Sustainable Materials

K.
GIRI VARDHAN
ID.NO:R191062
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE PAVEMENT
INNOVATIVE GEOSYNTHETIC MATERIALS
BIODEGRADABLE GEOSYNTHETICS
RECYCLED GEOSYNTHETICS
ALTERNATIVE SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS
RECYCLED AGGREGATES
INDUSTRIAL BY- PRODUCTS
CASE STUDIES OF SUSTAINABLE PAVEMENT
PROJECTS
FUTURE TRENDS AND RESEARCH
DIRECTIONS
What is Sustainability?
Sustainability is the assurance that our demands may be satisfied today without endangering
future generations.
It's important to use resources sensibly to prevent depletion and environmental damage.
Achieving sustainability involves striking a balance between human needs and natural resources.
It's about ensuring that no one is left behind or the environment is harmed and that everyone gets
what they need to live properly.
This concept encompasses many other ideas, like protecting the environment, treating everyone
fairly, maintaining economic stability, and maintaining our customs and cultures.
WHAT IS A SUSTAINABLE PAVEMENT?
A sustainable pavement is one that achieves its specific engineering goals, while, on a
broader scale,
(1) Meets basic human needs,
(2) Uses resources effectively, and
(3) Preserves and restores surrounding ecosystems.
~Sustainable pavement materials have less CO2 emission, these materials are recyclable and
reusable.
~Sustainable materials have a longer service life and less use of natural resources. These
have less use of energy from production to construction, and the main benefit of these
materials is are very friendly to the environment.
Sustainable pavement materials are designed to reduce the environmental impact on road
construction and maintenance.
There are some technologies used in sustainable materials are;
1.RAP(Recycled Asphalt Pavement)
2.WMA(Warm-Mix Asphalt)
3.RAS(Reclaimed Asphalt Shingles)
4. RCA(Recycled Concrete Aggregates)

1. RAP(Recycled Asphalt Pavement)is a process in which the old asphalt is reused by recycling and
milling(a machine designed to cut or shape using a rotating tool)it into new pavement, lowers
greenhouse gas emissions and decreases the need for new materials.
2. WMA(Warm-Mix Asphalt); the traditional hot-mix asphalt is produced at lower temperatures,

during production and paving it reduces emissions and energy consumption.
3. RAS(Reclaimed Asphalt Shingles); enhances the pavement durability by the waste shingles from
the roofings and reduces the wasteland fills.
4. RCA(Recycled Concrete Aggregates); by the pull of concrete from the buildings the concrete is
to be crushed and reused In new concrete mixes, which reduces the need for new aggregates
and decreases the waste.
RAP(Recycled Asphalt Pavement)
RCA(Recycled Concrete Aggregates)
Innovative Geosynthetic Materials
●
GEO; Soil, Rock, and other geotechnical materials.
SYNTHETIC; Man-made polymeric materials.
●
In the last thirty years, there has been a huge growth in polymeric-based geosynthetic
materials
in civil and environmental engineering.
the geosynthetic materials are to be provided for separation, filtration, drainage, and
reinforcement.
Geosynthetics are the materials that are made from various types of polymers,
and used with geologicalmaterials like rock, and soil. Geosynthetics are available in a
wide range
of forms and
materials, each suited for different uses.
In geotechnical engineering, sustainable materials have played a main role in
recent years, because of the scarcity of natural materials like aggregates, river
sand, and soil.
For Filling applications in the embankments, structural below-fill foundations,

bridge abutments, and pavement sublayers, industrial fly ash, pond ash, and
incinerated ash from other sources are being utilized either as a stabilizing
additive or replacement for natural geomaterials.
Some of the recent sustainable innovations and practices in geotechnical

engineering play a main role in the development of resilient rural and urban
infrastructure.
The integration of advanced technologies like geographic information systems

and remote sensing in geotechnical engineering investigations has revolutionized
the way engineering analyzes and designs infrastructure projects.
Biodegradable geosynthetics
●
Biodegradable geosynthetics are materials used in construction and
landscaping that break down naturally over time.
They help with erosion control and soil stabilization.
One kind of geosynthetic material utilized in landscaping and building

applications is biodegradable geotextile. Usually, biodegradable polymers or
natural fibers like jute, coir (coconut husk), or wood pulp are used to make
them.
These geotextiles have a variety of uses, such as reinforcing, filtration, and

separation.
They can be employed in a variety of settings, including road building,
embankments,
and landscaping projects, to stop soil erosion,stabilize slopes, and provide
1. Biodegradable erosion control blankets:
These aid in preventing soil erosion on slopes and are composed of natural
fibers like coconut or straw.
2. Biodegradable geotextiles are textiles:
That offer soil stabilization and drainage and are fashioned from organic
materials like hemp or jute.
3. Biodegradable sediment control logs:
Designed to manage sediment runoff in ditches or channels, these logs are
composed of biodegradable materials.
4. Biodegradable geocells:
These three-dimensional, honeycomb-shaped constructions that limit soil erosion and
restrict soil are composed of biodegradable materials.
Biodegradable Jute
There are several advantages to using biodegradable geosynthetics;
1. Environmental friendliness:
Compared to conventional non-biodegradable materials, biodegradable materials have
less of an adverse effect on the environment because they decompose naturally over time.
2. Erosion control:
By stabilizing slopes, guarding against sediment runoff, and preventing soil erosion,
biodegradable geosynthetics help maintain the integrity of landscapes.

3. Sustainable construction:
We encourage sustainable construction methods that reduce waste and improve the
ecology by utilizing biodegradable materials.
4. Cost-effective:
Since biodegradable geosynthetics don't need to be removed or disposed of after their useful
lives,they are frequently more affordable over time.

5. Versatility:
These materials are adaptable and can be utilized for a variety of purposes, including drainage,
Recycled geosynthetics
Materials used in geotechnical engineering and construction that are derived

from
recycled plastics and other synthetic materials are known as recycled
geosynthetics.
The purpose of recycled materials is to improve soil and other geological

Recycled geosynthetics are various types :
structures' stability and functionality.
Geotextiles,
Geomembranes,
Geogrids,
Geonets.
1.The geotextiles are made from recycled fibers or plastic and these geotextiles are used for
the filtration separation drainage and reinforcement and are made from recycled polyester
and
Polypropylene.
2. Geomembranes are made from recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) the
geomembranes are used as liners for ponds, waste containments, and canals.
3. Geogrids are made from recycled polypropylene or high-density polyethylene, these
geogrids are used for stabilization and soil reinforcement.
4. Recycled geonets are made from recycled HDPE or pp polypropylene and these are used
Benefits:-
for drainage in landfill leachate systems and construction sites.
Environmental impact,Waste reduction,Cost-effectiveness, and
Resource conservation.
Applications:
These are used in various projects like infrastructure projects, water management, and
environmental project.
In infrastructure projects recycled geosynthetics are used in airport runways, roads,
and railways for reinforcement and soil stabilization.
Recycled ballast in railway substructures:
The substructure of a traditional ballasted railway track is often composed of compacted
subgrade layered with graded layers of ballast.
The heavy trains passing from the ballast particles degrade and break down, ballast
breaking is invariably linked to the deformation of railroad tracks and routine track
maintenance such as tamping after replacing the recycled ballast with new aggregates.
Recycled ballast in railway track substructure
Alternative sustainable materials
Waste plastic bottles as a sustainable building material:
The waste is non-usable material and this collected and burned in the past years, it
has had to impact on the environment and it collapsed the ecological structure.
But in present years the waste collected and reused recycling. the practice of
dumping waste into landfills is indicative of a failure to design recyclable, sustainable
products and processes.
The methods of using plastic bottles in construction are plastic bottle bricks, the
plastic bottles are filled with sand and soil or other waste materials to create eco-
bricks.
These plastic bottles are used in benches, constructing walls, and other structures.
another method is interlocking bottles, the bottles are designed to interlock with each
Recycled aggregates
Recycled aggregates are used more in pavement construction to decrease waste and
conserve natural resources.
These aggregates are used in the subgrade, sub-base, and base layers of pavements.
They are obtained from construction and demolition waste (CDW)
Advantages and the uses of these recycled aggregates are, that for rural roads,
recycled aggregates are utilized in unbound pavement layers like sub-base, foundation,
subgrade, and capping and recycled aggregates work well in cold asphalt mixtures,
improving their characteristics and functionality.
The sustainability and durability of hot asphalt mixtures can be increased by adding
recycled aggregates.
Recycled aggregates are an effective base and subbase material in rigid pavement
construction
The advantages of Recycled aggregates are:
1.Quality control
2.Cost-Effectiveness
3.Environmental Sustainability
Using Recycled Aggregates in Unbound Layers of Pavements from

Construction
and Demolition Waste:
In civil engineering and construction, the sustainable use of recycled aggregates from
building
and demolitions in unbound layers of pavement is becoming more popular. Unbound
layers
are the aggregate material layers that give the pavement stability and structural
support. They
are frequently seen in the road building.
Recycled aggregates from the trash from buildings and demolition can be useful in
many
applications like
To decrease landfills, the construction and demolition waste is to use recycled
aggregates in
pavement construction. An encouraging approach to sustainable infrastructure
development
is the use of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition debris into unbound
pavement layers.
Industrial byproducts
BY-product is a material produced during the manufacture of another product, industrial
by-products are not the primarily intended product, these byproducts can be in solid,
liquid,
or gaseous
These are the secondary products that are prepared by the waste and excess materials
of
industries, industrial byproducts include the things like ash from the power plant, slag
from
Characterization of industrial by-products as asphalt paving material:
metal smelting.
Industrial by-products can be used to build roads. The goal is to promote the use of
garbage
as building material without sacrificing the road's performance or quality, in addition to
lessening the issue of waste being thrown in landfills. The two industrial byproducts
produced
in significant quantities by industry are bottom ash and steel slag.
The qualities of bottom ash and steel slag that can be used as aggregate in asphalt
pavement
are examined in this study.
Future trends and research directions
For the next generation of eco-friendly pavements, multi-functions including permeable,
noise-reducing, self-luminous, photocatalytic, low heat absorption, and
anti-icing/de- icing are believed to be achieved based on porouspavements.
The trends in eco-friendly road pavements are of great significance to improve the
status
quo trigger permanent technological changes and drive the progress of modern road
engineering.
Application of innovative technologies for pavement construction, compaction,

monitoring,
and maintenance to improve efficiency and reduce costs, investigating the causes of
traffic-induced stresses, the role of asphalt stiffness in fatigue resistance,
and the mechanisms of fatigue and structural deformation in road bases, Studying the
causes and effects of rutting and surface deformation, including the importance, Taking
into
account the financial and environmental effects of pavement design and maintenance
techniques, such as cutting expenses associated with traffic delays and encouraging
Over the past few decades, two solutions material modification and structural
improvement
have been taken into consideration while proposing a unique technological system for
eco-friendly pavements.
Many technologies that provide permeable, noise-reducing, self-luminous, and
exhaust-decomposing qualities along with reduced heat absorption and improved
anti-icing/de-icing capabilities enable the building of an environmentally friendly
pavement.
Combining the pavement infrastructure with different environmentally friendly features,
such as
water permeability, noise reduction, low heat absorption, exhaust gas decomposition,
and
anti-icing/de-icing, is a contemporary trend in road engineering. Finally,
The review lists the drawbacks of the existing technologies, including high cost, single
function,
etc., and depicts the future developing direction and architecture of the next generation
of
eco-friendly pavements in which the road infrastructure should have more
environmentally
friendly functions than the existing technology.
REFERENCES
1.Kuhlman, T., & Farrington, J. (2010). What is sustainability? Sustainability, 2(11), 3436-3448.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su2113436
2.(Plati, C. (2019). Sustainability factors in pavement materials, design, and preservation strategies: A
literature review. Construction and Building Materials, 211, 539-555.
3. Kempton, G. T., Jones, C. J. F. P., Jewell, R. A., & Naughton, P. J. (2000, October). Construction of
slopes using cohesive fills and a new innovative geosynthetic material. In Proceedings of EuroGeo (Vol. 2,
pp. 825-828).
4. Cislaghi, A., Sala, P., Borgonovo, G., Gandolfi, C., Bischetti, G.B. (2020). Biodegradable Geosynthetics
for Geotechnical and Geo-Environmental Engineering. In: Coppola, A., Di Renzo, G., Altieri, G., D'Antonio,
P. (eds) Innovative Biosystems Engineering for Sustainable Agriculture, Forestry and Food Production.
MID-TERM AIIA 2019. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 67. Springer, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39299-4_6
5.Mansour, A. M. H., & Ali, S. A. (2015). Reusing waste plastic bottles as an alternative sustainable building
material. Energy for Sustainable Development, 24, 79-85.
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There are some technologies used in sustainable materials are;

1.RAP(Recycled Asphalt Pavement)

3.RAS(Reclaimed Asphalt Shingles)

4. RCA(Recycled Concrete Aggregates)

2. WMA(Warm-Mix Asphalt); the traditional hot-mix asphalt is produced at lower temperatures,

For Filling applications in the embankments, structural below-fill foundations,

Some of the recent sustainable innovations and practices in geotechnical

The integration of advanced technologies like geographic information systems

One kind of geosynthetic material utilized in landscaping and building

These geotextiles have a variety of uses, such as reinforcing, filtration, and

biodegradable geosynthetics help maintain the integrity of landscapes.

lives,they are frequently more affordable over time.

Materials used in geotechnical engineering and construction that are derived

The purpose of recycled materials is to improve soil and other geological

3. Geogrids are made from recycled polypropylene or high-density polyethylene, these

geogrids are used for stabilization and soil reinforcement.

Recycled ballast in railway substructures:

The substructure of a traditional ballasted railway track is often composed of compacted

subgrade layered with graded layers of ballast.

products and processes.

conserve natural resources.

They are obtained from construction and demolition waste (CDW)

Using Recycled Aggregates in Unbound Layers of Pavements from

Application of innovative technologies for pavement construction, compaction,

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