 5 5 -
5-6-13 Output Format
• SET command
A SET command is used to designate the display output format. It designates the
number of effective positions and the number of decimal positions.

Format: SET E 71 designation of number of effective positions

SET F n designation of number of decimal positions
set N designation release
(rt = 0 through 9)
• If SET E 0 is used when designating the number of effective positions, 8 positions
will be designated. This command can be performed manually or by writing it in a
program. Refer to page 25 for display contents.

5-6-14 Character Functions

• LEN

The LEN function is used to count the number of characters in a character variable. It
permits the size of the character variable to be known.

Format: LEN (character variable)

Example:
If A$= '"ABODE*, LEN(A$)=5.

• MID

The MID function is only used with the exclusive character variable ($). It extracts a
certain number of characters from the character string in the $ variable.

Format: MID (w I, n]) mand n are numerical expressions and must

be between 1 and 30.
(Items in [ ] may be omitted.)

This means to extract n characters from the mth character of the character string stored
in the exclusive character variable ($).
Numerical expression m should not exceed the number of characters stored. Also, m + n
should not exceed the number of stored characters + 1.
Furthermore, when numerical expression n is omitted, all of the characters from mon
. will be extracted.

Example:
If $--= '"PB-100*
MID (2.3) - ^B-r and MID (4)= *100*

- 5 6 -
• VA L

The VAL function changes the numbers In a character variable into a numerical value.

F o r m a t : VA L ( c b a r a c t e r v a r i a b l e )

Since this function changes the numbers in the character variable into a numerical value,
when there are no numbers in the character variable (for example. "ABC"), an error will
o c c u r.

E x a m p l e : I f Z $ = V S S e S * . VA L { Z $ ) = 7 8 9 6 3

Note: When this function is used in a program and an error occurs as a result of the
data in the variable being other than numbers, "ERR 2" will be displayed and
the program area and line number will not be displayed.

5-6-15 Memory Clear

• VA C

The VAC command clears the data in all variables. It makes numerical variables "0" and
makes character variables "null".
This command can be used by writing it in a program or manually. Therefore, when you
want to clear all data prior to executing a program, make input at the beginning of the
program.

Example: Writing in the program

10 VA C

Manual execution

VA C m

Note: This VAC command cannot be used in a mullistatement (refer to page 54).
Therefore, write it independently on one line.

5-6-16 Program Clear

• Clear command

A CLEAR command is used to clear a program which has been written. It is executed
manually in the "WRT" mode.

Format: CLEAR

CLEAR A

A "CLEAR" command only clears the program which is in the currently designated
program area (P0, PI, etc.) A "CLEAR A" command clears all programs in all program
areas from P0 through P9.
- 5 7 -
Example:

@0] CLEAR SS clears a single program

tel[£) CLEAR A Qi clears all programs

5-6-17 Option Specifications

■ Cassette Magnetic Tape
In order to record programs or data stored in this unit on a cassette tape, use the FA-3
cassette interface and an ordinary tape recorder. If the tape recorder has a remote
terminal, remote control can be conveniently performed from the PB-100 through the
FA - 3 .
For tape recorder connection procedures and detailed operating procedures, refer to the
FA-3 operation manual.

• Program recording

Format: SAVE ["filename"] (Item in brackets may be omitted.)

The filename may be composed using 8 characters or less enclosed by quotation marks
and may contain alphabetical letters/numbers/symbols.
Example:

•NO.r

This command starts the tape recorder in the RECORD position.

Operation: SAVE ("filename") BS
A SAVE command can only be used manually.

• Program callout

Format: LOAD ["filename") (Item in brackets may be omitted.)

This command starts the tape recorder in the PLAYBACK position.

Operation: LOAD ["filename") SB

Display during program load

pf:abc

Program file filename

Even if a program has already been written in the designated program area prior to
callout, the former program will be erased starting with the initial line number of the
program to be loaded and the new load will be made correctly.

- 5 8 -
• Recording of all programs

Format; SAVE A ["filename") (Item in brackets may be omitted.)

This command simultaneously records all of the programs which are written in all
program areas from P(3 through P9.
The operation method is similar to the SAVE command and the tape recorder is started
in the RECORD position.

Operation:
S AV E A [ " fi l e n a m e " ) GQ .1.

• Callout of all programs

Format: LOAD A ["filename") (Item in brackets may be omitted.) '

This command simultaneously calls out the programs of all the program areas which
were recorded using the SAVE A command. The operation is similar to the LOAD
command and the tape recorder is started in the PLAYBACK position.

Operation:
LOAD A ["filename") OS I
Display during program load ) AF I PB— 1 00 m
'T' ' I '
A l l fi l e s fi l e n a m e

Even if programs are already written in program areas prior to callout. the former
programs will be cleared and then the new programs will be called out.
Furthermore, both the SAVE A command and the LOAD A command can only be used
m a n u a l l y.

• Data recording
Format: PUT ("filename") variable 1 [.variable 2]
(Items in brackets may be omitted.)
The data which is recorded on the tape is the data in the variables from variable 1
through variable 2.

Example: pyj A data of variable A

: . 1

PUT *1 -2* A,Z data of variables A through Z

PUT *DT' $.A,Z( 10) data of character variable $ and variables A
through Z(10)

When recording the data in the exclusive character variable $. write $ first.
This command can be used either manually or by writing it in a program.
For manual operation, start the tape recorder in the RECORD position.
Operation:
PUT ("filename") variable 1 [.variable 2] fZS

When performing by writing it in the program, write the PUT command along with the
line number and start the written program.
- 5 9 -
 • Data cailout

Format: GET ("filename"] variable 1 [.variable 2]

(Items in brackets may be omitted.)
«

This command can be used both manually and by writing it in a program.

For manual use, start the tape recorder in the PLAYBACK position and operate as
. follows.

GET ("filename"] variable 1 [.variable 2] S3

For use in a program, write it with a line number attached and start the program.

• Checking of the file which has been recorded on the tape

A VER command is used to check whether the programs or data have been recorded
p r o p e r l y.

Format: VER ("filename"] (Item in brackets may be omitted.)

The operation sequence is similar to program load.

■ Printer
An exclusive mini printer can be connected to the PB-100. By connecting this printer,
program lists or data can be extracted. Also, the output of calculation results during
execution can be printed out.
For printer connection procedures and operating procedures, refer to the mini printer
operation manual.

To print a program list, press ® CZ) and designate the PRT mode.
Program list
S^(S1@(Z)
LIST m or LIST A SS
®(S) (PRT mode release)

After printout is complete, be sure to press ® (g) and release the PRT mode.
Also, to print calculation results or operation contents, printout can be performed
automatically by writing "MODE 7" and "MODE 8" in the program.

Example:

100 MODE 7

1 10 PR INT A

120 MODE 8

When "MODE 7" is written in the program, be sure to write "MODE 8" prior to
program termination and release the PRT mode.

- 6 0 -
• Program cannot be written Clear unnecessary pro
d u e t o i n s u f fi c i e n t n u m b e r o f grams or reduce the num
steps or memory cannot be ber of memories.
expanded. 'Divide and simplify the
• Stack overflow due to a com numerical expression.
plicated calculation formula.

• A mistake has tieen made in • Correct the error in the

writing the program, etc. input program, etc.
• The left side format is differ
ent from the right side format
in a substitution statement,
e t c .

• The calculation result of a • Correct the calculation

numerical expression is 10'"® formula or data.
o r g r e a t e r. • Verify the data.
• Outside the input range of a
numerical function.
• The result is indefinite or im
possible.

• No designated line number for • Correct the designated

a GOTO statement or a GO- l i n e n u m b e r.
SUB statement

▶ For a command or function • Correct the argument

that requires an argument, the e r r o r .

argument is outside the input

range.

▶ Attempt was made to use a • Expand the memory pro

memory which has not been p e r l y.
expanded. • Do not use the same
• Attempt was made to use the memory for a numerical
same memory for a numerical variable and a character
variable and a character variable at the same time.
variable at the same time.

• A RETURN statement appears • Remove the unnecessary

other than during subroutine RETURN statement or
execution. NEXT statement.
• A NEXT statement appears • Reduce the subroutines
other than during a FOR loop or FOR-NEXT loops to
or the variable of the NEXT within the maximum
s t a t e m e n t i s d i ff e r e n t f r o m t h a t levels.
of the FOR statement.
• Subroutine nesting exceeds 8
levels.
• FOR loop nesting exceeds 4
levels.

• Execution is performed in the I Connect a printer or tape

PRT mode or option com recorder.
m a n d s u c h a s S AV E i s e x e Release the PRT mode.
cuted when no printer or tape
recorder is connected.
 Program Comm^List

C l a s s i fi c a t h i n

Causes data to be entered from

the keyboard during execution of
INPUT INPUT variable string a program. The program execu
tion is stopped until after the end
of input. P. 4 4

Reads a character entered during

execution of a program artd as
signs it to a character variable.
K E Y Character variable = KEY Since the program is not stopped
by this command, nothing is
assigned to the character variable
if no key entry is made. P.45
PRINT output control Outputs the designated output
P R I N T function 11J element.

output element |' ■ • P. 4 5

C S R
CSR /I j;} Displays from the designated nth
position.
(0 ^ ^ 11) P. 4 6

G O T O
0/-VT/-. / line number ] Causes control to jump to the
i variable / d e s i g n a t e d l i n e n u m b e r. P. 4 7
Causes control to jump to the line
number following THEN, or exe
IF comparison expression cutes the command following
if-ITHENI " ;". if the result of the compari
1 THEN line number \
» ' \ ; command J son is true.
Causes control to proceed to the
next line number if the result of
t h e c o m p a r i s o n i s f a l s e . P. 4 8
Calls out the subroutine of the
designated line number for execu
tion. After the subroutine is exe
cuted, control returns to the
G O S U B GOSUB 11 variable / GOSUB statement by the RE
TURN statement to proceed to
the command following that
^OYfclcil.lb 3f)l statement. P. 5 1

' r t v fl ti Signifies the end of a subroutine;

returns control to a line number
R E T U R N R E T U R N
next to the GOSUB statement.
P. 5 1
i'vifuljUts \ri\ Declares the beginning of a loop
,i in which numerical value v
FORi'=e,TOe,(STEPc,l changes from initial value e, to
•.Weiii}« ni t ;
•OUlev • V denotes a numerical terminal value e, in increments o.f
t0.«l e y
variable, and e,, e, and The loop is repeated
Looping : F O R
Cy represent a numeri
cal expression respec fi m e s
t i v e l y.
'

between the FOR and NEXT

statements. If the increment
i" ',i'> is omitted, e, is regarded as " 1 ".
P. 4 9

- 6 2 -
 Command
C l a s s i fi c a t i o n
n a m e

Signifies the end of a FOR loop.

If the result of v plus e, is equal
to or smaller than e,. the loop is
repeated again. If it is greater than
e,. control proceeds to the line
next to the NEXT statement.
P. 4 9

Stops the execution of a program

temporarily to bring the system
into a key-in wait state. The exe
cution can be continued by press
i n g t h e S Q K e y . P. 5 4
Signifies the end of a program,
the system returning to its pre-
Execution execution state. The execution of
end a program, once ended, cannot be
continued even if the m Key is
pressed. P. 5 4
Clears all variable data for a pro-
gram. P. 5 7
Displays a listing of all the state
Program LIST (line number] ments in a program from the
listing designated line number down
ward. P. 5 5
All program Displays a listing of the state
LIST A
listing m e n t s i n a l l p r o g r a m s . P. 5 5
Program Causes a program to start from
execution . RUN (line number]
t h e d e s i g n a t e d l i n e n u m b e r. P. 5 4

Clears the currently designated

Program program area of a program. P.57
erasing
CLEAR A CLEAR A
Clears all the programs.

m m
Angular unit Designates trigonometric angular
M O D E units as degree (4), radian (5) or
designation
gradient (6). P. K
( E n Designates the number of effec
SET Fn tive positions or number of deci
S E T
N mal positions for the displayed
(0 ^ n^ 9) numerical value. P. 5 6
LEN (character Calculates the size of the charac
L E N
variable) ter variable. P. 5 6

Extracts n characters from the

Character M I D MID (ml,//]) mth character in the exclusive
function c h a r a c t e r v a r i a b l e ( $ ) . P. 5 6

VA L ( c h a r a c t e r Converts the numbers in a charac

V A L ter variable to a numerical value.
i variable)
P. 5 7
C l a s s i fi c a t i o n

Records only the program in the

currently designated program area
on tape.

P. 5 8

Calls out the program from the

tape and loads it to the currently
designated program area. P.58
Records the programs in all pro
S AV E A ( " fi l e n a m e " ) gram areas on tape at the same
time. P. 5 9
Calls out all programs from the
L O A D A ( " fi l e n a m e ' tape and loads them to the respec-
t i v e p r o g r a m a r e a s . P, 5 9
PUT ("filename"] Records the data in the variable
variable on tape. p.59

GET ("filename") Calls out the data from the tape

variable a n d l o a d s i t i n t h e v a r i a b l e . P. 6 0

Checks to confirm that the pro

V E R ( " fi l e n a m e " ) grams or data have been recorded
o n t h e t a p e p r o p e r l y . P. 6 0

)tems enciosed in [ ] may be omitted.

Eitiier one of the Items enclosed in 1 | may be used.

Function Digit Capacity

Input range Result accuracy
sin X. cos X, tan X 1X|<1440* (8 TT rad, 1600 gra)| 10th digit ± 1
sin X. cos I

log X, In X

x»(xty)

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 Specifications
I Type
PB-100
■ Fundamental calculation functions j
Negative numbers, exponentials, parenthetical addition, subtraction, multiplication and'
division (with priority sequence judgement function (true algebraic logic)) j
■ Built-in function ■

Trigonometric/inverse trigonometric functions (angular units — degree/radian/

gradient), logarithmic/exponential functions, square root, powers, conversion to
integer, deletion of integer portion, absolute value, symbolization. designation of
number of effective positions, designation of number of decimal positions, random
numbers, tr I
■ Commands !

INPUT, PRINT, GOTO. FOR-NEXT, IF-THEN. GOSUB. RETURN. STOP, END;

RUN, LIST. LIST A. MODE. SET. VAC, CLEAR, CLEAR A. DEFM, SAVE. SAVE A,
LOAD. LOAD A, PUT. GET, VER

■Program functions
K E Y, C S R . L E N . M I D . VA L
■Calculation range
±1 X 10"^ to ±9.999999999 x 10^ and 0 (internal calculation uses 12 mantissa
positions)

■Program system
Stored system

■Program language
BASIC

■Number of steps
Maximum 544 steps (maximum 1.668 steps when optional RAM pack is loaded)

■Program capacity
Maximum 10 programs (P0 through P9) ■
■N u m b e r of memories '
Standard 26, expandable to 94 (maximum 222 memories when optional RAM pack is
loaded) and exclusive character variable ($) ;
■ Number of stacks

Subroutine — 8 levels
FOR-NEXT loop-4 levels
Numerical value — 6 levels
Calculation elements — 12 levels

■ Display system and contents

10 mantissa positions (including minus sign) or 8 mantissa positions (7 positions for
negative number) and 2 exponential positions. Also, display of respective conditions
such as EXT, CE), RUN, WRT, DEG, RAD, GRA, TR, PRT, STOP
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 ■Display elements
12-posilion dot matrix display {liquid crystal)
■ aMain components
^ C-MOS VLSI and others

■Power supply
% 2 lithium batteries (CR2032)
■Power consumption
Maximum 0.02 W

■ Battery life
Mainframe only — approximately 360 hours (Continuous use)

■Auto power-off
Power is turned off automatically approximately 7 minutes after last operation.

■Ambient temperature range

0®C to 40°C (32®F to 104®F)
■ Dimensions

9.8H X 165W X 71 mmD (3/8"H x 6-1 /2"W x 2-3/4"D)

■Weight
116 g (4.1 oz) including batteries

GUIDELINES LAID DOWN BY FCC RULES FOR USE OF THE UNIT IN THE U.S.A.
(not applicable to other areas).
This equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy and if not installed and used properly, ttiat is. in
strict accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, may cause interference to radio and television
reception. It has iseen type tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B computing device in
accordance with the specifications in Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to provide
reasonable protection against such interference in a residential installation. However, there is no guarantee
that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause interference to
radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is
encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
... reorient the receiving antenna
... relocaieMie computer with respect to the receiver
... move the computer away from the receiver
... plug the computer into a different outlet so that computer and receiver are on different branch
circuits.
If necessary, the user should consult the dealer or an experienced radio/television technician for additional
suggestions. The user may find the following booklet prepared by the Federal Communications Commission
helpful; "How to Identify and Resolve Radio-TV Interference Problems". This booklet is available from the
US Government Printing Office, Washington, D C., 20402, Stock No. 004-000-00345-4.

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