Unit : 2 :Protocols in IoT
Y V Dongre
Unit II :
Protocols for IoT
• IoT Protocols Organization, IoT Data Protocols:
CoAP, MQTT, AMQP, DDS, IPv6, ZigBee,
Bluetooth, Wifi, 6LowPAN, Comparison of
Traditional Networking Protocols and IoT
Protocols
Protocol Standardization for
IoT
• IoT-Architecture one of the few efforts targeting a
holistic architecture for all IoT sectors
• This consortium consists of 17 European
organizations from nine countries
• Summarized current status of IoT standardization as
• Fragmented architectures
• No holistic approach to implement IoT has yet been
proposed
• Many island solutions do exist (RFID, sensor nets, etc.)
• Little cross-sector reuse of technology and exchange of
knowledge
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M2M and WSN
Protocols
• Most M2M applications are developed today in a
highly customized fashion
• High-level M2M architecture from M2M
Standardization Task Force (MSTF) does include
fixed & other non cellular wireless networks
• Means it’s generic, holistic IoT architecture even
though it is M2M architecture
• M2M and IoT sometimes are used
interchangeably in the United States
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M2M and WSN
Protocols
• Other M2M standards activities include:
• Data transport protocol standards - M2MXML,
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), BiTXML, WMMP,
MDMP
• Extend OMA DM to support M2M devices
protocol management objects
• M2M device management, standardize M2M gateway
• M2M security and fraud detection
• Network API’s M2M service capabilities
• Remote management of device behind gateway/firewall
• Open REST-based API for M2M applications
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SCADA and RFID
Protocols
• Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
• One of the IoT pillars to represent the whole
industrial automation arena
• IEEE created standard specification called Std
C37.1™, for SCADA & automation systems in
2007
• In recent years, network-based industrial
automation has greatly evolved
• With the use of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs),
or IoT devices in our terms, in substations and
power stations Unit 4 - IoT Protocols and Security
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Issues with IoT
Standardization
• It should be noted that not everything about
standardization is positive
• Standardization is like a double-edged sword:
• Critical to market development
• But it may threaten innovation and inhibit change when
standards are accepted by the market
• Standardization and innovation are like yin & yang
• They could be contradictory to each other in some
cases, even though this observation is debatable
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Issues with IoT
Standardization
• Different consortia, forums and alliances have been
doing standardization in their own limited scope
• For example, 3GPP covers only cellular wireless
networks while EPCglobal’s middleware covers only
RFID events
• Even within same segment, there are more than
one consortium or forum doing standardization
without enough communication with each other
• Some are even competing with each other
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Issues with IoT
Standardization
• Some people believe that the IoT concept is well
established
• However, some gray zones remain in the
definition, especially which technology should be
included
• Following two issues for IoT standardization in
particular and ICT standardization in general may
never have answers:
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Issues with IoT
Standardization
1. ICT standardization is a highly decentralized
activity. How can the individual activities of the
network of extremely heterogeneous
standards- setting bodies be coordinated?
2. It will become essential to allow all interested
stakeholders to participate in the
standardization process toward the IoT and to
voice their respective requirements and
concerns. How can this be achieved?
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Protocols – IEEE
802.15.4
• Defines operation of low-rate wireless personal
area networks (LR-WPANs)
• Specifies physical layer and media access
control for LR-WPANs
• Maintained by IEEE 802.15 working group, which
defined the standard in 2003
• Basic framework conceives a 10m
communications range with a transfer rate of 250
kbit/s
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Protocols – IEEE
802.15.4
• Physical Layer (PHY)
provides data transmission
service & interface to
physical layer management
entity
• MAC enables transmission
of MAC frames through the
use of the physical channel
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ZigBe
e
• IEEE 802.15.4-based specification for a suite of
high-level communication protocols
• Used to create personal area networks with small,
low-power digital radios
• ZigBee based applications
• Home Automation
• Medical Device Data Collection
• other low-power low-bandwidth
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ZigBee
Architecture
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ZigBee
Architecture
• Divided into three sections
• IEEE 802.15.4 which consists of MAC and physical layers
• ZigBee layers, which consist of the network layer, the
ZigBee device object (ZDO), the application sublayer, and
security management
• Manufacturer application: Manufacturers of ZigBee
devices can use the ZigBee application profile or develop
their own application profile
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Network
Layer
• Located between the MAC layer and
application support sublayer
• Provides the following functions:
• Starting a network
• Managing end devices joining or leaving a network
• Route discovery
• Neighbor discovery
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APS
Layer
• Application Support Sublayer (APS)
• Provides services necessary for application objects
(endpoints) and the ZigBee device object (ZDO)
• Some of services provided by the APS to the
application objects for data transfer are
• Request
• Confirm
• Response
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APS
Layer
• Application Object
(endpoint)
• Defines input and output
to the APS
• For example, a switch
that controls a light is the
input from the
application object, and
the output is the light
bulb condition
• Each node can have 240
separate application
objects
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APS
Layer
• ZigBee Device Object (ZDO)
• Control and management of application objects
• Performs overall device management tasks:
• Determines the type of device in a network (for example, end
device, router, or coordinator)
• Initializes the APS, network layer, and security service provider
• Performs device and service discovery
• Initializes coordinator for establishing a network
• Security management
• Network management
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APS
Layer
• End Node
• Each end node or end device can have multiple EPs
• Each EP contains an application profile, such as home
automation
• can be used to control multiple devices or single device
• ZigBee Addressing Mode
• ZigBee uses direct, group, and broadcast addressing
for transmission of information
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