Neuburg Siliceous Earth in

water-based corrosion protection

acrylate single-layer white

Authorship: Barbara Mayer

Hubert Oggermueller
VM-0/1219/12.2019

HOFFMANN MINERAL GmbH • Muenchener Strasse 75 • D-86633 Neuburg (Donau) • Phone +49 (0) 8431 53-0
www.hoffmann-mineral.com • e-mail: [email protected]
 Contents

1 Introduction

2 Experimental
2.1 Base formulation
2.2 Filler Characteristics
2.3 Preparative Methods

3 Results
3.1 Viscosity
3.2 Color
3.3 Gloss
3.4 Adhesion
3.5 Humidity test
3.5.1 Adhesion
3.5.2 Blistering
3.5.3 Under-film Corrosion
3.6 Salt spray test
3.6.1 Adhesion
3.6.2 Blistering & Under-film Corrosion
3.6.3 Blistering at Scribe
3.6.4 Delamination & Rust Creep

4 Summary

5 Appendix

Page 1
1 Introduction
Corrosion protection is a major area of the coating industry and has always been dominated by
solvent-based formulations. Despite their high solvent content and the associated occupational
health and safety requirements, these coatings are considered the first choice for high resistance
requirements.

Due to international environmental regulations that focus on limiting VOCs and increasing consumer
demand for environmentally friendly solutions, water-based systems are considered the future for
this coating sector as well.

Specially developed raw materials are needed to formulate water-based coating systems as
efficiently as solvent-based systems. In most cases, these have a hydrophobic character, with the
help of which the resulting film can form a barrier against moisture.

Another way to prevent corrosion is to prevent the diffusion of water, ions and oxygen to the metal
surface. This can be realized with the help of a suitable filler.

The incorporation of pigments or fillers into solvent-based anti-corrosion paints is usually no problem.
The binder is molecularly dissolved and the solids are wetted with additional additives if necessary.
After application of the paint, the solvent evaporates and the freely moving polymer chains of the
binder become entangled during the drying process, embedding the pigments and fillers
homogeneously and firmly anchored in the polymer matrix.

In contrast, film formation in water-based coatings (Fig. 1) involves a critical phase change. The finely
dispersed emulsified binder, which is insoluble in the hydrophilic, liquid environment, must be
converted into a preferably comparable mechanically strong and resistant solid polymer layer. The
prerequisite for this is that the minimum film-forming temperature is exceeded so that the polymeric
binder particles, which have initially been isolated, can flow together after moving closer together
and deformation beyond their boundaries (interdiffusion). Ideally, a compact composite is formed in
this way, which already has high hydrophobicity on the raw material side as an additional barrier
function for corrosion protection.

Fig. 1

Page 2
Both fillers and pigments are subject to this process, which requires a complete transition from the
aqueous phase to the polymer phase (Fig. 2).
However, the actual wetting by the binder is only noticeably possible in the last two steps of the film
forming process. And here of all places, as particulate, usually larger, heterogeneous solids, they
fundamentally disturb the orderly sequence of further film formation. In addition, new interfaces
between polymer and filler are created, which must permanently withstand the internal stress build-
up after volumetric film shrinkage of often more than 50 %.

Fig. 2

Both effects influence the formation of the homogeneous structure within the coating. They do not
necessarily have to be negative when using fillers, but are to be seen as increasingly critical in
waterborne coatings if the number and size of particles rises and the wettability and compatibility
with the polymer decreases. The increase in viscosity, that usually occurs, has an additional
kinetically unfavorable effect on particle mobility and ideal arrangement. With higher pigment/filler
content, the embedding in the polymer matrix and the homogeneous film forming can be impaired to
such an extent that a massive weakening of the barrier layer occurs. Corrosion stimulators therefore
penetrate more easily through areas of disordered gusset phases (Fig. 2, left yellow arrow) or directly
through pore defects or the non-wetted filler surface (right yellow arrow) to the metal substrate.

To compensate for exactly this disadvantage is the minimum task of a good filler. Even better, the
filler provides a performance capability from which the final coating additionally benefits.

The present report follows this approach with the aim of optimizing the performance of a water-based
corrosion protection coating in the particularly challenging single-layer application by using Neuburg
Siliceous Earth.

A classic corrosion protection coating consists of several layers applied one after the other. Defects
in one layer, such as craters, air inclusions and pinholes, are usually completely levelled out by the
next layer. In single-layer systems (DTM), however, each defect remains as such in the coating.
Corrosion stimulators such as water, water vapor and ions of dissolved salts can penetrate the
coating through these spots and migrate to the substrate. Over a longer period of time, blisters and
corrosion develop at these points.

Page 3
2 Experimental

2.1 Base Formulation

The present formulation is based on the guide formulation FP 2403-44 from Alberdingk Boley (Fig. 3).
The paint is white pigmented and can be used as a single-layer system (DTM). The basis is a
hydrophobic acrylate binder with good corrosion protection properties, all other raw materials are
matched to the binder. There is no active anti-corrosion pigment, but an organic corrosion inhibitor.
The good corrosion protection performance of this formulation is, among other things, due to the
hydrophobic character of the formulation.

The solids content of the formulation is approx. 56 %, the pigment volume concentration (PVC) is
approx. 21 %.

Target is to further improve the already good corrosion protection resistance of the base formulation
with the Neuburg Siliceous Earth products Sillitin Z 89 and Aktifit Q. For this purpose, the fine, natural
calcium carbonate (pos. 7 Filler) was replaced by equal weight.

Base Formulation

1 Water demineralized 5.90

Pigment Preparation

INTRODUCTION 2 Edaplan 490 Dispersing additive 1.20

EXPERIMENTAL
3 AMP 90 Neutralizing agent 0.02
4 Byk 024 Defoamer 0.10
RESULTS 5 Byk 349 Wetting agent 0.18
6 Kronos 2190 Pigment white 17.70
SUMMARY
7 Filler 7.50
8 Water demineralized 2.90
9 Alberdingk AC 2403 Acrylic dispersion 57.90
10 Byk 024 Defoamer 0.15
11 Asconium 142DA Org. corrosion inhibitor 1.90
premix
Let Down

12 AMP 90 Neutralizing agent 0.15

13 Water demineralized 1.90
14 Optifilm Enhancer 300 Co-Solvent 1.50
15 Ascotran H10 Flash rust inhibitor 0.50
16 Tafigel PUR 60 solution Thickener 0.50
(10 % PUR 60; 20 % DPM; 70 % Water)
Total 100.00 %
Solids content w/w 56 %
Pigment volume concentration (PVC) 21 %

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Fig. 3

Page 4
2.2 Filler Characteristics
Fig. 4 gives an overview of the most important characteristic values of the fillers used. The natural
calcium carbonate used in the control formulation was a very fine grade with an average particle size
d50 of 1.1 µm. The oil absorption was 39 g per 100 g powder, and the specific surface area (BET)
was determined to be 10 m²/g. Both oil number and specific surface area are quite high for a ground
calcium carbonate.

With Sillitin Z 89 and Aktifit Q, two products from the same grain fraction were selected with an
average particle size d50 of about 2 µm. Sillitin Z 89 is a very bright and color-neutral grade of the
classic Neuburg Siliceous Earth.

The classic Neuburg Siliceous Earth is a natural combination of corpuscular Neuburg Silica and
lamellar kaolinite: a loose mixture impossible to separate by physical methods. As a result of natural
aging, the silica portion exhibits a round grain shape and consists of aggregated primary particles of
about 200 nm diameter. This unique structure is responsible for a relatively high specific surface area
and oil absorption.

With Aktifit Q, a product from the range of calcined Neuburg Siliceous Earth was selected which
offers highest brightness and color neutrality. After calcination, the product is modifying with a
methacrylic functional group, giving it its hydrophobic character, which is intended to further improve
the corrosion protection performance of the paint.

Filler Characteristics

INTRODUCTION Calcium Sillitin

Aktifit Q
carbonate Z 89
EXPERIMENTAL
Color L* 96 94 94
RESULTS
Color a* -0.1 0.1 -0.1
SUMMARY
Color b* -0.1 4.0 1.0

Particle size d50 [µm] 1.1 1.9 2.0

Particle size d97 [µm] 3.5 9 10

Oil absorption
39 55 65
[g/100g]
Specific surface area
10 11 9
BET [m²/g]
methacrylic
Surface treatment --- ---
functionalized
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Fig. 4

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2.3 Preparative Methods
The conditions for the production and application of the coatings and conditioning of the panels
before the tests are shown in Fig. 5.

The preparation of the corrosion protection coatings was carried out on a dissolver with toothed disc
under water cooling. First the pigment preparation was prepared, which was dispersed at 10.0 m/s
for 10 minutes. This was added to the binder and the remaining components were mixed in, all at
5.0 m/s. After the thickener was added, the mixture was finally homogenized for 5 min at the same
circumferential speed and then filled into metal cans.

The grain fineness of the finished varnish, measured with a grindometer, was less than 15 µm for all
formulations. Further details on the manufacture can be found in the appendix.

The application was carried out after 35 days maturing at room temperature. On cold rolled steel (Q-
Panel type R 48) the coatings were sprayed with a Walther compressed air spray gun at 1 bar
pressure and a nozzle diameter of 3 mm. To achieve a good flow and defect-free film, all formulations
were diluted with 10 % deionized water before spraying. All tests were carried out on single-layer
sprayed panels with a dry film thickness of around 70 µm.

All sheets were conditioned at 23 °C and 50 % relative humidity. Seven days after application, the
appearance (colour and gloss) and adhesion were tested by using a cross-cut test. After 28 days the
corrosion protection tests were started.

Preparative Methods
Mixing Pigment preparation:
INTRODUCTION • Dissolver with toothed disc
• 10 min at 10.0 m/s
EXPERIMENTAL
Let Down:
RESULTS • Submission of binder
SUMMARY • Addition of remaining ingredients at 5.0 m/s
• After dosing thickener finally 5 min at 5.0 m/s
Application After 35 d maturing time
Substrate: cold rolled steel, Q-Panel Typ R 48
Spray application: 10 % diluted with water,
nozzle size 3 mm
Dry film thickness: ∼ 70 µm, single-layer
Conditioning Drying conditions
23 °C / 50 % relative humidity
• Appearance, adhesion: 7 d
• Corrosion Tests: 28 d

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Fig. 5

Page 6
3 Results

3.1 Viscosity
The viscosity was determined in an MCR 300 rheometer with cylinder system CC17 via a logarithmic
shear ramp. Fig. 6 shows the viscosity values after 35 days of storage, which corresponds to the
time of application. The evaluation was carried out at shear rates of 0.1 s-1 and 100 s-1. At both shear
rates no significant difference could be found between the different fillers.

The storage stability, tested undiluted at room temperature, is comparably good for all variants.

For spray application, all formulations were diluted with 10 % deionized water in order to achieve a
better surface result, especially flow. The viscosities of the formulations were then around 1.1 Pa·s
at the low shear rate and around 0.1 Pa·s at the high shear rate.

Viscosity
MCR 300 with CC17 after 35d, [Pa·s]
INTRODUCTION 0.1 s-1 0,1 s-1 100 s-1 100 s-1
EXPERIMENTAL 20 1

RESULTS

SUMMARY
15 0.75
0,75
13

10 10
10 0,5
0.5

0.34 0.35
0.29
5 0,25
0.25

0 0
Calcium carbonate Sillitin Z 89 Aktifit Q

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Fig. 6

Page 7
3.2 Color
The color was measured with an X-Rite device and geometry d/8° (Fig. 7). The brightness L* is very
high with values between 96 and 97. The a* values remain unchanged at around -1. The b* values
are in the slightly yellow range with Sillitin Z 89 at the top, which means a slight increase compared
to the calcium carbonate used here. In contrast, Aktifit Q achieves the lowest value and thus the best
color neutrality.

Color
X-Rite, d/8°
INTRODUCTION L* L* a* b* a* b*
EXPERIMENTAL 100 10
97.0 96.4 96.7
RESULTS
8
SUMMARY

90 6

2.9
4
2.3
2.0
80 2

-1.1 -1.0 -1.1

70 -2
Calcium carbonate Sillitin Z 89 Aktifit Q

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Fig. 7

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3.3 Gloss
The gloss was determined with a micro-TRI-gloss instrument from Byk Gardner (Fig. 8). The values
of the corrosion protection varnishes are in the silk gloss range for all formulations. The slight shift in
the 60° gloss with the Neuburg Siliceous Earth products is due to the slightly higher particle size and
special morphology.

In the 85° measuring angle, the differences are less pronounced, here the calcium carbonate has
93 GU, Sillitin Z 89 lies at 87 GU and Aktifit Q by 82 GU.

Gloss 60°
micro-TRI-gloss, [GU]
INTRODUCTION 100

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS 80
SUMMARY 68

60
52
47

40

20

0
Calcium carbonate Sillitin Z 89 Aktifit Q

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Fig. 8

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3.4 Adhesion
The adhesion of the coating to the substrate in the unstressed state was tested by using a cross-cut
test with adhesive tape according to DIN EN ISO 2409.

As shown in Fig. 9, all variants achieved the cross-cut rating of 0 and thus excellent adhesion to the
substrate of cold-rolled steel.

Adhesion
Cross-cut test 2 mm with tape
INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS

SUMMARY All formulations

show excellent
adhesion to the substrate,
cross-cut rating:
GT 0

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Fig. 9

Page 10
3.5 Humidity test
After 28 days drying at 23 °C and 50 % relative humidity the test panels were loaded for 1000 hours
in a constant condensation water environment (CH) at 40 °C according to DIN EN ISO 6270-2. Two
sheets without scribe were tested.

In preliminary tests there was no blistering, corrosion or delamination on sheets with scribe, so no
such defined injuries were made in the main tests.

The non-scribed coating was checked for adhesion, which was evaluated by cross-cutting, and the
degree of blistering. The coating was then stripped to examine the metal surface for under-film
corrosion.

3.5.1 Adhesion
At the end of the humidity test, conditioning for 24 h at 23 °C and 50 % relative humidity followed,
before the adhesion was tested by means of cross cut and adhesive tape tear-off. As shown in the
pictures in Fig. 10, part of the coating flaked off along the cutting line of the calcium carbonate-
containing coating. Based on the DIN EN ISO 2409 standard, the result could be classified with a
cross-cut rating of 1 to 2.

A good adhesion of the coating to the substrate and thus a permanent protective layer for the metal,
has to be guaranteed even after long exposure to moisture. This is the only way to further protect
the metal in case of renewed contact with moisture or salts.

With Sillitin Z 89 and Aktifit Q, a characteristic value of 0 to 1 was achieved, thus improving the
adhesion to the metal and the expectation of service life compared to calcium carbonate.

Humidity Test 1000 h

Adhesion
Cross-cut test 2 mm with tape, after 24 h at 23 °C / 50 % RH
INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL
Calcium carbonate Sillitin Z 89 Aktifit Q

RESULTS

SUMMARY

GT 1 - 2 GT 0 - 1

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Fig. 10

Page 11
3.5.2 Blistering
The degree of blistering was evaluated according to DIN EN ISO 4628-2. As shown in Fig. 11, all
formulations were free of blisters and thus assigned a rating of 0-0(S0). This indicates a defect-free
coating and thus underlines its special performance.

Humidity Test 1000 h

Blistering
DIN EN ISO 4628-2
INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS

SUMMARY
All formulations
blister-free
 0 – 0(S0)

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Fig. 11

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3.5.3 Under-film Corrosion
After the cross-cut test and assessment of the degree of blistering, the coating was removed with
the aid of a paint stripper so that the metal surface was exposed. In the case of calcium carbonate,
discoloration and thus signs of incipient corrosion are visible (Fig. 12). Under the coating with
Sillitin Z 89 and Aktifit Q, bare metal was visible without any changes or corrosion. This suggests
that the coatings with the two Siliceous Earth products have a very strong barrier against water and
water vapor, and this was still completly intact after the test period of 1000 hours.

Humidity Test 1000 h

Under-film Corrosion
stripped
INTRODUCTION Calcium carbonate Sillitin Z 89 & Aktifit Q
EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS

SUMMARY

incipient corrosion no corrosion

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Fig. 12

Page 13
3.6 Salt Spray Test
In the neutral salt spray test (NSS) according to DIN EN ISO 9227 the test panels were placed in
after 28 days drying at 23 °C and 50 % relative humidity for 1000 hours. Three panels were tested
for each formulation variant, one of them without scribe, on which the blistering, the adhesion test by
cross-cut and the under-film corrosion after paint stripping were assessed. On the other two panels,
a 10 cm long scribe according to Sikkens (diameter 1 mm) was attached in the middle. These
specimen were used to evaluate the formation of blisters as well as delamination and rust creep at
the scribe.

3.6.1 Adhesion
After the end of the salt spray test, the non-scribed panels were conditioned for one hour at 23 °C
and 50 % relative humidity. This was followed by the cross-cut test with adhesive tape tear-off. This
early stage of testing is often a challenge for water-based coatings. The results are shown in Fig. 13.
Calcium carbonate was rated with a characteristic value of 0 to 1, as the coating was partially
detached at the intersections of the cross-cut lines. Sillitin Z 89 and Aktifit Q received a characteristic
value of 0 and thus the best rating.
The two Neuburg Siliceous Earth products impress again with excellent results in the humidity test
and salt spray test.

Salt Spray Test 1000 h

Adhesion
Cross-cut test 2 mm with tape, after 1 h at 23 °C / 50 % RH
INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL
Calcium carbonate Sillitin Z 89 Aktifit Q

RESULTS

SUMMARY

GT 0 - 1 GT 0

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Fig. 13

Page 14
3.6.2 Blistering and Under-film Corrosion
As can be seen in Fig. 14, all formulations were free of blistering after 1000 hours of the neutral salt
spray test and were therefore rated 0 - 0(S0) according to DIN EN ISO 4628-2. In order to be able to
examine the substrate for under-film corrosion, all coatings were stripped. In all formulation variants,
the metal surface was free of corrosion, thus offering excellent protection.

Salt Spray Test 1000 h

Blistering & Under-film Corrosion
DIN EN ISO 4628-2
INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS

SUMMARY

stripped

All formulations no blistering or under-film corrosion.

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Fig. 14

Page 15
3.6.3 Blistering at Scribe
The coating must compensate for the mechanical damage of the scribe in the best possible way and
thus protect the exposed metal from corrosion and blistering. Furthermore, a loss of adhesion
(delamination) starting from the scribe to the surrounding area must be avoided as far as possible.

As can be seen in Fig. 15, the calcium carbonate-containing coating resulted in a lot of rust at the
scribe and a wide area with blisters. Sillitin Z 89 was able to reduce rust formation and the blister
area width. With Aktifit Q, rust at the scribe was further minimised and blistering could be completely
prevented. Thus Aktifit Q clearly achieved the best result.

Salt Spray Test 1000 h

Blistering at Scribe

INTRODUCTION Calcium carbonate Sillitin Z 89 Aktifit Q

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS

SUMMARY

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Fig. 15

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3.6.4 Delamination and Rust Creep
After completion of the salt spray test, the delaminated coating was removed mechanically by using
a cutter knife. Only the loose coating was removed up to the point where adhesion to the substrate
was unaffected.

As shown in Fig. 16, the delaminated area of the calcium carbonate-containing coating was very
wide (see long white arrow in the middle of the corresponding photo). With Sillitin Z 89 this can
already be significantly reduced. With Aktifit Q the delamination can be reduced to a minimum, which
achieves maximum protection.

In addition, the rust creep at the scribe was evaluated (see short white arrow in the middle of the left
photo). This shows how far the corrosion at the scribe was progressed and the substrate was
damaged. The photos of the test panels show that with calcium carbonate as filler, the rust creep
was significantly wider than with Sillitin Z 89 or Aktifit Q.

Salt Spray Test 1000 h

Delamination & Rust Creep

INTRODUCTION Calcium carbonate Sillitin Z 89 Aktifit Q

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS

SUMMARY

VM-0/1219/12.2019

Fig. 16

To quantify the properties delamination and corrosion the panels were evaluated according to DIN
EN ISO 4628-8. For this purpose, the delamination width and rust creep were measured at nine
positions at a distance of 1 cm. The mean value was calculated from these values and the width of
the scribe graver of 1 mm was deducted and then divided by two. This gives the value for
delamination and corrosion on one scribe side.

The diagram in Fig. 17 and 18 shows the mean value of the two tested panels, the error indicator in
the bars represents the span of the two panels.

For the coating with calcium carbonate, an average delamination of 26.3 mm could be determined,
whereas with Sillitin Z 89 an improvement with a value of 17.9 mm was already observed. The clearly
best result, however, was achieved by Aktifit Q with only 4.8 mm. In practice, this means that a
damaged coating with Aktifit Q has a significantly longer service life than with calcium carbonate.

The rust creep of 1.4 mm for calcium carbonate was reduced to about half with the two Neuburg
Siliceous Earth products, 0.7 mm with Sillitin Z 89 and 0.6 mm with Aktifit Q. In Figs. 17 and 18 the
values for delamination and rust creep are graphically depicted.

Page 17
 Salt Spray Test 1000 h
Delamination
Mean value of 2 panels, [mm]
INTRODUCTION 40

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS
30 26.3
SUMMARY

20 17.9

10
4.8

0
Calcium carbonate Sillitin Z 89 Aktifit Q

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Fig. 17

Salt Spray Test 1000 h

Rust Creep
Mean value of 2 panels, [mm]
INTRODUCTION 2,0
2.0

EXPERIMENTAL
1.4
RESULTS
1.5
1,5
SUMMARY

1.0
1,0
0.7 0.6

0.5
0,5

0.0
0,0
Calcium carbonate Sillitin Z 89 Aktifit Q

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Fig. 18

Page 18
4 Summary
In the aqueous acrylic corrosion protection lacquer presented here, applied in single-layer system
(DTM), Neuburg Siliceous Earth was able to achieve an additional performance gain compared to
fine calcium carbonate. The following enhancements were achieved in detail:

Sillitin Z 89 and Aktifit Q

• Improvement of the adhesion after humidity test and salt spray test
• Avoidance of under-film corrosion in the humidity test

Sillitin Z 89
• Reduced blistering at scribe in the salt spray test
• Less delamination and rust creep at scribe

Aktifit Q
• Avoidance of blistering at scribe in the salt spray test
• Lowest delamination and rust creep at scribe

With the Neuburg Siliceous Earth products presented here, the corrosion protection performance of
the coating was significantly enhanced, and thus the service life of the component extended. Also,
the high level of aesthetic requirements in the DTM sector, such as the color white here, can be
maintained. In addition, the products presented here are characterized by simple and label-free
processing.

Whether the filler effects described above can also be advantageously extended to the area of the
classic primer was examined on the basis of further internal investigations. The results are the subject
of the technical report "Neuburg Siliceous Earth in water-based Corrosion Protection Acrylate Primer
red".

Page 19
5 Appendix
Mixing instruction
The formulation was produced on a dissolver with toothed disc under water cooling. For the pigment
preparation, the raw materials from items 1 to 5 were presented and the solids from items 6 to 7 were
stirred in (Fig. 19). The mixture was then dispersed for 10 min at 10.0 m/s, then completed with item
8. The binder (pos. 9) was submitted and the pigment paste was added while stirring at 5 m/s. The
other raw materials were also added. A premix was prepared from items 11 to 13, which was added
as a clear mixture within 10 minutes to the let-down. If the premix became cloudy, the mixture was
to be discarded. The thickener components of pos. 16 were also mixed together in advance. After
adding the thickener, mix for a further 5 min at 5 m/s final, then fill.

Base Formulation

1 Water demineralized 5.90

Pigment Preparation

INTRODUCTION 2 Edaplan 490 Dispersing additive 1.20

EXPERIMENTAL
3 AMP 90 Neutralizing agent 0.02
4 Byk 024 Defoamer 0.10
RESULTS 5 Byk 349 Wetting agent 0.18
6 Kronos 2190 Pigment white 17.70
SUMMARY
7 Filler 7.50
8 Water demineralized 2.90
9 Alberdingk AC 2403 Acrylic dispersion 57.90
10 Byk 024 Defoamer 0.15
11 Asconium 142DA Org. corrosion inhibitor 1.90
premix
Let Down

12 AMP 90 Neutralizing agent 0.15

13 Water demineralized 1.90
14 Optifilm Enhancer 300 Co-Solvent 1.50
15 Ascotran H10 Flash rust inhibitor 0.50
16 Tafigel PUR 60 solution Thickener 0.50
(10 % PUR 60; 20 % DPM; 70 % Water)
Total 100.00 %
Solids content w/w 56 %
Pigment volume concentration (PVC) 21 %

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Fig. 19

Our technical service suggestions and the information contained in this report are based on experience and are
made to the best of our knowledge and belief, but must nevertheless be regarded as non-binding advice subject
to no guarantee. Working and employment conditions over which we have no control exclude any damage
claims arising from the use of our data and recommendations. Furthermore, we cannot assume any
responsibility for any patent infringements which might result from the use of our information.

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