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ANALYTIC
GEOMETRY
Distance Between Two Points
Here is how to calculate the distance between two points when you know
their coordinates:

Let us call the two points A and B

We can run lines down from A, and along from B, to make a Right Angled
Triangle.
And with a little help from Pythagoras we know that:
a2 + b2 = c2
Now label the coordinates of points A and B.
xA means the x-coordinate of point A
yA means the y-coordinate of point A
The horizontal distance a is (xA − xB)
The vertical distance b is (yA − yB)

Now we can solve for c (the distance between the points):

Start with: c2 = a2 + b2
Put in the calculations for a and b: c2 = (xA − xB)2 + (yA − yB)2

( x A − x B ) + ( yA − yB )
2 2
And the final result: c=

dis tan ce = ( x A − x B ) + ( yA − yB )
2 2

EXAMPLE 1 : Find the distance between the points A and B.

( 9 − 3) + ( 7 − 2 )
2 2
Solution : Fill in the values : d=
d = 62 + 52
(It doesn't matter what order
d = 36 + 25 the points are in, because
squaring removes any negatives)
d = 61
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EXAMPLE 2 : Find the distance between the following points.

a. ( −1, −1) and ( 7, −1) b. ( −4,3) and ( −4, −3)
Xo Yo X Yp
d
4))2 (3
4
3))
-
( -
+ -
(
-

d (y
2

= (x A -xp) =+ Yp) -
=
= 56 =
6

( -1 177(
- -
1 -
1 + 7)2

=
Fo = 54 + D = 54
=
8

c. ( 2,1) and ( −3,4 ) d. ( −2,5) and ( −4, −6 )

d = z
2)(7y 4)- - -

d=
-2 -c 4))2 (5 1 67) -

+ -
-

=3)
=(11)
-

=
s a + =
54
=124 + =25 = xxS
= 55

·
EXAMPLE 3 : The distance between the points (-2, y) and (3, -7) is 13 units.
What are the possible values for y?

I169
=
(5) (y 9) + +
2

y +

Y
7 =

=
12

5
or y+ 7

y =
=

-9
-12

169 = 25 + (y y+

Midpoint
The point halfway between the endpoints of a line segment is called the
midpoint. A midpoint divides a line segment into two equal segments.
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Method 1:

If the line segments are vertical or horizontal, you may find the midpoint by simply
dividing the length of the segment by 2 and counting that value from either of the
endpoints.

Find the midpoints and .

AB is 8 (by counting). The midpoint is 4 units from

either endpoint. On the graph, this point is (1,4).

CD is 3 (by counting). The midpoint is 1.5 units

from either endpoint. On the graph, this point is

(2, 1.5)

Midpoint of a Line Segment

The midpoint is halfway between the two end points:

Its x value is halfway between the two x values
Its y value is halfway between the two y values

We can use this formula:

 x + x B YA + YB 
M= A , 
 2 2 
EXAMPLE 4 : What is the midpoint here?

-
*
( ,
2)
+
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X YA

EXAMPLE 5 : M is the midpoint of CD . The coordinates M(-1,1) and C(1,-3)

are given. Find the coordinates of point D. -

M = ( 1 1)
,

F 1) ,

:
-
1
= " 1
=Y
+
-
2 = 1 + X0 z = - 3 +
100 =
(3 5)
-
3 =
X8 ,
3 =
V6

Slope of line
The slope of a line is a number that measures its "steepness", usually denoted
by the letter m. It is the change in y for a unit change in x along the line.

When a line passes through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), the slope is
y 2 − y1
m= .
x 2 − x1
EXAMPLE 6 : Find the slope of the line joining the points (1, -4) and (-4, 2 ).

EXAMPLE 7 : Calculate the slope of the line joining the following points .
a. A (1, 2 ) and B ( 3,7 ) b. C ( −3,5 ) and D ( 2,5 )

c. E ( 7, 2 ) and F ( 7, −4 ) d. P ( 3, 4 ) and Q ( −3,6 )

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Lines that have a positive slope, rise from lower left to upper right. They go
up hill.

Lines that have a negative slope, decline from upper left to lower
right. They go down hill.

Lines that are horizontal have a slope of zero. (There is no "rise", creating a
zero numerator.)

Lines that are vertical have no slope (undefined slope). (There is no "run",
creating a zero denominator.)

Parallel Lines
Two non-vertical lines in a plane are parallel if they have both:
o the same slope
o different y-intercepts
Any two vertical lines in a plane are parallel.
Perpendicular Lines
Two non-vertical lines are perpendicular if the slope of one is the
negative reciprocal of the slope of the other.
(such as m = 2 with m = -1/2)

EXAMPLE 8 : Show that the three points A (2,

4), B (4, 6) and C (6, 8) are collinear. There or more points that lie
on a same straight line are
called collinear points.
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EXAMPLE 9 : Show that the points A ( −2, −1) ,B (1,0 ) ,C ( 4,3 ) and D (1, 2 ) are the
vertices of the parallelogram.

EXAMPLE 10 : What is the slope of any line perpendicular to the line containing
the points ( −5,1) and ( −3, −2 ) .

Equations of Line
Can take on several forms:

Slope Intercept Form: y = mx + b

[used when you know, or can find, the slope, m, and the y-intercept, b.]

Point Slope Form: y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )

[used when you know, or can find, a point on the line(x1, y1), and the slope, m.]

Standard Form: Ax + By = C
[where A, B, and C are real numbers.]

Horizontal Line Form: y = k (k is any number)

Lines that are horizontal have a slope of zero. They have "run", but no "rise". The
rise/run formula for slope always yields zero since rise = 0.
y = mx + b
y = 0x + 3
y=3
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Vertical Line Form: x = k (k is any number)

Lines that are vertical have no slope (it does not exist). They have "rise", but
no "run". The rise/run formula for slope always has a zero denominator and is
undefined.

EXAMPLE 11 : Given 2y = 6x + 12 and 3y + x = 15, determine if the lines are

parallel, perpendicular, or neither.

Solution Put in "y=" form to observe the slopes.

2y = 6x + 12 gives y = 3x + 6, so m = 3
3y + x = 15 gives y = -1/3 x + 5, so m = -1/3
Since the slopes are negative reciprocals, the lines are perpendicular. ANS.

EXAMPLE 12 : Write the slope-intercept form and standard form of the equation
of a line through the point (1, 2) and slope = 7.

EXAMPLE 13 : Find the equation of the line that passes through the points (12, 9)
and (2, 7).
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EXAMPLE 14 : Find the equation of a line that passes through (5, 1) and paralell
to x + 4y − 7 = 0 .

Distance between a Point and a Line

Main Concept
The shortest path from a point to a line is along a line perpendicular to the
given line.
The distance betwen a point P and a line AB is the length of the segment that
crosses the line, is perpendicular to it, and passes through P:
P ( x1 , y1 ) L : Ax + By + c = 0

Ax1 + By1 + C
d ( x1 , y1 ) =
A 2 + B2

EXAMPLE 15 : Use analytic geometry to find the shortest distance from point
4
(-2,4) to the line y = x − 2 .
3
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EXAMPLE 16 : Find the value of k if the distance from the point (6,2) to the line
3x − 4y + k = 0 is 6 units.

Distance between parallel lines

Distance between two lines is equal to the length
of the perpendicular from point A to point B.
Therefore, distance between the lines (1) and (2) is
C1 − C2
d=
A 2 + B2

EXAMPLE 17 : Find the distance between the lines x = 3 and x = −5.

Solution The two lines are 3 – (-5) units apart, or 8 units apart.

EXAMPLE 18 : Find the distance between the lines y = 5 and y = −8.

Solution The two lines are 5 – (-8) units apart, or 13 units apart.

EXAMPLE 19 : Find the distance between the lines 6x − 4y − 1 = 0 and

3x − 2y − 7 = 0 .

EXAMPLE 20 : If the distance between line L and 3x − 4y + 12 = 0 is 2 units,

then find the equation of the line L.
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EXERCISES
1. Find the distance between the following points.
a. ( 0,0 ) and ( −2, −4 ) b. ( −1,5) and ( 3, −2 ) S

c. ( 5, −3) and ( −2, −1) d. ( 2, −3) and ( −1, −6 )

e. (1,1) and ( a, b ) f. ( −k, n ) and ( m, − p )

2. What is the distance between the points A ( −3,5 ) and the X-axis ? ·

- 3,5
&

30
y 0(x
= -

axin)
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3. The coordinates of the right-angled triangle ABC are : A(1,2), B(3,6) and
C(7,4). What is the length of the hypotenuse of the triangle?
AB_
+ = 25

+ 16
4

BC =
1

AC =
1

4. (-3, 2) and (12, 10) are points on opposite ends of the diameter of
circle. What is the radius of the circle?

T ra
(2) (2 102 - + -

(1st + = 82)
(b , 2)
.
(12 , 10)
225 +
64

201 = 17

rad = "
Z

5. The straight line 3x + 4y = 24 cuts the y- axis at the point A and cuts the x-
axis at the point B. What is the distance AB?

& x = 0; 3(d+ 4y =
24
+CO 0)
,

Modico 1
+ 4(d) 24
3x
Dy
=

=
0 ,
-

x
= 8

8 (8 0) ,
- 8+ 6
64 + 36

To =

10
6. The coordinates of the parallelogram ABCD are: A(5,2), B(2,4), C(6,7) and
D(9,5). What is the length of the shorter diagonal of parallelogram ABCD?
A (5 , 2) 8(2 4) ,
ACz ?

BD =?

2
ep 5) + (4 -

- y +
(12)
(C6 , 7)
D(9 , 5) 49 + 1

50 =
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7. A = (-3,-2), B = (x, 3) and C = (4,5). If AB = BC, what is the value of x?

8. What is the perimeter of parallelogram ABCD?

9. ABCD is a kite. What is its perimeter?

10. P (1,1) , Q ( −1, −1) and R ( 3, −1) are vertices of triangle. What kind of
triangle PQR ?
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11. A ( −2,1) , B ( 2,4 ) and C ( 3,1) are vertices of triangle. What kind of triangle
ABC ?

12. The distance between points A ( 5,9 ) and S is the same distance between
point B B ( −2, −4 ) and S. What is the coordinate of point S lie on x-axis?

13. If the distance between points P ( a, 2 ) and Q ( −1, −3) is 13, then calculate
the value(s) of a.

14. A (10,0 ) , B ( −12,0 ) and C ( −8,8 ) are vertices of triangle. Calculate the area
of triangle ABC.
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15. Find the midpoint of the line segment with the given endpoints.
a. A ( 3,0 ) and B (13,0 ) b. C ( 4, −2 ) and D ( 4,8 )

 1  1 
c. E  − , −3  and F  , −1 d. P ( 5,6 ) and Q ( −3, 2 )
 2  2 

e. R ( −1,7 ) and S ( 5, −13 ) f. X ( 3a, −b ) and Y ( a, b )

16. Given the midpoint and one endpoint of a line segment, find the other
endpoint.
a. Endpoint: (−9, −1), midpoint: (8, 14)
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b. Endpoint: (10, 12), midpoint: (6, 9)

c. Endpoint: (−8, −10), midpoint: (10, −7)

d. Endpoint: (−11, 9), midpoint: (3, −11)

17. A is the point (-6, 5) and B is the point (10, -3). P divides the straight line
segment AB in the ratio 1 : 3 (i.e. it is a quarter of the way between A and
B). What are the coordinates of P?
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18. A is the point (-6, 5) and B is the point (10, -3). P divides the straight line
segment AB in the ratio 1 : 3 (i.e. it is a quarter of the way between A and
B). What are the coordinates of P?

19. Find the length of a line segment joining point A ( 8,2 ) and the midpoint
between point P ( 2,1) and Q ( 6,5 ) .

20. Find the coordinates of the points that divide this line segment AB into four
equal parts when A = ( −16,0 ) and B = ( 4, 4 )
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21. Calculate the slope of the line that joins these points and describe the line
are rising, falling, horizontal or vertical.
a. A ( 0,0 ) and B ( 2,6 ) b. C ( 5,3 ) and D (12,7 )

c. E ( 3, −8 ) and F ( −5,7 ) d. P ( 0,0 ) and Q ( −3, −4 )

3
22. The slope of a line is and the line contains the points ( 5,9 ) and ( 3,a ) .
2
What is the value of a ?

23. The slope of a line is −2 and the line contains the points ( 7, 4 ) and ( x,12 ) .
What is the value of x ?
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24. The three points A ( a + 1,3) , B ( 2, −1) and C ( −3,9 ) are collinear. Find the
value(s) of a.

25. The three points P ( −3,10 ) ,Q ( 2, 2a + 1) and R ( 4, −4 ) are collinear. Find the
value(s) of a.

26. The lines L1 and L2 passing through the given pairs of points. Determine
L1 and L2 are parallel, perpendicular or intersecting line?
a. L1: (1, 2 ) , ( 3,1) and L2: ( 0, −1) , ( 2,0 )

b. L1: ( 0,3) , ( 3,1) and L2: ( −1,4 ) , ( −7, −5 )

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c. L1: ( 2, −1) , ( 5, −7 ) and L2: ( 0,0 ) , ( −1, 2 )

d. L1: ( −2,5 ) , ( −2,7 ) and L2: ( 5,1) , ( 5,13 )

27. Find the value of y so that the line containing the points ( −2, −1) , (1,0 ) and
parallel to the line containing the points ( 4, y ) and (1,2 ) .

28. Let the points A ( 6,1) ,B ( 3, −1) ,C ( −4,2 ) and D ( x, y ) are the vertices of the
parallelogram. Find the coordinate of point D.
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29. Find the value of x so that the line containing ( 4,8 ) and ( 2, −1) is
perpendicular to the line containing ( x, 2 ) and ( −4,5 ) .

30. Determine A ( 8,6 ) , B ( 4,8 ) and C ( 2,4 ) are the vertices of the right triangle
or not, then calculate the area of triangle ABC.

31. Show that P ( −7, 4 ) is a point lie on the line that perpendicular to a line
segment containing endpoints A ( −1, −4 ) and B ( 3, 4 ) .
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32. Write the equation of the line through the given point with the given slope.

a. through: (3, −1), slope = −1 b. through: (−2, 5), slope = −4

1
c. through: (2, 5), slope = undefined d. through: (3, 1), slope =
2

7
e. through: (−3, −3), parallel to y = x + 3
3

f. through: (−1, 4), perpendicular to 5x + y − 2 = 0

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33. Find the equation of the line that passes through the points (4, 7) and (-2, 6).

34. Write the equation of the perpendicular bisector that goes through the line
segment with end points of A (2,1) and B (6, -3)?

35. Write the equation of the line that is parallel to the graph of 3x − y = 5, and
whose y-intercept is (0, -7).

36. Write the equation of the line that is perpendicular to the graph of
3x − y = 5 , and whose x-intercept is -7.
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37. Find the equation of the line that passes through the points (2, 1) and point-
intercept of the lines 2x + 3y − 3 = 0 and 3x − 2y = 0 .

38. Find the distance from the line to the given point.
2
a. 4x + 3y − 8 = 0 and ( 0,6 ) b. y = − x + 13 and ( −1,2 )
3

c. 2x − y + 5 = 0 and ( 8,1) d. y = 1 and ( 6, −7 )

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39. The line L parallel to the line 6x + 8y − 1 = 0 and the distance of the line L
from a point ( −1,3) is 3 units. Find the equation of the line L.

40. The line L perpendicular to the line 24y = 7x + 2 and the distance of the
line L from a point ( 2, −3) is 2 units. Find the equation of the line L.

41. Find the distance between each pair of parallel lines.

a. 3x + 4y − 7 = 0 and 3x + 4y + 3 = 0
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b. 5x + 12y − 15 = 0 and 10x + 24y + 9 = 0

c. y = x + 15 and 2x − 2y + 10 = 0

d. 8x + 6y − 13 = 0 and 8x + 6y + 37 = 0

42. The line L parallel to the line 8x − 6y + 9 = 0 and the distance between two
these lines is 3 units. Find the equations of the line L.
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43. Find the equation of the line L that parallel to 4x − 3y + 26 = 0 and the
distance of the line L form point ( 8,8 ) is 2 units.

44. If 12x − 5y − 10 = 0 is halfway between two parallel lines with a distance of

8, find the equations for two parallel lines.

45. A ( 3, 2 ) , B ( −1,1) and C ( −3, 4 ) are the vertices of a triangle. If AB is the

base of triangle ABC, then find the length of the height.
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43. Find the equation of the line L that parallel to 4x  3y  26  0 and the
distance of the line L form point  8,8  is 2 units.

44. If 12x  5y  10  0 is halfway between two parallel lines with a distance of

8, find the equations for two parallel lines.

45. A  3, 2  , B  1,1 and C  3, 4  are the vertices of a triangle. If AB is the

base of triangle ABC, then find the length of the height.