Data Analyst Interview Questions and

Answers
Last Updated : 16 Jun, 2024

Data is information, often in the form of numbers, text, or multimedia, that

is collected and stored for analysis. It can come from various sources,
such as business transactions, social media, or scientific experiments. In
the context of a data analyst, their role involves extracting meaningful
insights from this vast pool of data.

In the 21st century, data holds immense value, making data analysis a
lucrative career choice. If you’re considering a career in data analysis but
are worried about interview questions, you’ve come to the right place. This
article presents the top 85 data analyst interview questions and answers
to help you prepare for your interview. Let’s dive into these questions to
equip you for success in the interview process

Data Analyst Interview Questions

Table of Content
Data Analyst Interview Questions for Freshers
Statistics Interview Questions and Answers for Data Analyst
SQL Interview Questions for Data Analysts
Data Visualizations or BI tools Data Analyst Interview questions
▲
What is Data Analyst?
Data analysts is a person that uses statistical methods, programming,
and visualization tools to analyze and interpret data, helping organizations
make informed decisions. They clean, process, and organize data to
identify trends, patterns, and anomalies, contributing crucial insights that
drive strategic and operational decision-making within businesses and
other sectors.

Data Analyst Interview Questions for Freshers

Here we have mentioned the top questions that are more likely to be
asked by the interviewer during the interview process of experienced data
analysts as well as beginner analyst job profiles.

1. What do you mean by Data Analysis?

Data analysis is a multidisciplinary field of data science, in which data is

analyzed using mathematical, statistical, and computer science with
domain expertise to discover useful information or patterns from the
data. It involves gathering, cleaning, transforming, and organizing data to
draw conclusions, forecast, and make informed decisions. The purpose of
data analysis is to turn raw data into actionable knowledge that may be
used to guide decisions, solve issues, or reveal hidden trends.

2. How do data analysts differ from data scientists?

Data analysts and Data Scientists can be recognized by their

responsibilities, skill sets, and areas of expertise. Sometimes the roles of
data analysts and data scientists may conflict or not be clear.

Data analysts are responsible for collecting, cleaning, and analyzing data
to help businesses make better decisions. They typically use statistical
analysis and visualization tools to identify trends and patterns in data.
Data analysts may also develop reports and dashboards to communicate
their findings to stakeholders.
Data scientists are responsible for creating and implementing machine
learning and statistical models on data. These models are used to make
predictions, automate jobs, and enhance business processes. Data
scientists are also well-versed in programming languages and software
engineering.

Feature Data analyst Data Scientist

Skills Machine Learning,

Excel, SQL, Python, R, Statistical Modeling,
Tableau, PowerBI Docker, Software
Engineering

Tasks Database Management,

Data Collection, Web
Predictive Analysis and
Scrapping, Data
prescriptive analysis,
Cleaning, Data
Machine Learning
Visualization,
model building and
Explanatory Data
Deployment, Task
Analysis, Reports
automation, Work for
Development and
Business Improvements
Presentations
Process.

Positions Entry Label Seniors Label

3. How Data analysis is similar to Business Intelligence?

Data analysis and Business intelligence are both closely related fields,
Both use data and make analysis to make better and more effective
decisions. However, there are some key differences between the two.

Data analysis involves data gathering, inspecting, cleaning,

transforming and finding relevant information, So, that it can be used
for the decision-making process.
 Business Intelligence(BI) also makes data analysis to find insights as
per the business requirements. It generally uses statistical and Data
visualization tools popularly known as BI tools to present the data in
user-friendly views like reports, dashboards, charts and graphs.

The similarities and differences between the Data Analysis and Business
Intelligence are as follows:

Similarities Differences

Both use data to make better Data analysis is more technical,

decisions. while BI is more strategic.

Data analysis focuses on finding

Both involve collecting, cleaning, and patterns and insights in data, while
transforming data. BI focuses on providing relevant
information

Data analysis is often used to

Both use visualization tools to provide specific answers, whereas
communicate findings. business intelligence (BI) is used to
help broader decision-making.

4. What are the different tools mainly used for data analysis?

There are different tools used for data analysis. each has some strengths
and weaknesses. Some of the most commonly used tools for data
analysis are as follows:

Spreadsheet Software: Spreadsheet Software is used for a variety of

data analysis tasks, such as sorting, filtering, and summarizing data. It
also has several built-in functions for performing statistical analysis.
The top 3 mostly used Spreadsheet Software are as follows:
Microsoft Excel
 Google Sheets
LibreOffice Calc
Database Management Systems (DBMS): DBMSs, or database
management systems, are crucial resources for data analysis. It offers
a secure and efficient way to manage, store, and organize massive
amounts of data.
MySQL
PostgreSQL
Microsoft SQL Server
Oracle Database
Statistical Software: There are many statistical software used for Data
analysis, Each with its strengths and weaknesses. Some of the most
popular software used for data analysis are as follows:
SAS: Widely used in various industries for statistical analysis
and data management.
SPSS: A software suite used for statistical analysis in social
science research.
Stata: A tool commonly used for managing, analyzing, and
graphing data in various fields.SPSS:
Programming Language: In data analysis, programming languages are
used for deep and customized analysis according to mathematical and
statistical concepts. For Data analysis, two programming languages
are highly popular:
R: R is a free and open-source programming language widely
popular for data analysis. It has good visualizations and
environments mainly designed for statistical analysis and
data visualization. It has a wide variety of packages for
performing different data analysis tasks.
Python: Python is also a free and open-source programming
language used for Data analysis. Nowadays, It is becoming
widely popular among researchers. Along with data analysis, It
 is used for Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and web
development.

5. What is Data Wrangling?

Data Wrangling is very much related concepts to Data Preprocessing. It’s

also known as Data munging. It involves the process of cleaning,
transforming, and organizing the raw, messy or unstructured data into a
usable format. The main goal of data wrangling is to improve the quality
and structure of the dataset. So, that it can be used for analysis, model
building, and other data-driven tasks.

Data wrangling can be a complicated and time-consuming process, but it

is critical for businesses that want to make data-driven choices.
Businesses can obtain significant insights about their products, services,
and bottom line by taking the effort to wrangle their data.

Some of the most common tasks involved in data wrangling are as

follows:

Data Cleaning: Identify and remove the errors, inconsistencies, and

missing values from the dataset.
Data Transformation: Transformed the structure, format, or values of
data as per the requirements of the analysis. that may include scaling
& normalization, encoding categorical values.
Data Integration: Combined two or more datasets, if that is scattered
from multiple sources, and need of consolidated analysis.
Data Restructuring: Reorganize the data to make it more suitable for
analysis. In this case, data are reshaped to different formats or new
variables are created by aggregating the features at different levels.
Data Enrichment: Data are enriched by adding additional relevant
information, this may be external data or combined aggregation of two
or more features.
Quality Assurance: In this case, we ensure that the data meets certain
quality standards and is fit for analysis.
6. What is the difference between descriptive and predictive analysis?

Descriptive and predictive analysis are the two different ways to analyze
the data.

Descriptive Analysis: Descriptive analysis is used to describe

questions like “What has happened in the past?” and “What are the key
characteristics of the data?”. Its main goal is to identify the patterns,
trends, and relationships within the data. It uses statistical measures,
visualizations, and exploratory data analysis techniques to gain insight
into the dataset.
The key characteristics of descriptive analysis are as follows:
Historical Perspective: Descriptive analysis is concerned with
understanding past data and events.
Summary Statistics: It often involves calculating basic
statistical measures like mean, median, mode, standard
deviation, and percentiles.
Visualizations: Graphs, charts, histograms, and other visual
representations are used to illustrate data patterns.
Patterns and Trends: Descriptive analysis helps identify
recurring patterns and trends within the data.
Exploration: It’s used for initial data exploration and
hypothesis generation.
Predictive Analysis: Predictive Analysis, on the other hand, uses past
data and applies statistical and machine learning models to identify
patterns and relationships and make predictions about future events.
Its primary goal is to predict or forecast what is likely to happen in
future.
The key characteristics of predictive analysis are as follows:
Future Projection: Predictive analysis is used to forecast and
predict future events.
Model Building: It involves developing and training models
using historical data to predict outcomes.
 Validation and Testing: Predictive models are validated and
tested using unseen data to assess their accuracy.
Feature Selection: Identifying relevant features (variables) that
influence the predicted outcome is crucial.
Decision Making: Predictive analysis supports decision-
making by providing insights into potential outcomes.

7. What is univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis?

Univariate, Bivariate and multivariate are the three different levels of data
analysis that are used to understand the data.

1. Univariate analysis: Univariate analysis analyzes one variable at a time.

Its main purpose is to understand the distribution, measures of central
tendency (mean, median, and mode), measures of dispersion (range,
variance, and standard deviation), and graphical methods such as
histograms and box plots. It does not deal with the courses or
relationships from the other variables of the dataset.
Common techniques used in univariate analysis include histograms,
bar charts, pie charts, box plots, and summary statistics.
2. Bivariate analysis: Bivariate analysis involves the analysis of the
relationship between the two variables. Its primary goal is to
understand how one variable is related to the other variables. It reveals,
Are there any correlations between the two variables, if yes then how
strong the correlations is? It can also be used to predict the value of
one variable from the value of another variable based on the found
relationship between the two.
Common techniques used in bivariate analysis include scatter plots,
correlation analysis, contingency tables, and cross-tabulations.
3. Multivariate analysis: Multivariate analysis is used to analyze the
relationship between three or more variables simultaneously. Its
primary goal is to understand the relationship among the multiple
variables. It is used to identify the patterns, clusters, and dependencies
among the several variables.
 Common techniques used in multivariate analysis include principal
component analysis (PCA), factor analysis, cluster analysis, and
regression analysis involving multiple predictor variables.

8. Name some of the most popular data analysis and visualization tools
used for data analysis.

Some of the most popular data analysis and visualization tools are as
follows:

Tableau: Tableau is a powerful data visualization application that

enables users to generate interactive dashboards and visualizations
from a wide range of data sources. It is a popular choice for
businesses of all sizes since it is simple to use and can be adjusted to
match any organization’s demands.
Power BI: Microsoft’s Power BI is another well-known data
visualization tool. Power BI’s versatility and connectivity with other
Microsoft products make it a popular data analysis and visualization
tool in both individual and enterprise contexts.
Qlik Sense: Qlik Sense is a data visualization tool that is well-known for
its speed and performance. It enables users to generate interactive
dashboards and visualizations from several data sources, and it can be
used to examine enormous datasets.
SAS: A software suite used for advanced analytics, multivariate
analysis, and business intelligence.
IBM SPSS: A statistical software for data analysis and reporting.
Google Data Studio: Google Data Studio is a free web-based data
visualization application that allows users to create customized
dashboards and simple reports. It aggregates data from up to 12
different sources, including Google Analytics, into an easy-to-modify,
easy-to-share, and easy-to-read report.

9. What are the steps you would take to analyze a dataset?

Data analysis involves a series of steps that transform raw data into
relevant insights, conclusions, and actionable suggestions. While the
specific approach will vary based on the context and aims of the study,
here is an approximate outline of the processes commonly followed in
data analysis:

Problem Definition or Objective: Make sure that the problem or

question you’re attempting to answer is stated clearly. Understand the
analysis’s aims and objectives to direct your strategy.
Data Collection: Collate relevant data from various sources. This might
include surveys, tests, databases, web scraping, and other techniques.
Make sure the data is representative and accurate.ALso
Data Preprocessing or Data Cleaning: Raw data often has errors,
missing values, and inconsistencies. In Data Preprocessing and
Cleaning, we redefine the column’s names or values, standardize the
formats, and deal with the missing values.
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): EDA is a crucial step in Data analysis.
In EDA, we apply various graphical and statistical approaches to
systematically analyze and summarize the main characteristics,
patterns, and relationships within a dataset. The primary objective
behind the EDA is to get a better knowledge of the data’s structure,
identify probable abnormalities or outliers, and offer initial insights that
can guide further analysis.
Data Visualizations: Data visualizations play a very important role in
data analysis. It provides visual representation of complicated
information and patterns in the data which enhances the
understanding of data and helps in identifying the trends or patterns
within a data. It enables effective communication of insights to various
stakeholders.

10. What is data cleaning?

Data cleaning is the process of identifying the removing misleading or

inaccurate records from the datasets. The primary objective of Data
cleaning is to improve the quality of the data so that it can be used for
analysis and predictive model-building tasks. It is the next process after
the data collection and loading.

In Data cleaning, we fix a range of issues that are as follows:

1. Inconsistencies: Sometimes data stored are inconsistent due to

variations in formats, columns_name, data types, or values naming
conventions. Which creates difficulties while aggregating and
comparing. Before going for further analysis, we correct all these
inconsistencies and formatting issues.
2. Duplicate entries: Duplicate records may biased analysis results,
resulting in exaggerated counts or incorrect statistical summaries. So,
we also remove it.
3. Missing Values: Some data points may be missing. Before going
further either we remove the entire rows or columns or we fill the
missing values with probable items.
4. Outlier: Outliers are data points that drastically differ from the average
which may result in machine error when collecting the dataset. if it is
not handled properly, it can bias results even though it can offer useful
insights. So, we first detect the outlier and then remove it.

11. What is the importance of exploratory data analysis (EDA) in data

analysis?

Exploratory data analysis (EDA) is the process of investigating and

understanding the data through graphical and statistical techniques. It is
one of the crucial parts of data analysis that helps to identify the patterns
and trends in the data as well as help in understanding the relationship
between variables.

EDA is a non-parametric approach in data analysis, which means it does

take any assumptions about the dataset. EDA is important for a number
of reasons that are as follows:
1. With EDA we can get a deep understanding of patterns, distributions,
nature of data and relationship with another variable in the dataset.
2. With EDA we can analyze the quality of the dataset by making
univariate analyses like the mean, median, mode, quartile range,
distribution plot etc and identify the patterns and trends of single rows
of the dataset.
3. With EDA we can also get the relationship between the two or more
variables by making bivariate or multivariate analyses like regression,
correlations, covariance, scatter plot, line plot etc.
4. With EDA we can find out the most influential feature of the dataset
using correlations, covariance, and various bivariate or multivariate
plotting.
5. With EDA we can also identify the outliers using Box plots and remove
them further using a statistical approach.

EDA provides the groundwork for the entire data analysis process. It
enables analysts to make more informed judgments about data
processing, hypothesis testing, modelling, and interpretation, resulting in
more accurate and relevant insights.

12. What is Time Series analysis?

Time Series analysis is a statistical technique used to analyze and

interpret data points collected at specific time intervals. Time series data
is the data points recorded sequentially over time. The data points can be
numerical, categorical, or both. The objective of time series analysis is to
understand the underlying patterns, trends and behaviours in the data as
well as to make forecasts about future values.

The key components of Time Series analysis are as follows:

Trend: The data’s long-term movement or direction over time. Trends

can be upward, downward, or flat.
 Seasonality: Patterns that repeat at regular intervals, such as daily,
monthly, or yearly cycles.
Cyclical Patterns: Longer-term trends that are not as regular as
seasonality, and are frequently associated with economic or business
cycles.
Irregular Fluctuations: Unpredictable and random data fluctuations
that cannot be explained by trends, seasonality, or cycles.
Auto-correlations: The link between a data point and its prior values. It
quantifies the degree of dependence between observations at different
time points.

Time series analysis approaches include a variety of techniques including

Descriptive analysis to identify trends, patterns, and irregularities,
smoothing techniques like moving averages or exponential smoothing to
reduce noise and highlight underlying trends, Decompositions to separate
the time series data into its individual components and forecasting
technique like ARIMA, SARIMA, and Regression technique to predict the
future values based on the trends.

13. What is Feature Engineering?

Feature engineering is the process of selecting, transforming, and

creating features from raw data in order to build more effective and
accurate machine learning models. The primary goal of feature
engineering is to identify the most relevant features or create the relevant
features by combining two or more features using some mathematical
operations from the raw data so that it can be effectively utilized for
getting predictive analysis by machine learning model.

The following are the key elements of feature engineering:

Feature Selection: In this case we identify the most relevant features

from the dataset based on the correlation with the target variables.
 Create new feature: In this case, we generate the new features by
aggregating or transforming the existing features in such a way that it
can be helpful to capture the patterns or trends which is not revealed
by the original features.
Transformation: In this case, we modify or scale the features so, that it
can helpful in building the machine learning model. Some of the
common transformations method are Min-Max Scaling, Z-Score
Normalization, and log transformations etc.
Feature encoding: Generally ML algorithms only process the numerical
data, so, that we need to encode categorical features into the
numerical vector. Some of the popular encoding technique are One-
Hot-Encoding, Ordinal label encoding etc.

14. What is data normalization, and why is it important?

Data normalization is the process of transforming numerical data into

standardised range. The objective of data normalization is scale the
different features (variables) of a dataset onto a common scale, which
make it easier to compare, analyze, and model the data. This is
particularly important when features have different units, scales, or
ranges because if we doesn’t normalize then each feature has different-
different impact which can affect the performance of various machine
learning algorithms and statistical analyses.

Common normalization techniques are as follows:

Min-Max Scaling: Scales the data to a range between 0 and 1 using the
formula:
(x – min) / (max – min)
Z-Score Normalization (Standardization): Scales data to have a mean
of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 using the formula:
(x – mean) / standard_deviation
Robust Scaling: Scales data by removing the median and scaling to the
interquartile range(IQR) to handle outliers using the formula:
 (X – Median) / IQR
Unit Vector Scaling: Scales each data point to have a Euclidean norm
(length) (||X||) of 1 using the formula:
X / ||X||

15. What are the main libraries you would use for data analysis in
Python?

For data analysis in Python, many great libraries are used due to their
versatility, functionality, and ease of use. Some of the most common
libraries are as follows:

NumPy: A core Python library for numerical computations. It supports

arrays, matrices, and a variety of mathematical functions, making it a
building block for many other data analysis libraries.
Pandas: A well-known data manipulation and analysis library. It
provides data structures (like as DataFrames) that make to easily
manipulate, filter, aggregate, and transform data. Pandas is required
when working with structured data.
SciPy: SciPy is a scientific computing library. It offers a wide range of
statistical, mathematical, and scientific computing functions.
Matplotlib: Matplotlib is a library for plotting and visualization. It
provides a wide range of plotting functions, making it easy to create
beautiful and informative visualizations.
Seaborn: Seaborn is a library for statistical data visualization. It builds
on top of Matplotlib and provides a more user-friendly interface for
creating statistical plots.
Scikit-learn: A powerful machine learning library. It includes
classification, regression, clustering, dimensionality reduction, and
model evaluation tools. Scikit-learn is well-known for its consistent API
and simplicity of use.
Statsmodels: A statistical model estimation and interpretation library.
It covers a wide range of statistical models, such as linear models and
time series analysis.
16. What’s the difference between structured and unstructured data?

Structured and unstructured data depend on the format in which the data
is stored. Structured data is information that has been structured in a
certain format, such as a table or spreadsheet. This facilitates searching,
sorting, and analyzing. Unstructured data is information that is not
arranged in a certain format. This makes searching, sorting, and analyzing
more complex.

The differences between the structured and unstructured data are as

follows:

Feature Structured Data Unstructured Data

Structure of data Schema (structure of

No predefined
data) is often rigid and
relationships between
organized into rows
data elements.
and columns

Searchability Excellent for

searching, reporting, Difficult to search
and querying

Analysis Simple to quantify and

No fixed format, making
process using
it more challenging to
standard database
organize and analyze.
functions.

Storage Relational databases Data lakes

Examples Customer records,

Text documents,
product inventories,
images, audio, video
financial data

17. How can pandas be used for data analysis?

Pandas is one of the most widely used Python libraries for data analysis.
It has powerful tools and data structure which is very helpful in analyzing
and processing data. Some of the most useful functions of pandas which
are used for various tasks involved in data analysis are as follows:

1. Data loading functions: Pandas provides different functions to read the

dataset from the different-different formats like read_csv, read_excel,
and read_sql functions are used to read the dataset from CSV, Excel,
and SQL datasets respectively in a pandas DataFrame.
2. Data Exploration: Pandas provides functions like head, tail, and sample
to rapidly inspect the data after it has been imported. In order to learn
more about the different data types, missing values, and summary
statistics, use pandas .info and .describe functions.
3. Data Cleaning: Pandas offers functions for dealing with missing values
(fillna), duplicate rows (drop_duplicates), and incorrect data types
(astype) before analysis.
4. Data Transformation: Pandas may be used to modify and transform
data. It is simple to do actions like selecting columns, filtering rows
(loc, iloc), and adding new ones. Custom transformations are feasible
using the apply and map functions.
5. Data Aggregation: With the help of pandas, we can group the data
using groupby function, and also apply aggregation tasks like sum,
mean, count, etc., on specify columns.
6. Time Series Analysis: Pandas offers robust support for time series
data. We can easily conduct date-based computations using functions
like resample, shift etc.
7. Merging and Joining: Data from different sources can be combined
using Pandas merge and join functions.

18. What is the difference between pandas Series and pandas

DataFrames?

In pandas, Both Series and Dataframes are the fundamental data

structures for handling and analyzing tabular data. However, they have
distinct characteristics and use cases.

A series in pandas is a one-dimensional labelled array that can hold data

of various types like integer, float, string etc. It is similar to a NumPy array,
except it has an index that may be used to access the data. The index can
be any type of object, such as a string, a number, or a datetime.

A pandas DataFrame is a two-dimensional labelled data structure

resembling a table or a spreadsheet. It consists of rows and columns,
where each column can have a different data type. A DataFrame may be
thought of as a collection of Series, where each column is a Series with
the same index.

The key differences between the pandas Series and Dataframes are as
follows:

pandas Series pandas DataFrames

A one-dimensional labelled array A two-dimensional labelled data

that can hold data of various types structure that resembles a table or a
like (integer, float, string, etc.) spreadsheet.

Similar to a spreadsheet, which can

Similar to the single vector or
have multiple vectors or columns as
column in a spreadsheet
well as.

The versatility and handling of the

Best suited for working with single-
multiple features make it suitable for
feature data
tasks like data analysis.

Each element of the Series is DataFrames can be assumed as a

associated with its label known as collection of multiple Series, where
the index each column shares the same index.

19. What is One-Hot-Encoding?

One-hot encoding is a technique used for converting categorical data into
a format that machine learning algorithms can understand. Categorical
data is data that is categorized into different groups, such as colors,
nations, or zip codes. Because machine learning algorithms often require
numerical input, categorical data is represented as a sequence of binary
values using one-hot encoding.

To one-hot encode a categorical variable, we generate a new binary

variable for each potential value of the category variable. For example, if
the category variable is “color” and the potential values are “red,” “green,”
and “blue,” then three additional binary variables are created: “color_red,”
“color_green,” and “color_blue.” Each of these binary variables would have
a value of 1 if the matching category value was present and 0 if it was not.

20. What is a boxplot and how it’s useful in data science?

A boxplot is a graphic representation of data that shows the distribution

of the data. It is a standardized method of the distribution of a data set
based on its five-number summary of data points: the minimum, first
quartile [Q1], median, third quartile [Q3], and maximum.

Boxplot

Boxplot is used for detection the outliers in the dataset by visualizing the
distribution of data.

Statistics Interview Questions and Answers for Data

Analyst

21. What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?

Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics are the two main branches
of statistics

Descriptive Statistics: Descriptive statistics is the branch of statistics,

which is used to summarize and describe the main characteristics of a
dataset. It provides a clear and concise summary of the data’s central
tendency, variability, and distribution. Descriptive statistics help to
understand the basic properties of data, identifying patterns and
structure of the dataset without making any generalizations beyond the
observed data. Descriptive statistics compute measures of central
tendency and dispersion and also create graphical representations of
data, such as histograms, bar charts, and pie charts to gain insight into
a dataset.
Descriptive statistics is used to answer the following questions:
What is the mean salary of a data analyst?
What is the range of income of data analysts?
What is the distribution of monthly incomes of data analysts?
Inferential Statistics: Inferential statistics is the branch of statistics,
that is used to conclude, make predictions, and generalize findings
from a sample to a larger population. It makes inferences and
hypotheses about the entire population based on the information
gained from a representative sample. Inferential statistics use
hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and regression analysis to
make inferences about a population.
Inferential statistics is used to answer the following questions:
Is there any difference in the monthly income of the Data
analyst and the Data Scientist?
Is there any relationship between income and education level?
Can we predict someone’s salary based on their experience?

22. What are measures of central tendency?

Measures of central tendency are the statistical measures that represent
the centre of the data set. It reveals where the majority of the data points
generally cluster. The three most common measures of central tendency
are:

Mean: The mean, also known as the average, is calculated by adding up

all the values in a dataset and then dividing by the total number of
values. It is sensitive to outliers since a single extreme number can
have a large impact on the mean.
Mean = (Sum of all values) / (Total number of values)
Median: The median is the middle value in a data set when it is
arranged in ascending or descending order. If there is an even number
of values, the median is the average of the two middle values.
Mode: The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a dataset.
A dataset can have no mode (if all values are unique) or multiple
modes (if multiple values have the same highest frequency). The mode
is useful for categorical data and discrete distributions.

23. What are the Measures of dispersion?

Measures of dispersion, also known as measures of variability or spread,

indicate how much the values in a dataset deviate from the central
tendency. They help in quantifying how far the data points vary from the
average value.

Some of the common Measures of dispersion are as follows:

Range: The range is the difference between the highest and lowest
values in a data set. It gives an idea of how much the data spreads
from the minimum to the maximum.
Variance: The variance is the average of the squared deviations of each
data point from the mean. It is a measure of how spread out the data is
around the mean.
∑(X−μ)2
Variance(σ 2 ) = N
​
 Standard Deviation: The standard deviation is the square root of the
variance. It is a measure of how spread out the data is around the
mean, but it is expressed in the same units as the data itself.
Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD): MAD is the average of the absolute
differences between each data point and the mean. Unlike variance, it
doesn’t involve squaring the differences, making it less sensitive to
extreme values. it is less sensitive to outliers than the variance or
standard deviation.
Percentiles: Percentiles are statistical values that measure the relative
positions of values within a dataset. Which is computed by arranging
the dataset in descending order from least to the largest and then
dividing it into 100 equal parts. In other words, a percentile tells you
what percentage of data points are below or equal to a specific value.
Percentiles are often used to understand the distribution of data and to
identify values that are above or below a certain threshold within a
dataset.
Interquartile Range (IQR): The interquartile range (IQR) is the range of
values ranging from the 25th percentile (first quartile) to the 75th
percentile (third quartile). It measures the spread of the middle 50% of
the data and is less affected by outliers.
Coefficient of Variation (CV): The coefficient of variation (CV) is a
measure of relative variability, It is the ratio of the standard deviation to
the mean, expressed as a percentage. It’s used to compare the relative
variability between datasets with different units or scales.

24. What is a probability distribution?

A probability distribution is a mathematical function that estimates the

probability of different possible outcomes or events occurring in a random
experiment or process. It is a mathematical representation of random
phenomena in terms of sample space and event probability, which helps
us understand the relative possibility of each outcome occurring.

There are two main types of probability distributions:

1. Discrete Probability Distribution: In a discrete probability distribution,
the random variable can only take on distinct, separate values. Each
value is associated with a probability. Examples of discrete probability
distributions include the binomial distribution, the Poisson distribution,
and the hypergeometric distribution.
2. Continuous Probability Distribution: In a continuous probability
distribution, the random variable can take any value within a certain
range. These distributions are described by probability density
functions (PDFs). Examples of continuous probability distributions
include the normal distribution, the exponential distribution, and the
uniform distribution.

25. What are normal distributions?

A normal distribution, also known as a Gaussian distribution, is a specific

type of probability distribution with a symmetric, bell-shaped curve. The
data in a normal distribution clustered around a central value i.e mean,
and the majority of the data falls within one standard deviation of the
mean. The curve gradually tapers off towards both tails, showing that
extreme values are becoming

distribution having a mean equal to 0 and standard deviation equal to 1 is

known as standard normal distribution and Z-scores are used to measure
how many standard deviations a particular data point is from the mean in
standard normal distribution.

Normal distributions are a fundamental concept that supports many

statistical approaches and helps researchers understand the behaviour of
data and variables in a variety of scenarios.

26. What is the central limit theorem?

The Central Limit Theorem (CLT) is a fundamental concept in statistics

that states that, under certain conditions, the distribution of sample
means approaches a normal distribution as sample size rises, regardless
of the the original population distribution. In other words, even if the
population distribution is not normal, when the sample size is high
enough, the distribution of sample means will tend to be normal.

The Central Limit Theorem has three main assumptions:

1. The samples must be independent. This means that the outcome of

one sample cannot affect the outcome of another sample.
2. The samples must be random. This means that each sample must be
drawn from the population in a way that gives all members of the
population an equal chance of being selected.
3. The sample size must be large enough. The CLT typically applies when
the sample size is greater than 30.

27. What are the null hypothesis and alternative hypotheses?

In statistics, the null and alternate hypotheses are two mutually exclusive
statements regarding a population parameter. A hypothesis test analyzes
sample data to determine whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis.
Both null and alternate hypotheses represent the opposing statements or
claims about a population or a phenomenon under investigation.

Null Hypothesis (H0 ): The null hypothesis is a statement regarding the

​

status quo representing no difference or effect after the phenomena

unless there is strong evidence to the contrary.
Alternate Hypothesis (Ha or H1 ): The alternate hypothesis is a
​ ​

statement that disregards the status quo means supports the

difference or effect. The researcher tries to prove the hypothesis.

28. What is a p-value, and what does it mean?

A p-value, which stands for “probability value,” is a statistical metric used

in hypothesis testing to measure the strength of evidence against a null
hypothesis. When the null hypothesis is considered to be true, it measures
the chance of receiving observed outcomes (or more extreme results). In
layman’s words, the p-value determines whether the findings of a study or
experiment are statistically significant or if they might have happened by
chance.

The p-value is a number between 0 and 1, which is frequently stated as a

decimal or percentage. If the null hypothesis is true, it indicates the
probability of observing the data (or more extreme data).

29. What is the significance level?

The significance level, often denoted as α (alpha), is a critical parameter

in hypothesis testing and statistical analysis. It defines the threshold for
determining whether the results of a statistical test are statistically
significant. In other words, it sets the standard for deciding when to reject
the null hypothesis (H0) in favor of the alternative hypothesis (Ha).

If the p-value is less than the significance level, we reject the null
hypothesis and conclude that there is a statistically significant difference
between the groups.

If p-value ≤ α: Reject the null hypothesis. This indicates that the results
are statistically significant, and there is evidence to support the
alternative hypothesis.
If p-value > α: Fail to reject the null hypothesis. This means that the
results are not statistically significant, and there is insufficient
evidence to support the alternative hypothesis.

The choice of a significance level involves a trade-off between Type I and

Type II errors. A lower significance level (e.g., α = 0.01) decreases the risk
of Type I errors while increasing the chance of Type II errors (failure to
identify a real impact). A higher significance level (e.g., = 0.10), on the
other hand, increases the probability of Type I errors while decreasing the
chance of Type II errors.

30. Describe Type I and Type II errors in hypothesis testing.

In hypothesis testing, When deciding between the null hypothesis (H0)
and the alternative hypothesis (Ha), two types of errors may occur. These
errors are known as Type I and Type II errors, and they are important
considerations in statistical analysis.

Type I error (False Positive, α): Type I error occurs when the null
hypothesis is rejected when it is true. This is also referred as a false
positive. The probability of committing a Type I error is denoted by α
(alpha) and is also known as the significance level. A lower
significance level (e.g., = 0.05) reduces the chance of Type I mistakes
while increasing the risk of Type II errors.
For example, a Type I error would occur if we estimated that a new
medicine was successful when it was not.
Type I Error (False Positive, α): Rejecting a true null
hypothesis.
Type II Error (False Negative, β): Type II error occurs when a researcher
fails to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false. This is also
referred as a false negative. The probability of committing a Type II
error is denoted by β (beta)
For example, a Type II error would occur if we estimated that a new
medicine was not effective when it is actually effective.
Type II Error (False Negative, β): Failing to reject a false null
hypothesis.

31. What is a confidence interval, and how does it is related to point

estimates?

The confidence interval is a statistical concept used to estimates the

uncertainty associated with estimating a population parameter (such as a
population mean or proportion) from a sample. It is a range of values that
is likely to contain the true value of a population parameter along with a
level of confidence in that statement.
 Point estimate: A point estimate is a single that is used to estimate the
population parameter based on a sample. For example, the sample
mean (x̄) is a point estimate of the population mean (μ). The point
estimate is typically the sample mean or the sample proportion.
Confidence interval: A confidence interval, on the other hand, is a
range of values built around a point estimate to account for the
uncertainty in the estimate. It is typically expressed as an interval with
an associated confidence level (e.g., 95% confidence interval). The
degree of confidence or confidence level shows the probability that the
interval contains the true population parameter.

The relationship between point estimates and confidence intervals can be

summarized as follows:

A point estimate provides a single value as the best guess for a

population parameter based on sample data.
A confidence interval provides a range of values around the point
estimate, indicating the range of likely values for the population
parameter.
The confidence level associated with the interval reflects the level of
confidence that the true parameter value falls within the interval.

For example, A 95% confidence interval indicates that you are 95%
confident that the real population parameter falls inside the interval. A
95% confidence interval for the population mean (μ) can be expressed as :

ˉ–Margin of error, x
(x ˉ + Margin of error)

where x̄ is the point estimate (sample mean), and the margin of error is
calculated using the standard deviation of the sample and the confidence
level.

32. What is ANOVA in Statistics?

ANOVA, or Analysis of Variance, is a statistical technique used for
analyzing and comparing the means of two or more groups or populations
to determine whether there are statistically significant differences
between them or not. It is a parametric statistical test which means that, it
assumes the data is normally distributed and the variances of the groups
are identical. It helps researchers in determining the impact of one or
more categorical independent variables (factors) on a continuous
dependent variable.

ANOVA works by partitioning the total variance in the data into two
components:

Between-group variance: It analyzes the difference in means between

the different groups or treatment levels being compared.
Within-group variance: It analyzes the variance within each individual
group or treatment level.

Depending on the investigation’s design and the number of independent

variables, ANOVA has numerous varieties:

One-Way ANOVA: Compares the means of three or more independent

groups or levels of a single categorical variable. For Example: One-way
ANOVA can be used to compare the average age of employees among
the three different teams in a company.
Two-Way ANOVA: Compare the means of two or more independent
groups while taking into account the impact of a two independent
categorical variables (factors) . For example, Two-way ANOVA can be
to compare the average age of employees among the three different
teams in a company, while also taking into account the gender of the
employees.
Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA): Compare the means of
multiple dependent variables. For example, MANOVA can be used to
compare the average age, average salary, and average experience of
employees among the three different teams in a company.
33. What is a correlation?

Correlation is a statistical term that analyzes the degree of a linear

relationship between two or more variables. It estimates how effectively
changes in one variable predict or explain changes in another.Correlation
is often used to access the strength and direction of associations
between variables in various fields, including statistics, economics.

The correlation between two variables is represented by correlation

coefficient, denoted as “r”. The value of “r” can range between -1 and +1,
reflecting the strength of the relationship:

Positive correlation (r > 0): As one variable increases, the other tends
to increase. The greater the positive correlation, the closer “r” is to +1.
Negative correlation (r < 0): As one variable rises, the other tends to
fall. The closer “r” is to -1, the greater the negative correlation.
No correlation (r = 0): There is little or no linear relationship between
the variables.

34. What are the differences between Z-test, T-test and F-test?

The Z-test, t-test, and F-test are statistical hypothesis tests that are
employed in a variety of contexts and for a variety of objectives.

Z-test: The Z-test is performed when the population standard deviation

is known. It is a parametric test, which means that it makes certain
assumptions about the data, such as that the data is normally
distributed. The Z-test is most accurate when the sample size is large.
T-test: The T-test is performed when the population standard deviation
is unknown. It is also a parametric test, but unlike the Z-test, it is less
sensitive to violations of the normality assumption. The T-test is most
accurate when the sample size is large.
F-test: The F-test is performed to compare two or more groups’
variances. It assume that populations being compared follow a normal
 distribution.. When the sample sizes of the groups are equal, the F-test
is most accurate.

The key differences between the Z-test, T-test, and F-test are as follows:

Z-Test T-Test F-Test

Assumptions 1. Population
follows a
normal
1. The variances of
distribution
the populations
or the
from which the
1. Population sample size
samples are
follows a is large
drawn should be
normal enough for
equal
distribution. the Central
(homoscedastic).
2. Population Limit
2. Populations
standard Theorem to
being compared
deviation is apply.
have normal
known 2. Also applied
distributions and
when the
that the samples
population
are independent.
standard
deviation is
unknown.

Data N<30 or
population
Used to test the
N>30 standard
variances
deviation is
unknown.

Formula Z-Test = ˉ−μ ​

x
T-test = xˉ−μ ​ 2​
F-Test = σσ122 ​​
σ/ N ​ S/ n ​
35. What is linear regression, and how do you interpret its coefficients?

Linear regression is a statistical approach that fits a linear equation to

observed data to represent the connection between a dependent variable
(also known as the target or response variable) and one or more
independent variables (also known as predictor variables or features). It is
one of the most basic and extensively used regression analysis
techniques in statistics and machine learning. Linear regression
presupposes that the independent variables and the dependent variable
have a linear relationship.

A simple linear regression model can be represented as:

Y = β0 + β1 X + ϵ
​ ​

Where:

Y: Dependent variable or Target

X: Independent variables
β0 is the intercept (i.e value of Y when X =0)
​

β1 is the coefficient for the independent variable X, representing the

​

change in Y for a one-unit change in X.

ϵ is represents the error term (i.e Difference between the actual and
predicted value from the linear relationship.

SQL Interview Questions for Data Analysts

36. What is DBMS?

DBMS stands for Database Management System. It is software designed

to manage, store, retrieve, and organize data in a structured manner. It
provides an interface or a tool for performing CRUD operations into a
database. It serves as an intermediary between the user and the
database, allowing users or applications to interact with the database
without the need to understand the underlying complexities of data
storage and retrieval.
37. What are the basic SQL CRUD operations?

SQL CRUD stands for CREATE, READ(SELECT), UPDATE, and DELETE

statements in SQL Server. CRUD is nothing but Data Manipulation
Language (DML) Statements. CREATE operation is used to insert new
data or create new records in a database table, READ operation is used to
retrieve data from one or more tables in a database, UPDATE operation is
used to modify existing records in a database table and DELETE is used to
remove records from the database table based on specified conditions.
Following are the basic query syntax examples of each operation:

CREATE

It is used to create the table and insert the values in the database. The
commands used to create the table are as follows:

INSERT INTO employees (first_name, last_name, salary)

VALUES ('Pawan', 'Gunjan', 50000);

READ

Used to retrive the data from the table

SELECT * FROM employees;

UPDATE

Used to modify the existing records in the database table

UPDATE employees
SET salary = 55000
WHERE last_name = 'Gunjan';

DELETE

Used to remove the records from the database table

 DELETE FROM employees
WHERE first_name = 'Pawan';

38. What is the SQL statement used to insert new records into a table?

We use the ‘INSERT‘ statement to insert new records into a table. The
‘INSERT INTO’ statement in SQL is used to add new records (rows) to a
table.

Syntax

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)

VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);

Example

INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, City, Country)

VALUES ('Shivang', 'Noida', 'India');

39. How do you filter records using the WHERE clause in SQL?

We can filter records using the ‘WHERE‘ clause by including ‘WHERE’

clause in ‘SELECT’ statement, specifying the conditions that records must
meet to be included.

Syntax

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example : In this example, we are fetching the records of employee where
job title is Developer.

SELECT * FROM employees

WHERE job_title = 'Developer';

40. How can you sort records in ascending or descending order using
SQL?

We can sort records in ascending or descending order by using ‘ORDER

BY; clause with the ‘SELECT’ statement. The ‘ORDER BY’ clause allows us
to specify one or more columns by which you want to sort the result set,
along with the desired sorting order i.e ascending or descending order.

Syntax for sorting records in ascending order

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
ORDER BY Column_To_Sort1 ASC, Column_To_Sort2 ASC, ...;

Example: This statement selects all customers from the ‘Customers’

table, sorted ascending by the ‘Country’

SELECT * FROM Customers

ORDER BY Country ASC;

Syntax for sorting records in descending order

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_to_sort1 DESC, column_to_sort2 DESC, ...;
Example: This statement selects all customers from the ‘Customers’
table, sorted descending by the ‘Country’ column

SELECT * FROM Customers

ORDER BY Country DESC;

41. Explain the purpose of the GROUP BY clause in SQL.

The purpose of GROUP BY clause in SQL is to group rows that have the
same values in specified columns. It is used to arrange different rows in a
group if a particular column has the same values with the help of some
functions.

Syntax

SELECT column1, function_name(column2)

FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name(s);

Example: This SQL query groups the ‘CUSTOMER’ table based on age by
using GROUP BY

SELECT AGE, COUNT(Name)

FROM CUSTOMERS
GROUP BY AGE;

42. How do you perform aggregate functions like SUM, COUNT, AVG, and
MAX/MIN in SQL?

An aggregate function groups together the values of multiple rows as

input to form a single value of more significant meaning. It is also used to
perform calculations on a set of values and then returns a single result.
Some examples of aggregate functions are SUM, COUNT, AVG, and
MIN/MAX.

SUM: It calculates the sum of values in a column.

Example: In this example, we are calculating sum of costs from cost

column in PRODUCT table.

SELECT SUM(Cost)
FROM Products;

COUNT: It counts the number of rows in a result set or the number of non-
null values in a column.

Example: Ij this example, we are counting the total number of orders in an

“orders” table.

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM Orders;

AVG: It calculates the average value of a numeric column.

Example: In this example, we are finding average salary of employees in

an “employees” table.

SELECT AVG(Price)
FROM Products;

MAX: It returns the maximum value in a column.

Example: In this example, we are finding the maximum temperature in the

‘weather’ table.

SELECT MAX(Price)
FROM Orders;
 MIN: It returns the minimum value in a column.

Example: In this example, we are finding the minimum price of a product

in a “products” table.

SELECT MIN(Price)
FROM Products;

AI ML DS Data Science Data Analysis Data Visualization Machine Learning Deep Learning N
43. What is an SQL join operation? Explain different types of joins
(INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL).

SQL Join operation is used to combine data or rows from two or more
tables based on a common field between them. The primary purpose of a
join is to retrieve data from multiple tables by linking records that have a
related value in a specified column. There are different types of join i.e,
INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL. These are as follows:

INNER JOIN: The INNER JOIN keyword selects all rows from both tables
as long as the condition is satisfied. This keyword will create the result-
set by combining all rows from both the tables where the condition
satisfies i.e the value of the common field will be the same.

Example:

SELECT customers.customer_id, orders.order_id

FROM customers
INNER JOIN orders
ON customers.customer_id = orders.customer_id;

LEFT JOIN: A LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the left table and the
matching rows from the right table.

Example:
 SELECT departments.department_name, employees.first_name
FROM departments
LEFT JOIN employees
ON departments.department_id = employees.department_id;

RIGHT JOIN: RIGHT JOIN is similar to LEFT JOIN. This join returns all the
rows of the table on the right side of the join and matching rows for the
table on the left side of the join.

Example:

SELECT employees.first_name, orders.order_id

FROM employees
RIGHT JOIN orders
ON employees.employee_id = orders.employee_id;

FULL JOIN: FULL JOIN creates the result set by combining the results of
both LEFT JOIN and RIGHT JOIN. The result set will contain all the rows
from both tables.

Example:

SELECT customers.customer_id, orders.order_id

FROM customers
FULL JOIN orders
ON customers.customer_id = orders.customer_id;

44. How can you write an SQL query to retrieve data from multiple
related tables?

To retrieve data from multiple related tables, we generally use ‘SELECT’

statement along with help of ‘JOIN‘ operation by which we can easily
fetch the records from the multiple tables. Basically, JOINS are used when
there are common records between two tables. There are different types
of joins i.e. INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL JOIN. In the above question,
detailed explanation is given regarding JOIN so you can refer that.

45. What is a subquery in SQL? How can you use it to retrieve specific
data?

A subquery is defined as query with another query. A subquery is a query

embedded in WHERE clause of another SQL query. Subquery can be
placed in a number of SQL clause: WHERE clause, HAVING clause, FROM
clause. Subquery is used with SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE
statements along with expression operator. It could be comparison or
equality operator such as =>,=,<= and like operator.

Example 1: Subquery in the SELECT Clause

SELECT customer_name,
(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders WHERE orders.customer_id =
customers.customer_id) AS order_count
FROM customers;

Example 2: Subquery in the WHERE Clause

SELECT employee_name, salary

FROM employees
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees);
Example 3: Subquery in the FROM Clause (Derived Tables)

SELECT category, SUM(sales) AS total_sales

FROM (SELECT product_id, category, sales FROM products) AS
derived_table
GROUP BY category;
46. Can you give an example of using a subquery in
 combination with an IN or EXISTS condition?

We can use subquery in combination with IN or EXISTS condition.

Example of using a subquery in combination with IN is given below. In this
example, we will try to find out the geek’s data from table geeks_data,
those who are from the computer science department with the help of
geeks_dept table using sub-query.

Using a Subquery with IN

SELECT f_name, l_name

FROM geeks_data
WHERE dept IN
(SELECT dep_name FROM geeks_dept WHERE dept_id = 1);

Using a Subquery with EXISTS:

SELECT DISTINCT store_t

FROM store
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM city_store WHERE
city_store.store_t = store.store_t);

47. What is the purpose of the HAVING clause in SQL? How is it different
from the WHERE clause?

In SQL, the HAVING clause is used to filter the results of a GROUP BY

query depending on aggregate functions applied to grouped columns. It
allows you to filter groups of rows that meet specific conditions after
grouping has been performed. The HAVING clause is typically used with
aggregate functions like SUM, COUNT, AVG, MAX, or MIN.

The main differences between HAVING and WHERE clauses are as

follows:
 HAVING WHERE

The HAVING clause is used to filter The WHERE clause is used to filter
groups of rows after grouping. It rows before grouping. It operates on
operates on the results of aggregate individual rows in the table and is
functions applied to grouped applied before grouping and
columns. aggregation.

The HAVING clause is typically used The WHERE clause can be used with
with GROUP BY queries. It filters any SQL query, whether it involves
groups of rows based on conditions grouping or not. It filters individual
involving aggregated values. rows based on specified conditions.

In the HAVING clause, you generally

use aggregate functions (e.g., SUM, In the WHERE clause, you can
COUNT) to reference grouped reference columns directly and apply
columns and apply conditions to conditions to individual rows.
groups of rows.

Command: Command:

SELECT customer_id, SELECT customer_id,

SUM(order_total) AS SUM(order_total) AS
total_order_amount total_order_amount
FROM orders FROM orders
GROUP BY customer_id GROUP BY customer_id
HAVING SUM(order_total) > WHERE total_order_amount >
1000; 1000;

48. How do you use the UNION and UNION ALL operators in SQL?
In SQL, the UNION and UNION ALL operators are used to combine the
result sets of multiple SELECT statements into a single result set. These
operators allow you to retrieve data from multiple tables or queries and
present it as a unified result. However, there are differences between the
two operators:
1. UNION Operator:
The UNION operator returns only distinct rows from the combined result
sets. It removes duplicate rows and returns a unique set of rows. It is
used when you want to combine result sets and eliminate duplicate rows.

Syntax:

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table1
UNION
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table2;

Example:

select name, roll_number

from student
UNION
select name, roll_number
from marks

2. UNION ALL Operator:

The UNION ALL operator returns all rows from the combined result sets,
including duplicates. It does not remove duplicate rows and returns all
rows as they are. It is used when you want to combine result sets but
want to include duplicate rows.
Syntax:
 SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table1
UNION ALL
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table2;
Example:

select name, roll_number

from student
UNION ALL
select name, roll_number
from marks

49. Explain the concept of database normalization and its importance.

Database Normalization is the process of reducing data redundancy in a

table and improving data integrity. It is a way of organizing data in a
database. It involves organizing the columns and tables in the database to
ensure that their dependencies are correctly implemented using database
constraints.

It is important because of the following reasons:

It eliminates redundant data.

It reduces the chances of data error.
The normalization is important because it allows the database to take
up less disk space.
It also helps in increasing the performance.
It improves the data integrity and consistency.

50. Can you list and briefly describe the normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF) in
SQL?
Normalization can take numerous forms, the most frequent of which are
1NF (First Normal Form), 2NF (Second Normal Form), and 3NF (Third
Normal Form). Here’s a quick rundown of each:

First Normal Form (1NF): In 1NF, each table cell should contain only a
single value, and each column should have a unique name. 1NF helps
in eliminating duplicate data and simplifies the queries. It is the
fundamental requirement for a well-structured relational database. 1NF
eliminates all the repeating groups of the data and also ensures that
the data is organized at its most basic granularity.
Second Normal Form (2NF): In 2NF, it eliminates the partial
dependencies, ensuring that each of the non-key attributes in the table
is directly related to the entire primary key. This further reduces data
redundancy and anomalies. The Second Normal form (2NF) eliminates
redundant data by requiring that each non-key attribute be dependent
on the primary key. In 2NF, each column should be directly related to
the primary key, and not to other columns.
Third Normal Form (3NF): Third Normal Form (3NF) builds on the
Second Normal Form (2NF) by requiring that all non-key attributes are
independent of each other. This means that each column should be
directly related to the primary key, and not to any other columns in the
same table.

51. Explain window functions in SQL. How do they differ from regular
aggregate functions?

In SQL, window functions provide a way to perform complex calculations

and analysis without the need for self-joins or subqueries.

SELECT col_name1,
window_function(col_name2)
OVER([PARTITION BY col_name1] [ORDER BY col_name3]) AS
new_col
 FROM table_name;provides

Example:

SELECT
department,
AVG(salary) OVER(PARTITION BY department ORDER BY
employee_id) AS avg_salary
FROM
employees;

Window vs Regular Aggregate Function

Window Functions Aggregate Functions

Window functions perform

calculations within a specific
“window” or subset of rows defined Regular aggregate functions operate
by an OVER() clause. It can be on the entire result set and return a
customized based on specific single value for the entire set of
criteria, such as rows with the same rows.
values in a certain column or rows
that are ordered in a specific way.

Window functions return a result for

Aggregate functions return a single
each row in the result set based on
result for the entire dataset. Each
its specific window. Each row can
row receives the same value.
have a different result.

Window functions provide both an

Regular aggregates provide a
aggregate result and retain the
summary of the entire dataset, often
details of individual rows within the
losing detail about individual rows.
defined window.
 Window Functions Aggregate Functions

Window functions require the use of

Regular aggregate functions do not
the OVER() clause to specify the
use the OVER() clause because they
window’s characteristics, such as the
do not have a notion of windows.
partitioning and ordering of rows.

52. What are primary keys and foreign keys in SQL? Why are they
important?

Primary keys and foreign keys are two fundamental concepts in SQL that
are used to build and enforce connections between tables in a relational
database management system (RDBMS).

Primary key: Primary keys are used to ensure that the data in the
specific column is always unique. In this, a column cannot have a NULL
value. The primary key is either an existing table column or it’s
specifically generated by the database itself according to a sequence.
Importance of Primary Keys:
Uniqueness
Query Optimization
Data Integrity
Relationships
Data Retrieval
Foreign key: Foreign key is a group of column or a column in a
database table that provides a link between data in given two tables.
Here, the column references a column of another table.
Importance of Foreign Keys:
Relationships
Data Consistency
Query Efficiency
Referential Integrity
 Cascade Actions

53. Describe the concept of a database transaction. Why is it important

to maintain data integrity?

Database transactions are the set of operations that are usually used to
perform logical work. Database transactions mean that data in the
database has been changed. It is one of the major characteristics
provided in DBMS i.e. to protect the user’s data from system failure. It is
done by ensuring that all the data is restored to a consistent state when
the computer is restarted. It is any one execution of the user program.
Transaction’s one of the most important properties is that it contains a
finite number of steps.

They are important to maintain data integrity because they ensure that the
database always remains in a valid and consistent state, even in the
presence of multiple users or several operations. Database transactions
are essential for maintaining data integrity because they enforce ACID
properties i.e, atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability properties.
Transactions provide a solid and robust mechanism to ensure that the
data remains accurate, consistent, and reliable in complex and concurrent
database environments. It would be challenging to guarantee data
integrity in relational database systems without database transactions.

54. Explain how NULL values are handled in SQL queries, and how you
can use functions like IS NULL and IS NOT NULL.

In SQL, NULL is a special value that usually represents that the value is
not present or absence of the value in a database column. For accurate
and meaningful data retrieval and manipulation, handling NULL becomes
crucial. SQL provides IS NULL and IS NOT NULL operators to work with
NULL values.
IS NULL: IS NULL operator is used to check whether an expression or
column contains a NULL value.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name IS

NULL;
Example: In the below example, the query retrieves all rows
from the employee table where the middle name contains NULL
values.

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE mid_name IS NULL;

IS NOT NULL: IS NOT NULL operator is used to check whether an
expression or column does not contain a NULL value.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name IS

NOT NULL;

Example: In the below example, the query retrieves all rows from the
employee table where the first name does not contains NULL values.

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE first_name IS NOT NULL;

55. What is the difference between normalization and denormalization in

database design.

Normalization is used in a database to reduce the data redundancy and

inconsistency from the table. Denormalization is used to add data
redundancy to execute the query as quick as possible.
 S.NO Normalization Denormalization

Non-redundant and Data are combined to

1. consistent data are execute a query as quick
stored in set schema. as possible

Addition of redundancy
Data inconsistency and
2. takes place for better
redundancy is reduced.
execution of queries

Data integrity takes Data integrity is not

3.
place and maintained. maintained

Redundancy is added
Data redundancy is
4. instead of elimination or
eliminated or reduced.
reduction.

Number of tables is Number of tables is

5.
increased. decreased.

Optimized the use of Does not optimize the

6.
disk space. use of disk space.

Data Visualizations or BI tools Interview questions

56. Explain the difference between a dimension and a measure in

Tableau.

In Tableau, dimensions and measures are two fundamental types of fields

used for data visualization and analysis. They serve distinct purposes and
have different characteristics:
 Attributes Dimension Measure

Nature They are categorical or They are numerical or

qualitative data fields. quantitative data fields.
They represent They represent
categories, labels or quantities, amounts or
attributes by which you values that can be
can segment and group aggregated, or
your data. calculated.

Usage They are used for

They are used for
performing
grouping and
calculations, and
segmenting data,
creating the numerical
creating hierarchies and
representation of the
the structure for
data as sum, average,
visualizations.
etc.

Example Sales(sum of sales),

Category, Region, Profit(sum of profit),
Product name, etc. Quantity(sum of
quantity), etc.

57. What are the dashboard, worksheet, Story, and Workbook in Tableau?

Tableau is a robust data visualization and business intelligence solution

that includes a variety of components for producing, organizing, and
sharing data-driven insights. Here’s a rundown of some of Tableau’s
primary components:

Dashboard : A dashboard is a collection of views(worksheets) arranged

on a single page, designed to provide an interactive and holistic view of
data. They include charts, maps, tables and other web content.
Dashboards combine different visualizations into a single interface to
 allow users to comprehensively display and understand data. They are
employed in the production of interactive reports and the provision of
quick insights.
Dashboards support the actions and interactivity, enabling the users to
filter and highlight the data dynamically. Dashboard behaviour can be
modified with parameters and quick filters.
Worksheet: A worksheet serves as the fundamental building element
for creating data visualizations. To build tables, graphs, and charts,
drag and drop fields onto the sheet or canvas. They are used to design
individual visualizations and we can create various types of charts,
apply filters, and customize formatting within a worksheet.
Worksheets offer a wide range of visualization options, including bar
charts, line charts, scatter plots, etc. It also allows you to use reference
lines, blend data and create calculated fields.
Story: A story is a sequence or narrative created by combining sheets
into a logical flow. Each story point represents a step in the narrative.
Stories are used to systematically lead viewers through a set of
visualizations or insights. They are useful for telling data-driven stories
or presenting data-driven narratives.
Stories allow you to add text descriptions, annotations, and captions to
every story point. Users can navigate through the story interactively.
Workbook: It is the highest-level container in Tableau. It is a file that
has the capacity to hold a number of worksheets, dashboards, and
stories. The whole tableau project, including data connections and
visuals, is stored in workbooks. They are the primary files used for
creating, saving and sharing tableau projects. They store all the
components required for data analysis and visualization.
Multiple worksheets, dashboards and tales can be organized in
workbooks. At the workbook level, you can set up data source
connections, define parameters and build computed fields.

58. Name the different products of Tableau with their significance.

The different products of Tableau are as follows :

Tableau Desktop: It is the primary authoring and publishing tool. It

allows data professionals to connect to various data sources, create
interactive and shareable visualizations, and develop dashboards and
reports for data analysis. Users can use the drag-and-drop interface to
generate insights and explore data.
Tableau Server: This is an enterprise-level platform tableau server that
enables safe internal collaboration and sharing of tableau information.
It manages access, centralizes data sources, and maintains data
security. It is appropriate for bigger businesses with numerous users
who require access to tableau content.
Tableau Online: It is an online version of tableau. In a scalable and
adaptable cloud environment, it enables users to publish, share, and
collaborate on tableau content. For businesses searching for cloud-
based analytics solutions without managing their infrastructure.
Tableau Public: It is a free version of tableau that enables users to
create, publish and share dashboards and visualizations publicly on the
web. The ability to share their data stories with a larger audience is
perfect for data enthusiasts and educators.
Tableau Prep: It is a tool for data preparation that makes it easier and
faster to clean, shape, and combine data from diverse sources. Data
specialists can save time and effort because it makes sure that the
data is well-structured and ready for analysis.
Tableau Mobile: A mobile application that extends tableau’s
capabilities to smartphones and tablets. By allowing users to access
and interact with tableau content while on the go, it ensures data
accessibility and decision-making flexibility.
Tableau Reader: It is a free desktop application that enables users to
view and interact with tableau workbooks and dashboards shared by
the tableau desktop users. This tool is useful for those who require
access to and exploration of tableau material without a tableau
desktop license.
 Tableau Prep Builder: It is an advanced data preparation tool designed
for data professionals. In order to simplify complicated data
preparation operations, it provides more comprehensive data cleaning,
transformation, and automation tools.

59. What is the difference between joining and blending in Tableau?

In Tableau, joining and blending are ways for combining data from various
tables or data sources. However, they are employed in various contexts
and have several major differences:

Basis Joining Blending

Data Source Blending is used when

Joining is basically
Requirement we have data from
used when you have
different data sources.
data from the same
such as a combination
data source, such as a
of Excel spreadsheets,
relational database,
CSV files, and
where tables are
databases. These
already related through
sources may not have
primary and foreign
predefined
keys.
relationships.

Relationships Foundation for joins is

There is no need for
the use of common
pre-established links
data like a customer ID
between tables while
or product code to
blending. Instead, you
establish
link different data
predetermined links
sources separately and
between tables. These
combine them by
relations are developed
matching fields with
within same data
comparable values.
source.
 Basis Joining Blending

Data Combining Data blending

When tables are joined, maintains the
a single unified data separation of the data
source with a merged sources. At query time,
schema is produced. A tableau gathers and
single table with every combines data from
relevant fields is several sources to
created by combining produce a momentary,
the two tables. in-memory blend for
visualization needs.

Data Transformation It is useful for data

It is only useful for
transformation,
data transformation
aggregations and
and calculations. It
calculations on the
cannot create
combined data. The
calculated fields that
information from many
involves data from
connected tables can
different blended data
be used to build
sources.
computed fields.

Performance It can be slower than

joining because it
Joins are more
involves querying and
effective and quicker
combining the data
than blending because
from the different
they leverage the
sources at runtime.
database’s processing
Large datasets in
power to perform the
particular may have an
merge
impact on
performance.
60. What is the difference between a discrete and a continuous field in
Tableau?

In Tableau, fields can be classified as discrete or continuous, and the

categorization determines how the field is utilized and shown in
visualizations. The following are the fundamental distinctions between
discrete and continuous fields in Tableau:

Discrete Fields: They are designed for handling categorical or

qualitative data such as names, categories, or labels. Each value within
a discrete field represents a distinct category or group, with nor
inherent order or measure associated with these values. Discrete fields
are added to a tableau view and are identified by blue pill-shaped
headers that are commonly positioned on the rows or column shelves.
They successfully divide the data into distinct groups, generating
headers for each division.
Continuous Fields: They are designed for handling quantitative or
numerical data, encompassing measurements, values, or quantities.
Mathematical procedures like summation and averaging are possible
because continuous fields have a natural order by nature. In tableau
views, these fields are indicated by pill-shaped heads in a green color
that are frequently located on the rows or columns shelf. Continuous
fields when present in a view, represent a continuous range of value
within the chosen measure or dimension.

61. Explain the difference between live connections and extracts.

In Tableau, There are two ways to attach data to visualizations: live

connections and data extracts (also known as extracts). Here’s a rundown
of the fundamental distinctions between the two:

Live Connections: Whether its a database, spreadsheet, online service

or other data repository, live connections offers a real-time access to
the data source. The visualizations always represent the most recent
information available since they dynamically fetch data. When speed
 and current data are important, live connections are the best. However,
they ca be demanding on the performance of the data source, as every
interaction triggers a query to the source system. As a result, the
responsiveness of the data source has a significant impact on how
well live connections perform.
Extracts: They involve producing and archiving a static snapshot of the
original data in Tableau’s exclusive .hyper format. Extracts can be
manually or automatically renewed to allow for recurring updates. The
ability of extracts to greatly improve query performance is what makes
them unique. They are particularly useful for huge datasets or
circumstances where the source system’s performance may be subpar
because they are optimized for quick data retrieval. Extracts are
particularly helpful when building intricate, high-performing
dashboards.

62. What Are the Different Joins in Tableau?

Tableau allows you to make many sorts of joins to mix data from
numerous tables or data sources. Tableau’s major join types are:

Inner Join: An inner join returns only the rows that have matching
values in both tables. Rows that do not have a match in the other table
are excluded from the result.
Left Join: A left join returns all the rows from the left table and
matching rows present in the right table. If there is no match in the
right table, null values are included in the result.
Right Join: A right join returns all the rows from the right table and
matching rows present in the left table. If there is no match in the left
table, null values are included.
Full Outer Join: A full outer join returns all the rows where there is a
match in either the left or right table. It includes all the rows from both
tables and fills in null values where there is no match.

63. How can we create a calculated field in Tableau?

You may use calculated fields in Tableau to make calculations or change
data based on your individual needs. Calculated fields enable you to
generate new values, execute mathematical operations, use conditional
logic, and many other things. Here’s how to add a calculated field to
Tableau:

Open the Tableau workbook or the data source.

In the “data” pane on the left, right-click anywhere and choose “Create
Calculated Field”.
In the calculated field editor, write your custom calculation using fields,
functions, and operators.
Click “OK” to save the calculated field.

64. What are the different data aggregation functions used in Tableau?

Tableau has many different data aggregation functions used in tableau:

SUM: calculates the sum of the numeric values within a group or

partition.
AVG: Computes the average of the numeric values.
MIN: Determines the minimum value.
MAX: Determines the maximum value.
COUNT: Count the number of records or non-null values.
VAR: Computes the variance of the sample population.
VARP: Computes the variance of the entire population.
STEDV: Compute the standard deviation of the sample population.
STEDVP: Calculate the standard deviation of the entire population.

65. What is the Difference Between .twbx And .twb?

The Difference Between .twbx And .twb are as follows:

.twb: It represents a tableau workbook, focusing on the layout and

visualization details created in the tableau desktop. It only contains the
references to the location of the data source rather than the actual
 data itself. .twb files are less in size due to their lightweight nature.
Recievers of .twb files must have access to the associated data source
in order for the workbook to operate properly.
.twbx: It is known as tableau packaged workbooks, provide a
comprehensive solution for sharing tableau workbooks. They include
both actual data source and the workbook layout, including any custom
calculations and visualizations. This embedded data ensures that
recipients can open and view the workbook independently of the
original data source. However, .twbx files tend to be larger due to the
included data.

66. What are the different data types used by Tableau?

Tableau supports 7 variousvarious different data types:

String
Numerical values
Date and time values
Boolean values
Geographic values
Date values
Cluster Values

67. What is a Parameter in Tableau?

The parameter is a dynamic control that allows a user to input a single

value or choose from a predefined list of values. In Tableau, dashboards
and reports, parameters allow for interactivity and flexibility by allowing
users to change a variety of visualization-related elements without having
to perform substantial editing or change the data source.

68. What Are the Filters? Name the Different types of Filters available in
Tableau.
Filters are the crucial tools for data analysis and visualization in Tableau.
Filters let you set the requirements that data must meet in order to be
included or excluded, giving you control over which data will be shown in
your visualizations.
There are different types of filters in Tableau:

Extract Filter: These are used to filter the extracted data from the main
data source.
Data Source Filter: These filters are used to filter data at the data
source level, affecting all worksheets and dashboards that use the
same data source.
Dimension Filter: These filters are applied to the qualitative field and a
non-aggregated filter.
Context Filter: These filters are used to define a context to your data,
creating a temporary subset of data based on the filter conditions.
Measure Filter: These filters can be used in performing different
aggregation functions. They are applied to quantitative fields.
Table Calculation Filter: These filters are used to view data without
filtering any hidden data. They are applied after the view has been
created.

69. What are Sets and Groups in Tableau?

The difference between Sets and Groups in Tableau are as follows:

Sets: Sets are used to build custom data subsets based on predefined
conditions or standards. They give you the ability to dynamically
segment your data, which facilitates the analysis and visualization of
particular subsets. Sets can be categorical or numeric and can be built
from dimensions or measures. They are flexible tools that let you
compare subsets, highlight certain data points, or perform real-time
calculations. For instance, you can construct a set of “Hot Leads”
based on the potential customers with high engagement score or
create a set of high-value customers by choosing customers with total
 purchases above a pre-determined level. Sets are dynamic and
adaptable for a variety of analytical tasks because they can change as
the data does.
Groups: Groups are used to combine people(dimension values) into
higher level categories. They do this by grouping comparable values
into useful categories, which simplifies complex data. Group members
are fixed and do not alter as a result of the data since groups are static.
Groups, which are typically constructed from dimensions, are crucial
for classifying and labeling data points. For instance, you can combine
small subcategories of product into larger categories or make your
own dimension by combining different dimensions. Data can be
presented and organized in a structed form using groups, which makes
it easier to analyze and visualize.

70. Explain the different types of charts available in Tableau with their
significance.

Tableau offers a wide range of charts and different visualizations to help

users explore and present the data effectively. Some of the charts in
Tableau are:

Bar Chart: They are useful for comparing categorical data and can be
used show the distribution of data across categories or to compare
value between categories.
Line Chart: Line chart are excellent for showing trends and changes
over time. They are commonly used for time series data to visualize
how single measure changes over time.
Area Chart: They are same as line chart but the area under the line is
colored in area chart. They are used with different multiple variables in
data to demonstrate the differences between the variables.
Pie Chart: It shows parts of a whole. They are useful for illustrating the
distribution of data where each category corresponds to a share of the
total.
 Tree Maps: They show hierarchical data as nested rectangles. They are
helpful for illustrating hierarchical structures, such as organizational or
file directories.
Bubble chart: Bubble charts are valuable for visualizing and comparing
data points with three different attributes. They are useful when you
want to show relationships, highlight data clusters, etc.
Scatter Plot: They are used to display the relationship between two
continuous variables. They help find correlations, clusters or outliers in
the data.
Density Map: Density maps are used to represent the distribution and
concentration of data points or values within a 2D space.
Heat Map: Heat maps are used to display data on a grid, where color
represents values. They are useful for visualizing large datasets and
identifying patterns.
Symbol Map: Symbol maps are used to represent geographic data by
placing symbols or markers on a map to convey information about
specific locations.
Gannt Chart: Gantt charts are used for project management to
visualize tasks, their durations, and dependencies over time.
Bullet Graph: They are used for tracking progress towards a goal. They
provide a compact way to display a measure, target and performance
ranges.
Box Plot(Box and Whisker) : They are used to display the distribution
of data and identify outliers. They show median, quartiles, and potential
outliers.

71. How can you create a map in Tableau?

The key steps to create a map in Tableau are:

Open your tableau workbook and connect to a data source containing

geographic information.
Drag the relevant geographic dimensions onto the “Rows” and
“Columns” shelves.
 Use a marks card to adjust marker shapes, colour and sizes. Apply size
encoding and color based on the data values.
Add background images, reference lines, or custom shapes to enhance
the map, optionally.
Save and explore your map by zooming, panning and interacting with
map markers. Use it to analyze the spatial data, identify trends and
gain insights from the data.

72. How can we create a doughnut chart in Tableau?

The key steps to create a doughnut chart in tableau:

Open the Tableau desktop and connect to the data source.

Go to the sheet and in the marks card, select a pie chart with
categories and values. Drag the dimensions and measure in the
“column” and “row” shelf, respectively.
Duplicate the sheet, in the new sheet right click on the “axis” on the left
side of the chart and select “Dual Axis” chart.
On the right axis, right click on the axis and select “edit axis”. In edit
axis, set the “Fixed” range for both minimum and maximum to be the
same and click ok.
Now, right click on both axes and select “Synchronize Axis” to make
sure that both pie charts share the same scale.
Create a circle on the second chart by dragging dimensions to Rows in
second chart and remove all labels and headers to make it a blank
circle.
Select the “Circle” chart in the second chart and set the opacity in the
marks card to be 0% to make circle transparent.
In the marks card. set the “color” to white or transparent and adjust the
size of the circle as needed to create the desired doughnut hole.
Customize the colors and labels for both pie charts to make them
visually attractive and informative.

73. How can we create a Dual-axis chart in Tableau?

The key steps to create a dual-axis chart in tableau are as follows:

Connect with the data source. Create a chart by dragging and dropping
the dimension and measure into “column” and “rows” shelf,
respectively.
Duplicate the chart by right click on the chart and select “Duplicate”.
This will create the duplicate of the chart.
In the duplicated chart, change the measure you want to display by
dragging the new measure to the “columns” or “rows” shelf, replacing
the existing measure.
In the second chart, assign the measure to different axis by clicking on
the “dual-axis”. This will create two separate axes on the chart.
Right click on one of the axes and select “synchronize axis”. Adjust
formatting, colors and labels as needed. You now have a dual-axis
chart.

74. What is a Gantt Chart in Tableau?

A Gantt Chart has horizontal bars and sets out on two axes. The tasks are
represented by Y-axis, and the time estimates are represented by the X-
axis. It is an excellent approach to show which tasks may be completed
concurrently, which needs to be prioritized, and how they are dependent
on one another.
Gantt Chart is a visual representation of project schedules, timelines or
task durations. To illustrate tasks, their start and end dates, and their
dependencies, this common form of chat is used in project management.
Gantt charts are a useful tool in tableau for tracking and analyzing project
progress and deadlines since you can build them using a variety of
dimensions and measures.

75. What is the Difference Between Treemaps and Heat Maps?

The Difference Between Treemaps and Heat Maps are as follows:

 Basis Tree Maps Heat Maps

Representation Tree maps present

Heat maps uses color
hierarchical data in a
intensity to depict
nested, rectangular
values in a grid. They
format. The size and
are usually used to
color of each rectangle,
depict the distribution
which each represents
or concentration of
a category or
data points in a 2D
subcategory, conveys
space.
information.

Data Type They are used to

They are used to
display continuous
display hierarchical and
data such as numeric
categorical data.
values.

Color Usage In heat maps, values

Color is frequently
are typically denoted
used n tree maps to
by color intensity.
represent a particular
Lower values are
attribute or measure.
represented by lighter
The intensity of the
colors and higher
color can convey
values by brighter or
additional information.
darker colors.

Interactivity It is possible for tree

maps to be interactive, Heat maps can be
allowing users to click interactive, allowing
on the rectangle to users to hover over the
uncover subcategories cells to see specific
and drill down into details or values.
hierarchical data.
 Basis Tree Maps Heat Maps

Use Case They are used for

They are used in
visualizing
various fields like
organizational
finance, geographic
structures, hierarchical
data, data analysis,
data and categorical
etc.
data.

76. What is the blended axis in Tableau?

If two measures have the same scale and share the same axis, they can
be combined using the blended axis function. The trends could be
misinterpreted if the scales of the two measures are dissimilar.

77. What is the Level of Detail (LOD) Expression in Tableau?

A Level of Detail Expression is a powerful feature that allows you to

perform calculations at various levels of granularity within your data
visualization regardless of the visualization’s dimensions and filters. For
more control and flexibility when aggregating or disaggregating data
based on the particular dimensions or fields, using LOD expressions.
There are three types of LOD:

Fixed LOD: The calculation remains fixed at a specified level of detail,

regardless of dimensions or filters in the view.
Include LOD: The calculation considers the specified dimensions and
any additional dimensions in the view.
Exclude LOD: The calculation excludes the specified dimensions from
the view’s context.

78. How to handle Null, incorrect data types and special values in
Tableau?
Handling null values, erroneous data types, and unusual values is an
important element of Tableau data preparation. The following are some
popular strategies and recommended practices for coping with data
issues:

For Handling Null values:

You can filter out the null values in specified field by right clicking on
the field and choosing “Filter”. Then exclude null values in the filter
options.
Using the ‘ZN()’ or ‘IFNULL()’ functions in the calculated fields to
replace null values.
For incorrect data types:
Modify data types in the data pane, use calculated fields or use
tableau’s data interpreter.
For special Values:
Use data transformations tools like split, replace, etc., using calculated
fields or data blending to handle special values.

79. How can we create a Dynamic webpage in Tableau?

To create dynamic webpages with interactive tableau visualizations, you

can embed tableau dashboard or report into a web application or web
page. It provides embedding options and APIs that allows you to integrate
tableau content into a web application.
Following steps to create a dynamic webpage in tableau:

Go to the dashboard and click the webpage option in the ‘Objects’.

In the dialog box that displays, don’t enter a URL and then click ‘OK’.
choose ‘Action’ by clicking on the dashboard menu. Click on the ‘Add
Action’ in action and select ‘Go to URL’ .
Enter the ‘URL’ of the webpage and click on the arrow next to it. Click
‘OK’.

80. What are the KPI or Key Performance Indicators in Tableau?

Key Performance Indicators or KPI are the visual representations of the
significant metrics and performance measurements that assist
organizations in monitoring their progress towards particular goals and
objectives. KPIs offer a quick and simple approach to evaluate
performance, spot patterns, and make fact-based decisions.

81. what is a context filter in Tableau?

Context filter is a feature that allows you to optimize performance and

control data behavior by creating a temporary data subset based on a
selected filter. When you designate a filter as a context filter, tableau
creates a smaller temporary table containing only the data that meets the
criteria of that particular filter. This decrease in data capacity considerably
accelerates processing and rendering for visualization, which is especially
advantageous for huge datasets. When handling several filters in a
workbook, context filters are useful because they let you select the order
in which filters are applied, ensuring a sensible filtering process.

82.How can you create a dynamic title in a Tableau worksheet?

You can create a dynamic title for a worksheet by using parameters,

calculated fields and dashboards. Here are some steps to achieve this:

Creating a Parameter: Go to data pane, right click on it and select

“Create Parameter”. Choose the data type for the parameter. For a
dynamic title, yo can choose “string” or “integer”. Then define the
allowable values for the parameter. You can choose all values or some
specific values.
Create a calculated field: Now create a calculated field that will be used
to display the dynamic title. You can use the parameters in the
calculated field to create a dynamic title. Create a new worksheet. Drag
and drop the calculated field you created in the “Title” shelf of the
worksheet.
 Create a Dashboard: Go to the “dashboard” and add a parameter
control and connect it to the worksheet and then select parameter
control in the dashboard. This will allow the parameter control to
change parameter value dynamically.
Now, whenever you will interact with the parameter control on the
dashboard, the title of the worksheet will update based on the
parameter’s value.

83. What is data source filtering, and how does it impact performance?

Data Source filtering is a method used in reporting and data analysis

applications like Tableau to limit the quantity of data obtained from a data
source based on predetermined constraints or criteria. It affects
performance by lowering the amount of data that must be sent,
processed, and displayed, which may result in a quicker query execution
time and better visualization performance. It involves applying filters or
conditions at the data source level, often within

the SQL query sent to the database or by using mechanisms designed

specially for databases.
Impact on performance:
Data source filtering improves performance by reducing the amount of
data retrieved from the source. It leads to faster query execution. shorter
data transfer times, and quick visualization rendering. by applying filters
based on criteria minimizes resource consumption and optimizes network
traffic, resulting in a more efficient and responsive data analysis process.

84. How do I link R and Tableau?

To link R and Tableau, we can use R integration features provided by

Tableau. Here are the steps to do so:

Install R and R Integration Package:

we have to install R on the computer. Then install the “RServe” package
 by using “Install.packages(“Rserve”)”. Open R and load the RServe
library and start running it.
Connect Tableau to R:
Open the tableau desktop and go to “Help” menu. Select “settings and
performance” then select “Manage External service connection”.
In the “External Service” section , select “R integration”.
Specify the R server details, such as host, port and any necessary
authentication credentials. Test the connection to ensure its working
properly.

85. How do you export Tableau visualizations to other formats, such as

PDFs or images?

Exporting tableau visualizations to other formats such as PDF or images,

is a common task for sharing or incorporating your visualizations into
reports or presentations. Here are the few steps to do so:

Open the tableau workbook and select the visualization you want to
export.
Go to the “File” menu, select “Export”.
After selecting “Export” a sub menu will appear with various export
options. Choose the format you want to export to. (PDF, image, etc.,)
Depending on the chosen export format, you may have some
configuration options that you can change according to the needs.
Specify the directory or the folder where you want to save the exported
fie and name it.
Once the settings are configured, click on “save” or “Export”.

Also, Explore

Data Analyst Salary In India (2024) – Freshers and Experienced

Data Scientist Salary in India 2024 – For Freshers & Experienced
Business Analyst Salary in India 2024
Conclusion
To sum up, data is like gold in the modern age, and being a data analyst is
an exciting career. Data analysts work with information, using tools to
uncover important insights from sources like business transactions or
social media. They help organizations make smart decisions by cleaning
and organizing data, spotting trends, and finding patterns. If you’re
interested in becoming a data analyst, don’t worry about interview
questions.

This article introduces the top 85 common questions and answers,

making it easier for you to prepare and succeed in your data analyst
interviews. Let’s get started on your path to a data-driven career!

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