 Python Lists

 Lists are ordered collection of data items.

 They store multiple items in a single variable.
 List items are separated by commas and enclosed within
square brackets [].
 Lists are changeable meaning we can alter them after
creation.
 Example 1:
 lst1 = [1,2,2,3,5,4,6]
 lst2 = ["Red", "Green", "Blue"]
 print(lst1)
 print(lst2)
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 Output:
 [1, 2, 2, 3, 5, 4, 6]
 ['Red', 'Green', 'Blue']
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 Example 2:
 details = ["Abhijeet", 18, "FYBScIT", 9.8]
 print(details)
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 Output: List Indexes
 Each item/element in a list has its own unique index. This
index can be used to access any particular item from the
list. The first item has index [0], second item has index
[1], third item has index [2] and so on.
 Example:
 colors = ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Yellow", "Green"]
# [0] [1] [2] [3] [4]
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 Accessing list items:

 Positive Indexing:
 As we have seen that list items have index, as such we
can access items using these indexes.
 Example:
 colors = ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Yellow", "Green"]
# [0] [1] [2] [3] [4]
 print(colors[2])
 print(colors[4])
 print(colors[0])
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 Output:
 Blue
 Green
 Red
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 Negative Indexing:
 Similar to positive indexing, negative indexing is also used
to access items, but from the end of the list. The last item
has index [-1], second last item has index [-2], third last
item has index [-3] and so on.
 Example:
 colors = ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Yellow", "Green"]
# [-5] [-4] [-3] [-2] [-1]
 print(colors[-1])
 print(colors[-3])
 print(colors[-5])
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 Output:
 Green
 Blue
 Red
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 Check for item:

 We can check if a given item is present in the list. This is
done using the in keyword.
 colors = ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Yellow", "Green"]
 if "Yellow" in colors:
 print("Yellow is present.")
 else:
 print("Yellow is absent.")
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 Output:
 Yellow is present.
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 colors = ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Yellow", "Green"]
 if "Orange" in colors:
 print("Orange is present.")
 else:
 print("Orange is absent.")
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 Output:
 Orange is absent.
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 Range of Index:
 You can print a range of list items by specifying where do
you want to start, where do you want to end and if you
want to skip elements in between the range.
 Syntax:
 List[start : end : jumpIndex]
 Note: jump Index is optional. We will see this in given
examples.

 Example: printing elements within a particular range:

 animals = ["cat", "dog", "bat", "mouse", "pig", "horse",
"donkey", "goat", "cow"]
 print(animals[3:7]) #using positive indexes
 print(animals[-7:-2]) #using negative indexes
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 Output:
 ['mouse', 'pig', 'horse', 'donkey']
 ['bat', 'mouse', 'pig', 'horse', 'donkey']
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 Here, we provide index of the element from where we
want to start and the index of the element till which we
want to print the values.
 Note: The element of the end index provided will not be
included.

 Example: printing all element from a given index till the

end
 animals = ["cat", "dog", "bat", "mouse", "pig", "horse",
"donkey", "goat", "cow"]
 print(animals[4:]) #using positive indexes
 print(animals[-4:]) #using negative indexes
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 Output:
 ['pig', 'horse', 'donkey', 'goat', 'cow']
 ['horse', 'donkey', 'goat', 'cow']
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 When no end index is provided, the interpreter prints all
the values till the end.

 Example: printing all elements from start to a given index

 animals = ["cat", "dog", "bat", "mouse", "pig", "horse",
"donkey", "goat", "cow"]
 print(animals[:6]) #using positive indexes
 print(animals[:-3]) #using negative indexes
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 Output:
 ['cat', 'dog', 'bat', 'mouse', 'pig', 'horse']
 ['cat', 'dog', 'bat', 'mouse', 'pig', 'horse']
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 When no start index is provided, the interpreter prints all
the values from start up to the end index provided.
 Example: print alternate values
 animals = ["cat", "dog", "bat", "mouse", "pig", "horse",
"donkey", "goat", "cow"]
 print(animals[::2]) #using positive indexes
 print(animals[-8:-1:2]) #using negative indexes
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 Output:
 ['cat', 'bat', 'pig', 'donkey', 'cow']
 ['dog', 'mouse', 'horse', 'goat']
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 Here, we have not provided start and index, which means
all the values will be considered. But as we have provided
a jump index of 2 only alternate values will be printed.

 Example: printing every 3rd consecutive withing given

range
 animals = ["cat", "dog", "bat", "mouse", "pig", "horse",
"donkey", "goat", "cow"]
 print(animals[1:8:3])
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 Output:
 ['dog', 'pig', 'goat']
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 Here, jump index is 3. Hence it prints every 3rd element
within given index.

 ['Abhijeet', 18, 'FYBScIT', 9.8]

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 As we can see, a single list can contain items of different
datatypes.
 Add List Items
 There are three methods to add items to list: append(),
insert() and extend()
 append():
 This method appends items to the end of the existing list.
 Example:
 colors = ["voilet", "indigo", "blue"]
 colors.append("green")
 print(colors)
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 Output:
 ['voilet', 'indigo', 'blue', 'green']
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 What if you want to insert an item in the middle of the

list? At a specific index?

 insert():
 This method inserts an item at the given index. User has
to specify index and the item to be inserted within the
insert() method.
 Example:
 colors = ["voilet", "indigo", "blue"]
# [0] [1] [2]

 colors.insert(1, "green") #inserts item at index 1

 # updated list: colors = ["voilet", "green", "indigo", "blue"]
# indexs [0] [1] [2] [3]

 print(colors)
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 Output:
 ['voilet', 'green', 'indigo', 'blue']
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 What if you want to append an entire list or any other

collection (set, tuple, dictionary) to the existing list?

 extend():
 This method adds an entire list or any other collection
datatype (set, tuple, dictionary) to the existing list.
 Example 1:
 #add a list to a list
 colors = ["voilet", "indigo", "blue"]
 rainbow = ["green", "yellow", "orange", "red"]
 colors.extend(rainbow)
 print(colors)
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 Output:
 ['voilet', 'indigo', 'blue', 'green', 'yellow', 'orange', 'red']
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 Example 2:
 #add a tuple to a list
 cars = ["Hyundai", "Tata", "Mahindra"]
 cars2 = ("Mercedes", "Volkswagen", "BMW")
 cars.extend(cars2)
 print(cars)
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 Output:
 ['Hyundai', 'Tata', 'Mahindra', 'Mercedes', 'Volkswagen',
'BMW']
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 Example 3:
 #add a set to a list
 cars = ["Hyundai", "Tata", "Mahindra"]
 cars2 = {"Mercedes", "Volkswagen", "BMW"}
 cars.extend(cars2)
 print(cars)
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 Output:
 ['Hyundai', 'Tata', 'Mahindra', 'Mercedes', 'BMW',
'Volkswagen']
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 Example 4:
 #add a dictionary to a list
 students = ["Sakshi", "Aaditya", "Ritika"]
 students2 = {"Yash":18, "Devika":19, "Soham":19} #only
add keys, does not add values
 students.extend(students2)
 print(students)
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 Output:
 ['Sakshi', 'Aaditya', 'Ritika', 'Yash', 'Devika', 'Soham']
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 concatenate two lists:

 you can simply concatenate two list to join two lists.
 Example:
 colors = ["voilet", "indigo", "blue", "green"]
 colors2 = ["yellow", "orange", "red"]
 print(colors + colors2)
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 Output:
 ['voilet', 'indigo', 'blue', 'green', 'yellow', 'orange', 'red']
 Remove List Items
 There are various methods to remove items from the list:
pop(), remove(), del(), clear()

 pop():
 This method removes the last item of the list if no index
is provided. If an index is provided, then it removes item
at that specified index.
 Example 1:
 colors = ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Yellow", "Green"]
 colors.pop() #removes the last item of the list
 print(colors)
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 Output:
 ['Red', 'Green', 'Blue', 'Yellow']
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 Example 2:
 colors = ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Yellow", "Green"]
 colors.pop(1) #removes item at index 1
 print(colors)
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 Output:
 ['Red', 'Blue', 'Yellow', 'Green']
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 What if you want to remove a specific item from the list?

 remove():
 This method removes specific item from the list.
 Example:
 colors = ["voilet", "indigo", "blue", "green", "yellow"]
 colors.remove("blue")
 print(colors)
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 Output:
 ['voilet', 'indigo', 'green', 'yellow']
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 del:
 del is not a method, rather it is a keyword which deletes
item at specific from the list, or deletes the list entirely.
 Example 1:
 colors = ["voilet", "indigo", "blue", "green", "yellow"]
 del colors[3]
 print(colors)
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 Output:
 ['voilet', 'indigo', 'blue', 'yellow']
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 Example 2:
 colors = ["voilet", "indigo", "blue", "green", "yellow"]
 del colors
 print(colors)
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 Output:
 NameError: name 'colors' is not defined
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 We get an error because our entire list has been deleted
and there is no variable called colors which contains a
list.

 What if we don’t want to delete the entire list, we just

want to delete all items within that list?

 clear():
 This method clears all items in the list and prints an
empty list.
 Example:
 colors = ["voilet", "indigo", "blue", "green", "yellow"]
 colors.clear()
 print(colors)
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 Output:
 []
 Change List Items
 Changing items from list is easier, you just have to specify
the index where you want to replace the item with
existing item.
 Example:
 names = ["Harry", "Sarah", "Nadia", "Oleg", "Steve"]
 names[2] = "Millie"
 print(names)
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 Output:
 ['Harry', 'Sarah', 'Millie', 'Oleg', 'Steve']
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 You can also change more than a single item at once. To

do this, just specify the index range over which you want
to change the items.
 Example:
 names = ["Harry", "Sarah", "Nadia", "Oleg", "Steve"]
 names[2:4] = ["juan", "Anastasia"]
 print(names)
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 Output:
 ['Harry', 'Sarah', 'juan', 'Anastasia', 'Steve']
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 What if the range of the index is more than the list of

items provided?
 In this case, all the items within the index range of the
original list are replaced by the items that are provided.
 Example:
 names = ["Harry", "Sarah", "Nadia", "Oleg", "Steve"]
 names[1:4] = ["juan", "Anastasia"]
 print(names)
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 Output:
 ['Harry', 'juan', 'Anastasia', 'Steve']
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 What if we have more items to be replaced than the
index range provided?
 In this case, the original items within the range are
replaced by the new items and the remaining items move
to the right of the list accordingly.
 Example:
 names = ["Harry", "Sarah", "Nadia", "Oleg", "Steve"]
 names[2:3] = ["juan", "Anastasia", "Bruno", "Olga",
"Rosa"]
 print(names)
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 Output:
 ['Harry', 'Sarah', 'juan', 'Anastasia', 'Bruno', 'Olga', 'Rosa',
'Oleg', 'Steve']
 List Comprehension
 List comprehensions are used for creating new lists from
other iterables like lists, tuples, dictionaries, sets, and
even in arrays and strings.

 Syntax:
 List = [expression(item) for item in iterable if condition]
 expression: it is the item which is being iterated.
 iterable: it can be list, tuples, dictionaries, sets, and even
in arrays and strings.
 condition: condition checks if the item should be added
to the new list or not.

 Example 1: accepts items with the small letter “o” in the

new list
 names = ["Milo", "Sarah", "Bruno", "Anastasia", "Rosa"]
 namesWith_O = [item for item in names if "o" in item]
 print(namesWith_O)
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 Output:
 ['Milo', 'Bruno', 'Rosa']
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 Example 2: accepts items which have more than 4 letters

 names = ["Milo", "Sarah", "Bruno", "Anastasia", "Rosa"]
 namesWith_O = [item for item in names if (len(item) >
4)]
 print(namesWith_O)
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 Output:
 ['Sarah', 'Bruno', 'Anastasia']
 List Methods
 We have discussed methods like append(), clear(),
extend(), insert(), pop(), remove() before. Now we will
learn about some more list methods:

 sort(): This method sorts the list in ascending order.

 Example 1:
 colors = ["voilet", "indigo", "blue", "green"]
 colors.sort()
 print(colors)

 num = [4,2,5,3,6,1,2,1,2,8,9,7]
 num.sort()
 print(num)
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 Output:
 ['blue', 'green', 'indigo', 'voilet']
 [1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
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 What if you want to print the list in descending order?

 We must give reverse=True as a parameter in the sort
method.
 Example:
 colors = ["voilet", "indigo", "blue", "green"]
 colors.sort(reverse=True)
 print(colors)

 num = [4,2,5,3,6,1,2,1,2,8,9,7]
 num.sort(reverse=True)
 print(num)
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 Output:
 ['voilet', 'indigo', 'green', 'blue']
 [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1]
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 The reverse parameter is set to False by default.

 Note: Do not mistake the reverse parameter with the
reverse method.

 reverse(): This method reverses the order of the list.

 Example:
 colors = ["voilet", "indigo", "blue", "green"]
 colors.reverse()
 print(colors)

 num = [4,2,5,3,6,1,2,1,2,8,9,7]
 num.reverse()
 print(num)
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 Output:
 ['green', 'blue', 'indigo', 'voilet']
 [7, 9, 8, 2, 1, 2, 1, 6, 3, 5, 2, 4]
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 index(): This method returns the index of the first

occurrence of the list item.
 Example:
 colors = ["voilet", "green", "indigo", "blue", "green"]
 print(colors.index("green"))

 num = [4,2,5,3,6,1,2,1,3,2,8,9,7]
 print(num.index(3))
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 Output:
1
3
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 count(): Returns the count of the number of items with

the given value.
 Example:
 colors = ["voilet", "green", "indigo", "blue", "green"]
 print(colors.count("green"))

 num = [4,2,5,3,6,1,2,1,3,2,8,9,7]
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 Output:
2
3
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 copy(): Returns copy of the list. This can be done to

perform operations on the list without modifying the
original list.
 Example:
 colors = ["voilet", "green", "indigo", "blue"]
 newlist = colors.copy()
 print(colors)
 print(newlist)
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 Output:
 ['voilet', 'green', 'indigo', 'blue']
 ['voilet', 'green', 'indigo', 'blue']