UNIT -I APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 3.1 Introduction 3.2. Second Order Derivative (Without Example) 3.3 Geometrical Meaning of Derivative (Slope, Gradient) 3.3.1 Slope of the Normal to the Curve 3.4. Equotions of « Tangent and « Normal to the given Curve 3.5 Moxima and Minima 3.5.1. First Derivative Test for Maximo ond Minima for ¥ =f () at @ Critical Point x 3.5.2 Second Derivative Test for Local Moximum/Minimum 3.6 Radius of Curvature 3.6.1 Definition of Curvature 3.6.2 Expression for Curvature in Cartesion Co-ordinates + Illustrative Examples «Exercises © Answers 3.1 INTRODUCTION iar with the process of differentiation (derivatives) from semester — II. Remember, derivatives es and their You are fan € found everywhere in engineering, physics, biology, economics and many such areas. Derivat plications are inseparable from real life problems and their solutions. The tangent line is the graph of the linearization. Linearization of a function is the process approximating a netion by a line near some points. The increasing function has positive derivative at any point in the concerned interval whereas the decreasing netion has negative derivative at any point in that interval. The knowledge of change of sign of first derivative finding extreme values, that is, maximum value and minimum value of a function. a function at a point help: concept of extrema leads us to many economical phenomena such as finding maximum profit of production \um cost or material needed for the production of an article. The problems of ‘related rates’, solution of ebraic equations using Newton's method, radius of curvature are few names of applications of derivatives. 3.2 SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVE (WITHOUT EXAMPLE) Consider the relation is y = f(s) ase (1),Anplied Mathematis (Yip. Sem a2 Aoplestons Differentiating w.r.t0 x, we get, d ory) 2 Q) This is called the first order derivative. Again differentiating (2) w.r.t0 x, we get, (el - gre) ‘The LHS. is written as s or yz whereas the R.H.S. is written as f" (x). Henee, we have, 3) This is called the second order derivative. ‘This way, we define (1) Itis clear that the derivative or & or yr wsrtoxis 5% oF ys. 2 2 (2) Note thar $$ + (@!) a ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1: If xy =a, show that x ay +2 a =0. Solution : We have, xy = & 0) Differentiating warsto x, we get dy x ty) =0 2) ‘Again differentiating w.rto x, we get, dy , dy rs veg omrgeo «a. Observe differentiation carefully Bago ‘This is the required result. a, Example 2 : If y= sin 5x—3 cos Sx, show that a + 25y=0, Solution: Wehave, y = sinSx-3cos5x ... (I) Differentiating w.r.to x, we get, gy _ GE = c0sSx- 5-3 (sin x)-5 «+» Observe carefully composite derivatives . B~ 5 cas 5x +15 sin x Q) ‘Again differentiating w.rto x, we get, . Dh= 5. (sin Sx) 5415 €05 54-5 = -25 sin 5x +75 cos Sx (BTE-200)“Applied Mathematics (F.¥. Dip. Sem.) 3-3 Applications of Derivatives -25 [sin 5x —3 cos 5x] ... (25) is common factor taken out = -25y ... The bracket quantity is y from (1) a Gb +25y = 0 This is the required result. 3.3 GEOMETRICAL MEANING OF DERIVATIVE (SLOPE, GRADIENT) Consider y= f(x) isa continuous function (curve) in the domain (a, a+ h) as shown in Fig. 3.1 Let P (a, f(a) and Q(a+h, f(a+h)) be two points on this curve, where h#0,h>0. yeanis (e+hf(ath) axis ference of x-co-ordinates of points _ f@a+h)=f@) thw F(a+h)- F(a) m a (1) As the point ‘Q' approaches to point ‘P” along the curve, h -» 0 and when the point Q coincides with point P, the limiting position of a secant line PQ is a tangent at P. ‘Then, the above result (1) becomes, m_ = Slope of tangent at Pon y= f(x) _ lim) f@+h)—- f(a) ~ Q3P h _ lim f@+h)-f@ @ hoo h i This result (2) is the derivative of y= f(x) at x=a onit. som =f @) 4 orm = ef =P @ ‘Thus, geometrically, & or f(x) represents the slope of the tangent to the curve y =f (x) at any point on the curve. 4 ’ a a = f° (a) also represents the gradient of the curve at x= a.Aehied Mathematics (FY Dp. Seen I) aa Aes Bern, (2) The slope of the tangent at the point P (x, yx) on the curve y = f(x) s -&| op | rs This is obtained putting x= x1.¥~ys in the expression for f(x, y). | (3) For parametric functions, obtain & at the required point. 4 fination of a tangent line is 8, then slope of tangent = = F(x) = tan 8. (4) Mthe i (5) Slope of waxis is zero and slopes of parallel lines are equal. Hence, fora tangent line parallel to x-axis 4 Ga) = 0. (6) For to perpendicular lines, the product of slopes is -1, i.e. mi -m: 3.3.1 Slope of The Normal to The Curve 1 line at P (a, £(a)) on the curve y= f(x) as shown in Fig. 3.2. hk Noral J y= 80) Tangent fine (a, t(a)) Fig. 3.2 “The normal to the curve at P (a, {(a)) isa line perpendicular to the tangent line at that point. Hence, =| Slope of tangent at P (a, F(@)) _.. (By the condition of perpendicular lines) Slope of normal at P (a, fla)) = iy definition of hope, slope of tangent at x= Shope of normal at x= aony =f (x)is = | 2.4 EQUATIONS OF A TANGENT AND A NORMAL | ____ TO THE GIVEN CURVE Referring ta Fig, 3.2, La mm = slope ofthe tangent at xa on y=Htxy = a. S enigen graces thetavi he: paint, say, # (x9, 95). Then its equation in slope-point form is yoy © m4) oG) “The normal 1 porpendicala to the tanyent at P On, 9). Led mf» Slope ofthe nenmial at x= a ony f(xy 1 m ~ Hy condition of perpendicular linessed Mathematics (EY. 09. Sem.) 3.5 Applications of Derivatives ‘The normal also passes through the same point. Hence, its equation in slope-point form is m! (xx) ++ (2) ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1 : Find the gradient of the curve y= at x=4, “<< (w-14) Solution : Given: y= -) Differentiating yw. gy tye 2 dx 2 ~ 2a 2) a Geometrically, $ represents gradient of the curve at any point on it. Gradient of the curve at x= 4, using result (2), we have, ay] BGP 3x16 3x16 _ dxlx=4 24” 2f64 2x8 7 Thus, the gradient of the curve at x= 4 is, m=3. Example 2 : At what point on the curve y=’, the slope is 1? (W-15) Solution : We have y=e" (1) - Differentiating w.r.to x, we get, og _ a7? ~~ (2) Geometrically, slope of the curve = (2) Be But it is equal to 1 (given) . Converting exponential to logarithmic form When x=0, y= The point is (0, 1). Example 3 : Find the point on the curve y= x? at which slope is —5. Solution : The equation of the curve is y= 3x—x" -() (S-16; W-13) flerentiating w.r.to x, we get, dy & 7 372% d ; But geometrically this {represents slope of a tangent at any point on the curve. In this case, itis given 5, 3-2x=-5 w2x=8 x4 When x = 4, from equation (1), we get, y = 3(4)-(4F = 12-16=-4 \e co-ordinates of the required point are : (4, ~4), ind the point 0 the curve y=2x"~6x where the tangent is parallel to the x-axis, (S-14) ay Example 4 : 1 iia Solution : ‘The equation of the curve is y = 2x’ ~ 6xApplied Mathematics (F.¥. Dip. Sem.) 3.4 -Axplicaton 4 “ee (2) The slope of the tangent at the point P (x1, ys) on the eurve y= F(x) is: -¥ 7 Bigayy 7 ‘This is obtained putting x= x1 y= yi in the expression for f* (x,y). (3) For parametric functions, obtain w at the required point. (4) If the inclination of a tangent line is 0, then slope of tangent = & = f(x) = tan8. (5) Slope of x-axis is zero and slopes of parallel lines are equal. Hence, for a tangent line parallel 4g kay ) WY _ pry) = a ho 1. (6) For two perpendicular lines, the product of slopes is —I, ie. my + mz 3.3.1 Slope of The Normal to The Curve Consider a tangent line at P (a, £(a)) on the curve y = f(x) as shown in Fig. 3.2. Normiat line Je—y=10) Tangent line Fig. 3.2 “The normal to the curve at P (a, f (a)) is a line perpendicular to the tangent line at that point. Hence, xl Slope of normal a P (a, a)) = Fone of tangent at P (a, Fa) _.- (By the condition of perpendicular is By definition of slope, slope of tangent at x =a = x = f(a) ee dx ~ Slope of normal at x= a on y = f(x) i8 = Fray 3.4 EQUATIONS OF A TANGENT AND A NORMAL TO THE GIVEN CURVE Referring to Fig. 3.2, Let m = slope of the tangent at x=a on y=f(x) = x wea F@ Tangent passes through the point, say, P (x1, y,). Then its equation in slope-point form is y-yr = m(x-x) (1) ‘The normal is perpendicular to the tangent at P (x1, 1). Let m' = Slope of the normal at x=a on y=f(x) a .- By condition of perpendicular linessopiod Mathematics (FY. Dip. Sem.) 3-5 ‘Applications of Derivatives ‘The normal also passes through the same point, Henc equation in slope-point form is yoy = mem) 22) ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ee =] Example 1 : Find the gradient of the curve y=? at x= 4, (weld) Solution : Given: y= ve (1) Differentiating y w.r.to x, we get, dy Vg 3x? ax ~ ye * 3 + @) dy Geometrically, Gy represents gradient of the curve at any point on it. *. Gradient of the curve at x = 4, using result (2), we have, dy 3 4F _ 3x16 3x16 dxlxoa ” 24a? ~ 264 ~ 2x8 Thus, the gradient of the curve at x= 4 is, m=3. Example 2 : At what point on the curve y=’, the slope is 17 (W-15) Solution : We have y= e* (1) od Differentiating w.rto x, we get, 4 Ere = Q) dy Geometrically, slope of the curve = GY = e' (2) But itis equal to 1 (given) x= loge =0 »- Converting exponential to logarithmic form x=0 When x=0, y=e'=e?=1 :. The point is (0, 1). Example 3 : Find the point on the curve y=3x—x’ at which slope is —5. (S-16; W-13) Solution : The equation of the curve is y = 3x ~ x? (1) Differentiating w.r.to x, we get, _ wv Ge > 32x But geometrically this w represents slope of a tangent at any point on the curve. In this case, it is given s-5. B-2x=-5 k= Bo xa4 When x ~4, from equation (1), we get, y= 3(4)-@P 2-16 = 4 ‘The co-ordinates of the required point are : (4, ~4).. Example 4 : Find the point the curve y= 2x"— 6x where the tangent is parallel to the x-axis. (S-14) Solution : The equation of the curve is y = 2x”— 6x a)OO ‘Apolod Mathematics (FY. Dip. Sem.) Differentiating w.r.o x, we & = 4x —6 = Slope of tangent zero, Tangent is parallel to x-axis. Novy, slope of x-axis Slopes of parallel lines are equal. ax-6= 0 3 7 2 5 in equation (1), we get, y-26 « mepoins: @, 2). Find the inclination of the tangent to the curve y=e™ at (1,~3). y =e, Differentiating w.r.to x, we get, Example 5 Solution : The equation of the curv = 14.778 = Slope of the tangent 1f°0'is the inclination of the tangent, then, tan 0 a tan 0 = 14.778 0 = tan! (14,778) = 86.13° g Slope of tangent Example 6 : Find the slope of the tangent, if x=acos’®, y=bsin’@ at O= 4. Solution = Given : x= acos’@ and y = bsin’ 0 Differentiating x w:1.40 8 Differentiating y w.r.to 0 a 3 cos" @ (-sin 8) & B ~ y.3sin80-cos0 = -3a.cos’0- sind = 3bsin’ @- cos @ «definition of 2 an ‘Then, by definition of G for parametric functions, we have, wy dy _ 40 _ 3bsin’0- cos * de ~ dx ~ “acosO-sind a0) 0 Geometrically, $ represents s ne nts slope of a tangent at any point, Slope of tangent at 0 » from above result (1), is Applications ot (sx (BTE-2011)poled Mathematics (FY. Dip. Som. 1) 32 Applications of Derivatives ay wibsp. E dxlowna a" MG =e b =-3M--2 ‘This is the required slope of a tangent. Example 7 : At what points does the curve y =x°—24x +2 have slope equal to 3? Solution : We have y= x°—24x +2 () Differentiating wr.to x, we get, dy y 2 = 3e-4 .Q Geometrically, slope of tangent = 4 = 3x2 24 +) But it is equal to 3 (Given) 3-24 = 3 3x? = 27 9 & x= 3,3 3 in expression (1), we get, (3) - 24 (3) +2 = 2747242 = 74-27 = 47 < One point is (-3, 47) Putting x = 3 in expression (1), we get, y = G)=24(3) +2 = 27-7242 = 29-72 =-43 “Another point is (3, 43). Example 8 : Find the point on the curve y= ? — 6x +8, where the tangent is parallel to x-axis, Solution : We have, y = x°- 6x+8 «= () Differentiating w.r.to x, we get, dy _ oe 7 2x-6 dy Geometrically, slope of tangent = Gy = 2x-6 = @ ‘The tangent is parallel to x-axis, slope of x-axis = 0 and slopes of parallel lines are equal. 2x-6 = 0 2x = 6 : x=3 Putting x =3 in equation (1), we get, y= GF-6G)+8 9-18+8 = 17-18 =-1 +. The point is (3,-1).aand b. Appliod Mathomaties (-¥. Do. Sem.) 3.8 aye ae Example 9 : Find the point on the curve ¥=7% _ 3x? where the inclination of the tangent is 450 Solution 2) Differentiating w.r.to x, we get, WH 76x & dy Geometrically, slope of tangent = = 76x Q) ‘The tangent has inclination, @ = 45° Slope of tangent = tan 0 = tan 45 = 1 -G) Results (2) and (3) stand for the same thing. | T-6x=1 x= 6 in equation (1), we get, y=70)-30) -3-4 The required point is (1, 4). Example 10 : The slope of the curve 2y* = ax? +b at (I, ~1) is same as the slope of x + y= 0. Fis| (BTE-2011, 21 Solution : We have, 2y? = ax" +b (ld) “The point (1, -1) ison this curve. Hence, it must satisfy the co-ordinates of the point 2CI= aay td S -2=atb Q) Differentiating (1) war.to x, we get, ie Zoay Beal zxt0 Dividing throughout by 2, we get, ay & ax dy_ ax dx By! : Slope of tangent at (1,1) = 2 ey? FSF 8) ot) 7 3 _ Slope ofline x ty=0 is,m=-2 = f= 3 (4) Results (3) and (4) stand for the slope of the same thing, a a= 3) Putting a=—3 in equation (2), we get, 2=3+b | bet Thus, we have, a=-3,“Appled Mathematics (EY. Dip. Sam i) 0) Aoplications of Derivatives ind the equations of tangents to the curve y=x?~2x~3 where it meets the x-axis, Solution : The curve is y=x?— 2x 3 w (w-13) Example 11 Wmeets the x-axis in points where y= 0. Putting y= 0 in equation (1), we get, 2x-3=0 Factorizing, we get, (x-3I)K+1I =0 x=3 orx= ‘Two points on x-axis are (1,0) and (3, 0). Differentiating (1) w.r.to x, we get, , Xe Ge = Ix-2 Geometrically, slope of tangent = = 2x2 + Q) ox At the point (-1, 0): From (2), the slope of tangent at (-1,0) = $% a 7 2CN-2 = 4. This tangent passes through the point (~1, 0), with slope, m = —4. Hence, its equation in slope-point form is : Yo¥r= m(x—m) where x) y-O= -4(x+1) ya -dx-4 Axty+4= 0. At the point (3, 0) : From (2), the slope of tangent at 3,0) = ao) 7 20-2 = 4 ‘Thus, the tangent pa 's through the point (3, 0) with slope, m= 4. Hence, its equation in slope-point form is : yoyr = m(x—x) where x) =3, y= 0, m=4 y-0= 4(x-3) y= 4x -12 dxy-l2 = 0. Example 12: Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve y = x (2x) at point (2,0). “7 (1) 2) & represents the stope ofa tangent at any point of the curve. ‘ Slope of tangent at (2,0) = 3 rt = 20-2) -2=m in above (1)‘Npplied Mathematics (EY. Dip. Sem.) E Appiations of Day, “Normal is perpendicular to tangent at (2, 0) 1 -. Slope of normal at (2, 0) = Slope oFtangent at 2,0) point (2, 0) ‘Normal and tangent both are passed through the (i), Equation of tangent in slope-point form where (x1 yi) = (2,0), ™ ty 4 Equation of normal in slope-point form is m'(x-x) where m'= > ve Gat and normal to the ellipse 2x? + 3y" = S which i, perpendicular to the 3x+2y +7=0. t Solution : The equation of he ellipse is 2x°+3y°=5. (I) Lot p(x, y’) bea point onthe ellipse. ax? +3y?=5. (2) | Differentiating equation (1) w.r4o x, we Bet, | 4 1 1 Ax toy Gea 0 2x hi ay ay| x x zag ae atl ¥ lope of tangent at p(x’, y')- The slope of line 3x +2y +7=0 is 3. ‘The tangent and the line are perpendicular to cach other. Putting x’ = ~y' in equation (2), we get C Dy? + dy?=5 ce SyP=5 a yal 2 yea When y= 1, from(3)x’=-1 2 A=(I,1) When y'=-1, from(3)x"=1 2 B=(1,-1)ippked Mathematics (FY. Dip. Som 1) an Applications of Derivatives a 21 AC ACID. = AED 0 2 «» From slope of tangent Equation of tangent, in slope point form is : yy = M(x—xy) where x1 = 2 oe yl = 04) By-3 = x+2 dx -3y4+5 = 0 (4) Normal is perpendicular to tangent at (~1, 1). -1 Slope of normal at (1, 1) = ope of normal a (1,1) = Stops of tangent at (v1) 3 Slope of normal = 2 3 Equation of normal, in slope point form is : y-yi = m(x-x) Waleolas y-1=-F 040 2y-2 = -3x-3 ce Oxbaytl =o 6 AUB(I,-1): 1 Slope of tangent = 2a =3 ‘quation of tangent at (1,1) is : y-yi = m(ix-x) ytd =20-) By 43 = 2x-2 -- (6) 2x-3y = 5 7 =a Further slope of normal at (15-1) = SigpeoFtangent ar) a1. 3 Slope of normal = -3 = ~5 3 Equation of normal, in slope point form, is : ¥-y1 = m(x—xi) where x) ytt=-2@-1) dy +2 = 3x43 2 we (7) 3x42y ( Example 14 : Find equation of normal and tangent to the curve y = 4xe" at the orig ae ol) iven : y = 4xe! Solution :3.12 Applications of Dp ea soplied Mathematics (EY. Dip Sem t) : " Ditlerentiating w.rt0 x, we get, dy cre 7 ABS e()) = atl) By rule of derivative of product | (2) d Slope of tangent at (0, 0) = a aye 4-041) From (2) 4 " eee Slope of normal at (0,0) = Sfope of tangent at (0.0) 4 uation of tangent in slope point form is yoy =m (x—¥1) where x)= y= O.m=4 y-0=46-0) yedx or dx-y=0 QB) Equation of normal in slope point for where x)= yy =0.m= =m(x~%) (-0) 2 dy=-x or x+dy=0. wa (A) ae Example 15 : Find the equation of the fangent and normal (o the curve 4x? + 9y? = 40 at (1,2). (W-14) Solution : The equation of the curve is 4x" + 9y" = 40) a) Differentiating w.rt0 x, we gel, aut ity: 2 =o dy _ 8x ix ax ~ Tay * Oy Slope of tangent at (1, 2) is, fy | 4M 2 asaa 9Q) 7 79 Hence, the equation of tangent in slope point form is, “es 2 y-y= mex) where xi=1, i= 2, m= > 2 y-2=-5 0-1) Sy -18 = -2x4+2 2W49y = 20 Next, tangent L normal at (1,2) a ~ Slope of normal a (1,2) = =———=!__ °?) ~ Slope of tangentan (ld) 21 2 Vy say, Normal also passes through eh he same point (1,2), Hence, the equation of normal ins in slope point form is : Yrye =m’ (x= xy ») where xy=1, y= 9 Ml y=2, mas 2pobed Mathematics (FY. Op. Sem 1) 9 ¥-2=Fx-1) 2y-4= 9x9 9x-2y = 5 8) Example 16: Find equation of tangent (o the circle x7 + y" + 6x — 6y -7=0 ata point Solution : The equation of the circle is cuts the x-2 M4 y+ 6x—6y-7=0 a ing y = 0 in the above equation (1), we get, +) vhich cuts the x-axis in points where y = 0. Pui N+ 6x-7=0 Factorizing, we get, OFNOA-D=0 xtT=Oo0rx 1-0 x=-7 or x= Poi is of intersection with circle on x-axis are : A(-7,0) and B (1,0) Now, differentiating equation (1) w.rto x, we get, Dividing throughout by 2, we get, a xty 43-3. Bao Rewriting as ds OD a -OHD dx y-3 ! 3 Slope of tangent = = ~ amr) -G) : eI 743 Slope of tangent at A (-7,0) = ="QT3> = Equation of tangent at (-7, 0) is y-yi = m(x-xi) where x1=—1, y;=0, m=— ele 4 y-0= =F (x47) By = 4x28 Sax 43y 428 = 0 A) (+3) ~ 0-3 Next, slope of tangent at B (1, 0) is = Equation of tangent at B (1,0) in slope point form is, y-yr = mx) y-0= 46-1)Applied Mathematics (FY. Dip. Sem.) 3-1 PPIIALIONS of Dea, | ay = and : | Se eran 13x'+2Ny ty? | nd the equation of the tangent and normal tothe curve TINTS 2NY FY =T ag (1g), wl) Example 17: ° Solution : The curve is 13x" + 2N'y* Y Differentiating w.rto x, we gel. dy ' BHD od > dy on Beayeay 399 » SY _ sag? + dy) ay) FE = G9" + HY) &_ BYtdy Cs Geometrically. “ represents the slope of the ta ele Slope of tangent at (1,2) is = gy Putting \= 1, y=-2 in equation (2), we get, 390 +422) | By =3 (2 Slope of 2) == Equation of tangent with m= 2 and passing through the point (1, ~2) is = .. Slope-point form -.B) ‘Now, nonnal is perpendicular to tangent at (1, -2). By condition of perpendicularity (m, - ms =I), Slope of normal at (1, ~ =! =a ‘Slope of tangent at(1,-2) 3131 1 ‘Then, the equation of normal in slope point form is, Y-yi = m&=x) 422-4 ¥+2= 3) x) Bly+62= 1x14 1ax—31y = 16 Example 18 : Find *a',it ce = if the tangent t through § 4-3) and 8 (2,5), ent to the curve y= x7 + ax at the origh 0 in is parallel to the line passing Solution : The equation of the cu Differentiating w.r40 x, we getOO applied Mathomalics (FY. Dip. Sem.) ay] dx at erigin (0.0) 3.15 Applications of Dorivatives 0 2O)ta =a Slope of tangent at (0, 0) + Q) Slope of line through A (4, ~3) and B (-2, 5) is =x where x)=-4, yr=-3, X2=—2, yr= 5 ~ 523) 2) 543 2+ =8 2 4 @) Since the tangent at (0,0) is parallel to line AB, their slopes are equal. . [a=d © Example 19 : The equation of the tangent at the point (2,3) on the curve y=ax’ +b is y= 4x — the values of a and b. ind (W-15) Solution : We have, y = ax?+b we) The point (2, 3) is on this curve. 3 Qytb Batb= 3 +2) Differentiating (1) w.rto x, we get, * ax) +0 x = Bax” 4d 2 Geometrically, slope of tangent = GL = 3ax® ay dxlasy Slope of tangent at (2, 3) = 3a(Q2¥ = 12a... 3) The equation of tangent at (2, 3) is y = 4x - 5 whose slope is m= 4 (Comparing with y = mx +c). Slope of tangent line at (2, 3) = 4 we (4) Results (3) and (4) stand for the same thing, c Va = 4 ate 7 Putting a= ; in equation (2), we Bel, (rea ‘Thus, we have a=bSS iS Asso oben Maes | sem 1) sea Manemstes (EDP ‘pplies Mathomsbes —4 when (= 2. (BTE-2009, : 5 S- Example 20 Find the equation of tangent the curve 7 Solution : i -t and Given: X74 and When Differentiating x w.rto t, we gel, at ae dy a dt en a we v at (1) ... from (1) above ith slope m= Hence, the equation of the tangent in slope-point form is : YoYi= M(X=%) Muliplying both sides by 2, and simplifying, we ge, “ 2y-3= -10x+5 0x +2y = § Dividing throughout by 2, we get, 2 Sxty=4 This is the required tangent, x 7 + gy =2 at the point (a, b) is (BTE-2010, 2009; S-16)Appl Mathematics (FV. Dip Som.) a7 Applications of Derivatives ... (1) Note the simplification using laws of indices ing (1) warto x, we get, 4 el te GRR Dee at yn = g Dividing throughout by m, we get, Geometrically, Slope of tangent at (a, b) = a ye or) The tangent passes through the point (a, b) with slope, m . Hence, the equation of the tangent line i slope-point form is : yoyi = mex) b y-b=— (x-a) ay—ab = —bx tab a bx +ay = 2ab Dividing throughout by ab, we get, ew. 238 a tba x Ratn2 This is the required tangent. 1 Example 22 : Find the equation of tangent to the curve x=, Y= 1 4 When 1=2. 1 Solution : The curve is x=. ¥ When t=2, x=. y= +. 5)ise point on this curve. To find x «that is, slope ofthe tangent at t= 2, we use parametric differentiation, Slope of tangent‘Applied Mathematics (FY. Dip. Sem.) [Equation of tangent in slope-point form is = m(x~a1) soxtysl : Example 23 : Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve 2x? — xy + 3y"= 18 at (3, 1). (Was 2x? — xy +3y"= 18 = () Differentiating w.r.to x, we get ‘ wy ix Rayaes-a Feo ’ ‘ axon Py roy = 0 Solution : The curv gd (6-9) Fe yds ~X ee (2) dx 6y-x Gcomerically,{& represents the slope of the tangent at any point of the curve. é 1. Slope oftangentat (3,1) = | Mo. , Pasting x=3, y= 1 in above expression (2), we get 8 4 Slope of tangent at 6-H ie + Equation of tangent with m = — 1 and passing through (3, 1 y-yemO=x) «= Slope-point form u J (x3) 3y-3=-11x +33 Mss 3y=36 Now normal is perendicularto tangent at (3,1) By condition of perpendieularity ie. my -my=—1 Slope of normal at (3,1) = Gt Slope of tangent at (3,1) = ‘Then, the equation of normal in slope-point fom is YY =M(x—x) . 3 » y= 1 = Ty 3) & My-1=3x-9 3x-My+2=0,pond Matnomats (FY. Dip. Som.) 3-19 ‘Applications of Derivatives. EXERCISES (1) Attempt the followiny (a) Find the slopes of the tangent and the normal to the curves (i) xy =6 at (1,6) (ii) y=Vx at x= 9. (b) Find the slope of the tangent to the curve x? + y?= 25 at (-3, 4). (c) Find the slope of the tangent to the curve 3ay? = x?(x-+a) at (2a, 2a). (d) At what point on the curve y = 3x — x’, the slope is 5? (¢) At what point on the curve y =e, the slope is 1? (A) Find the point on the curve y = x?—4x +2 where the slope of the tangent is 10. (g) The slope of the curve y*=ax? +b at (-1, 1) is same as the slope of 2x—y=0. Finda, b. (h) The tangent to the curve y =a + bx + 3x? at the point where it meets the y-axis, has the equation 4x —y +2=0. Find the values of a and b. 2) Attempt the following : (a) Find the points on the curve y=x?—3x-+ 1 at which the tangent is parallel to x-axis. (b) Find the points on the curve y= x? +3x?—9x +7 at which tangents drawn to the curve are parallel to x-axis. (c) Find the points on the curve y=2~x° at which tangents are parallel to 12x + y = 2. 2 (4) Find the point on the curve y= 3x—"5 at which tangent drawn is parallel to. y= x. (3) Attempt the following : (a) Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the curve y = 4xe* at the origin. (b) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = 9x — 12x +7 which is parallel to the x-axis. (©) Find the equation of the tangent to the ellipse 2x* + 3y? = 5, which is perpendicular to the line 3x+2y+7=0. (€) Find the equation ofthe normal o thé curve given by x=+, y=t-* when t=2. @) Show that + ¥ =2 is a tangent to the curve (7) + (¥) =2 at @b). ab e a b, (A) Find the equation of the normal to the curve 3ay*=x"(x-+a) at (2a, 2a). 2 (8) Find the equation of tangent tothe ellipse “y+ x =1, which is parallel to the line x+y +7=0. (h) Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the curve. y= x° (x3) at the point where it cuts the x-axis. (4) Find the equations ofthe tangent and the normal tothe curves at the given points in the following eases : (a) y=x at C11) (b) 2x?- xy +3y’=18 at 3,1) (©) y’ 2a-x)= x at points on it where x=a (d) y=x(2—x) at (2,0). FS ANSWERS Note : T stands for tangent and N stands for normal. () @ (i) +, i Wi) i a 3 ©} O44) ©)3:20 ApeatON oD, Applied Mathematic (FY. ip. Sem I) 1 =4 b=3 (hya=2b | () 7,23) (@a=3- 2) @) (1, G13) (b) (1,2), 3,34) (0 2-6), (2,19) @ @.4) | (3) (a) Tidy 0, Nex tay= 0 (b) T:y=3 ot: at (of) and Tr: 28-39 +5081 (@ x-Syt7=0 (0 3x+4y= Ida (g xtytVB=0 (hy) T:x49y-3=0, N:9x-y-27=9 () (@) Trtxty t= (ce) T:2x-y-a=0, Ne=xt2y—3a=0 { 3.5 MAXIMA AND MINIMA 3.5.1 First Derivative Test for Maxima and Minima for y=f (x) ata Critical Point x =a (b) T: 1x4 3y-36= @ T:2xty-4=0, N: 0, Nix-2y+3=0 Ni3x—Ily +229 ~2y Consider y=£(9) isa continuous function in its domain as shown in Fig. 3.3 =a,ie,f'(x)>0 for x azthen f(x) has a local maxinnum value at x = a. Fig. 3.3 (a). >xaxis @ (b) Fig,33 IEF (x) change sign from negative to positive at x = > a. then (x) has @ local minimum value at x =a. Fig 33 (b), 3.5.1 ivati 5.2 Second Derivative Test for Local Maximum/Minimum Case - 7 vie, f(x) <0 for x0 © Often, it is easy and convenient to determine the using second derivative test. @ Atx=ait fa= (b) Atx=a,if f(a) = Presence of local maximum or and minimum for a functie (1) Volume of 2 cube of side *x' is, y = (2) Surface area of a cube of side x, 3) Volume ofa sphere of radius ts, y (A) Surface area of a sphere of radius ‘s,s = gn? 8agli’ Mathematics (FY. Dip. Sem.) 3.24 ‘Applications of Derivatives (5) Volume of a right circular cylinder is, v= Ph. (6) Volume of a cone is, v =} ah, (7) A soap bubble, raindrop .., are considered as spherical in shape. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1 : Find the maximum and minimum values of x°- 12x-5. \L-~ Solution y= f(x) =x°~12x-5 fl) Differentiating w.r.to x, we get, é 2 eo) = 38-12 ~@ = 300-4) = 3(%+2)(@-2) @ For maximum and minimum values of y= F(x), $& = 0 =. For above (2),3 (x+2)(x-2) = 0 ..Q) 2 certainly gives maximum value of y = £(x) ~2 in equation (1), we get, Yous = f(-2) = (2-12 (-2)-5 = -8+24-5 = 24-13-11 . Point of maximum : (-2, 11) Atx=2, From 3), = 6(2)=12>0 x2 ©. x=2 certainly gives minimum value of y= f(x). Putting x =2 in equation (1), we get, Yoin = £(2) = (2)'= 12 Q)-5 = 8-24-5=8-29=-21 Point of minimum : (2, ~21). Example 2 : Find the maximum and minimum values of 2x) — 3x" — 36x + 10. Solution : Let y= £(x) = 2x°-3x°- 36x +10 ~() Differentiating w.rto x, we get Bp qy= — 6x -36 w= Q) = 6(x°-x-6) = 6(x-3) (+2) ~@) =f, = For maximum and minimum values of y= (%) gx = 0 From above (2), 6 (x-3)(x+2)=0 x=3 or x=-23.72 ther, tenet: (2) WE Xe WE BEL. . EY 6 @) | dx | Axed, trom (3), = 12)-6 = 36-6 = 3070 Who = Feertainly gives minimum value of y= 1 (X) Patting x 3 in equation (1), We get yon FQ) = 2@)'=3 GF 36 G)4 10 = §4-27- 108+ 10 = -71 Atx=-2. from (3) above, 12(-2)-6 = -24-6 2 covaily gives minim value of y = £8) = -2 in equation (1), we get You = 0-2) = 2-2) =3 27-362) #10 = 16-124 72410 = 54. Find the maxionum and minimum value of x°— 92424, Example3 (Wat Sotatons Let y =f (3) =3"—9x" #24 a 40 X, We get, = Pe 3x= 18x 424 ~@) = 34x) -664+8) = 3 (8-4) (8-2) For maximum and minimum valu of y= (3), $= 0 From above (2), 3 (x-4)(x-2)=0. =4x22 wing second order derivative from (2), we have, éy : Be = OH ~@) AUX=4, fr & X= 4, from (3), a 247 8@)=18, = 24-18 = 6>0 X=4 certainly gives minimum value of y = (x) Putting x=4 in equation (1), we get, (A 4-9 647 +24 (4) 145496 = 160-144 = 16 ~ Point of minimum : (4, 16) At x= 2, from (3) ¢ = & -2 7 §Q)-18 . xs js = 2-1 = 6 = X=2 certainly gives maximum value of y =f, = )is 4 Mathomalis (FY. Dip. Som.) ee 3-23 Putting x=2 in equation (1), we get Yas = FQY= 2)" 9 24-242) R- 36448 = 56-36 = 20 Point of maximum ; (2, 20), Example 4: Find the maximum and minimum values of x? — 18x7 + 96x. Solution : Let_y = f(x) = 18x? + 96x, (1) Torentiating w.rto x, we gel, 4 Go = 3x36 +96 2) 4" 3 (x7 - 12x +32) 3(x-8)(x-4) + Q) Observe carefully the above factorization 32=-8 x—4 so that -8- 4 =-12. For maximum and minimum values of y= (x), we have, $= 0. . 3-8) (K-4)=0 x=8 oor x=4 Finding second order derivative from (2) we get, a et = 6x-36...8) AUX = 4, from (3), we have, red og 7 5D =36 = 24-36 = -12<0 *. x=4 certainly gives maximum value of y =f (x). Putting x=4 in equation (1), we get, Yas = £(4) = (4) — 18 4 +96 (4) = 64-288 +384 = 160 Point of maximum = (4, 160) At x= §, from (3), we have, = 6(8)—36 = 48-36 = 12>0 °. x= 8 certainly gives minimum value of y = f(x). Putting x=8 in equaiton (1), we get, Ynin = (8) = (8) ~ 18 (8) +96 (8) = $12-1152+768 = 128 (8, 128) Point of maximum ini ep. 42 Example 5 : Find maximum and minimum values of yor — > + 18x, -B erie () Solution : Given : y= f(3)= Differentiating w.r-to x, We get 1 x = 3x7- 15x +18 ~@ 3 (x7 -5x+6) 3(x-3) (8-2) ®, 0 Appleations of Deseatves, (S-14; W-13) (15)3:24 APDeaON oy, p he Applied Mathomatis (FY. Dip. Som.) dy For maximum or minimum values of y, gy = Equating (3) to zero, we get 3(x-3)(x-2) = 0 =0 orx-2=0 ‘Again differentiating (2) w.t.to x, we get P, © ~ 6x15 (4) dx AU x= 3, from (4), we get, Po ¢ = = 18-15 = AL, ; = 6(3)-15 = 18-15 = 3>0 x= Jgives minimum value of y. 1S 4) From (D), Yai = £) = G)-Z GY +18) = 27-(7.5)(9) +54 = 81-67.5 = 13.5 ‘At x= 2, from (4), we get, = 6Q)-15 = 12-15 = 3<0 gives maximum value of y. Yon = £2)= 2) @+ 18) = 8-30+36 maximum, ; Solution : (BTE-2010; S-14, 15; W-14) Fig. 3. Let B= Breadth ofa rectangle 34 L = Length ofa rectangle = oe = (I8-x) A ea of a rectangle LxB=(18-x)-x A= 18x—2 Diet A.wrt0x, we get, + (1) Required relation of A with x ‘7 8-2 > =20-x, a For maximum area, 4 — 9 can 20-x)=0 2 xn9 ) So anes. eee ete eee Cnet err ppl Mathematics (FY. Dip. Sem.) 3-28 Applications of Derivatives Differentiating (2) again with respect o x, we get, aa dx * 9-2(1) = -2 (Independent of x) de |, 4 = -2<0 sa square i q : a ample 7 : Divide 80 into two parts such that their product is maximum. (S-15, 16; W-14, 15) Solution : Let two parts of 80 be x and (80 —x) Let P be their product. P= x(80-x) : = 80x—x? .. (1) Required relation of P with x. Differentiating P w.r.to x, we get, & = 80-2 +2) = 2(40-x) 2) For maximum product P, ¢ =0 2@0-x) = 0 x= 40 Again, differentiating (2) w.ro x, we get, ap et 0-2) =2 «+ 3) (Independent of x) =2<0 » 0 E 40 certainly gives maximum product, P. When x = 40, Other part = 80 - x = 80-40 = 40 . Two parts of 80 such that their product is maximum are : 40 and 40. i.e. Each 40, Example 8 : Discuss maxima and minima of the function “tan x — 2x”. (w-16 Solution : Let y = f(x) = tan x ~ 2x + (1) + Differentiating w.r.to x, we get, _ “dx = sec?x-2 Q) gy For maximum and minimum values of y= F(%), Gx = . From above (2), sec?x-2 = 0 . sectx = 2 © secx = 2 or —2 1 * gasx = V2 or -NPen Applications of bg, Applied Mathomatics (FY. Dip. Sem.) ‘Again differentiating (2) w.r.t0 x, we have, = Dove x-tan x ~@) Now, at x=F, from (3), we have | A -[= gm) | = 28 (9 | =2@)=4>0 = x= 3 certainly gives minimum value of y = f(x). x “Putting x=7 in equation (1), we get, x 3 n$-2(6) Similarly, at x =H, from (3), we have, > 2 anu 2 = 2 [NR] - cy =2Q) Cl) =4<9 in ‘ i "q Certainly gives maximum value of y= f(x), an, 7 “4 ‘equation (1), we get, x Example 9 : A metal wire of maximum, Solution : 20-x Fig. 3.5‘pplied Mathematics (FY. Dip. Som.) Let B = Breadth of a rectangle = x L = Length of a rectangle = 40=2% (9 yy A = Area of a rectangle =LxB = (20-x)-x = 20x- A = 20x-x? Differentiating A w.r.to x, we get, 20-2 = 2(10-x) : aa or maximum area, 2A 2(10-x)=0 2 10-x=0 +. x=10 Differentiating (2) again w.r.to x, we get, fA Ger0-2=2 @&A &| dx” =2<0 x=10 x= 10 certainly gives maximum area of a rectangle, When x= 10, L=20-x = 20-10 = 10cm Dimension of a rectangle are : L=B= 10 em, Iisa square for maximum area, Example 10 : Solution : Let two parts of 20 be x and (20 - x). Let ‘P* be the required product. P = (20-x)xx P = 20x'-x! Differentiating P war.to x, we gel, e = 60x2- 4x? = 4x? (1S-x) ap For maximum product, gx 4x? (15-x) = 0 x=0 or x=15 ; X=0 is not adequate. Hence drop it out x=15 3-27 Applications of Derivatives (1) Relation of A with x. +2) + Q) (Independent of x) L~ vide 20 into two parts such that the product of one and cube of the other is maximum. (BTE-2011) ++ (1) Relation of P with x. +2) + (2)ered 12015)- 125F FAA 6 (Positive root o ‘Again, ieensiatng (3) wnt See. ly) flength of box cannot be negative] éy hy i From (8), when x 45-2 4) det ae 2 ~-12<9 X= 4 ocmainly gives mayieny Dimensions of boon ate : vom ofthe Length = Breadth x= = % em ang Hig y May + Dimensions of box ae: tem, %.em,4¢m, 4 4 O~2=Pes St ELLE ene ert ect gps Matematis (FY. Dip. Sem.) 3-31 Arpiatons of Derivatives Example 14 A beam is supported at the two ends and is uniformly loaded. The bending moment M at a distance x from the end is given by M a 7 : 42, Find the point at which M is maximum. Solution : The relation of *M’ with ‘x’ is given by, WL, We 2 - 7* haw Differentiating M w.r.to x, we get, aM _ WL dx 2 7 Wx + 2) = w(5-s) : aM _ For maximum M, da i) vs) x M= 0 0 L 2 ‘Again, differentiating (2) w.r.to x, we get, &M oe 7 0-W) At x= , from (3), we get, G) a dx’ Eq i = =W (Independent of x) <0 2 Bo i x = F certainly gives maximum value of M. L :. Mis maximum, at x=7 from the end i. at the mid-point of the bean. aoe 5 0 Example 15 : The rate of working an engine is given by the expression 10v + ago , where V is the speed of the engine. Find the speed at which the rate of working is the least. Solution : Let ‘R’ be the rate of working an engine. 4000 : R= 10V+>y ..- (1) (given) Differentiating R w.rto V, we get, dR 4000 &.10- + 2) B - 10-7) 2 IR ForleastR, Gy = 0 From (2), vi = 400 V = 20 (positive root only)AP Icaons ‘Applied Mathematics (E¥ Dip Sem) eg, Again, differentiating (2) w-rto V, we get eR g - 4000 (22 Vi QB) From (3), when V=20, ‘ - V=20 certainly gives minimum (least) R. ‘Thus, the rate of working of the engine is least when v = 20. Example 16: A manufacture can sll x items (x 2 0) ata price of Rs, (330 ~ x) each. The eau g producing x items is Rs. x’ + 10x + 12. Determine the number of items (0 be sold so that the manufacture, can make the maximum profit. (vay Solution : The selling price per item = (330 - x) Total selling price of x items = x (330 - x) = 330x - x? The cast of producing x items = x? + 10x + 12 ‘. Profit, P = Selling price ~ Cost price (330x =x") - (x? + 10x + 12) = 330-7 =x" = 10x12 P= 320x-2x"-12 «++ (1) Relation of P with x, Differentiating P war.to x, we get, oP fy 7 320-4x +) = 4(80-x) Q) For maximum profit (P), $2 = 0 From (2), 4(80- x} Again, differentiating (2) w.r.to x, we get, ee wr 0-4) = ~4 (Independent of x) =-4<0 veto X= 80 certainly gives maximum profit Thus, for maximum profit, 80 items should be sold Example 17: A bullet is fired into a impact. Calculate maximum depth of pe ‘mud bank and penetrates (120¢ e ~ 36000" in t seconds 3 : netration, 600?) meters in t sec Solution : Let x be the depth of penetration, X= 120~ 36002 Differentiating x w:r0 time, we gt ++ (1) Relation of x with 1. dy ‘a= 120-7201 2 = 120(1 601) 7 ~ (2)‘applied Mathematics (F.Y. Dip. Sem. tt) 3-33 ‘Applications of Derivatives For maximum penetration, $~ 9 From (2), 120(1 - 601) = 0 amis = 601 oF t= 3 Again, differentiating (2) w.rto t, we get, ax We = 0-7200(1) = -7200 (Independent of t) 3) 1 From (3), when (= 2, we get, @ a = -7200<0 = 1460 (= Gp certainly gives maximum penetration : 1 Putting = G in (1), we get 1 1 Xn = 120(g5)~3600 (25 3600 ~ 3600 = 2! ‘The maximum depth of penetration is one meter. =2 Im Example 18 ; Show that the right angled triangle whose hypotenuse is 60 cm has its area maximum. when each of its remaining two sides is 30-2 em. Solution ; In Fig. 3.8, AABC is right angled at C. a Let AB = Hypotenuse = 60 em (given) 600m Let side BC = x c ¥ 8 Fig. 3.8 Other side AC = -J3600—x7 .-- by Pythagoras theorem, Then, A= Area of AABC 1 pc =3* BC x AC A= 4 x-300-8 + (1) Relation of A with x, Differentiating A w.r.to x, we get, da _ | > fle the 3 [vie (rx Tame 29] i 3600 — x? — | “2 [ 43600 - x’ 1 3600-25] “2 (Fron 7. aA _ 1800=x" + (2) ax” Y3000-= dMo —— Applications ot ‘Apo tMathomaton (pon ~+ mt Moa Vor minimum ates iy 1800 Vficoo' Iso VO PARDO xe Af9I02 » G02 ; ie WA, ‘Teatiny, for masini value using change of sign of first derivative icc in the dx sew) When 9 is slightly tess than 30/2, from (2), dat dx inhoud gy When » is slightly greater than 30-2, from (2) dA. - dy dA a n Thus, {changes from positive to negative at x = 30-2. This is the condition for maxintim value, Thus, the ofa right angled Other side = AC } 36001800 = 1800 = 30,3 | BC=AC = 3042 ; ‘Thus, the two remaining sides of AABC are 30/2 cn ee] for maximum area wgle is maximum when x = 30/2 em. } | 1 | ‘ach. Note that the right angled triangle is an isosceles ie Example 19: The lengths of three sid i les of an isosceles trapezi ‘i id the t ‘rea of the trapezium when itis maximum, foe eaeh teen 10 en. Ei Solution ; Dem Referring to Fig. 39 Fig 39 T ABCD is an isosceles Wepefium in which AD = Draw sex DE, seg CF perpendicular to side AB, Due to symmetry of figure, At: = yp : By Pythagoras theorem,ppd Mathomatice (FY. Dip. Som. Wy Area of trapezium hat by Tt pec Noy «TOO 3? x fx 4 10-4 10) a 3 VIOO—¥- (2x 4-20) A= VIDOR «(x 10) oe (1) Rel 1A W.r.o x, we get, jon of A with x. dA Ge” VIO - (1) + (+ 10) Ta Ax) fiov re - x “io x _ 100 x2~x?~ 10x V100~x? = 22 = 10x + 100 100-2 _ 224 5x~50) ne i00-x? _ 2410) (x= 5) Vi00~ x7 ~@ For maximum area, 44 = 0 2 (x +10) (x—5) From), =O) = 0 x= -10 or x=5 x =-10 is neglected as side cannot be negative. .X=5 is the required value. Testing for maximum value using change of signs of first derivative, we have, From (2), when x is slightly less than 5, dA OWO dx + =+ When x is slightly more than 5, dA OM dx. > Thus, $4 changes from positive to negative at x= 5. This is the condition for maximum value of the function, *. x=5 certainly gives maximum area of the trapezium. From (1), putting x = 5,we get Anus = \{100—25 - (5 + 10) V75 (15) 5.315) B sq.cm.— Appiican 2% 108 of Dey ‘Applied Mathematies (FY. Dip. Sem.) ing through a circuit with variable resistance R and constan, Volt, Example 20: The current I pass ingiven by T= qirg~ The eneray utilized is given by PR. Show that the energy 44 7 and resistance Fis gi ‘maximum if R + ‘Solution : Let ‘x’ be the energy utilized, PR where |= Fey x ~- [ea] VR «+ (1) Relation of x with R Rey x Differentiating x w.rto R, we get, 2[( +r? -()-R-2 Ren) vec V= constant 7, (R¥H RAR “ =2R) 1. Observe carefully the simplification (Ren _ MR) (r=) (Rr constant | Es to ay w+ (2) dx Formaximum x, 5 = 0 1 VR) _ Rin From (2), T-R=0 2R Testing for maximum value using change of signs of first derivative, we have. From (2) when R is slightly less than r, fx BR OO = ave ‘When R is slightly more than r, & WC & OO dx Thus, gp changes from positive to negative at R Thi S the condition for maximum value of x, Thus, energy utilized in maximum if R Example 21: Ay i is give A an a vain = i iin by 1=50-sin (oomt + 0.04) Find the value of t for W! Solution : The relation ofl with tis given by 1=50 sin (100xt + 0,04) Dilereniaing Iw.rto t, we get, a gq. 30- cos (100m + 0.04). 1005 = 50005 - cos (10021 + 0,04) ar + Q) For maximum a= =O Vi‘Applied Mathematics (F.Y. Dip, Som.) ile ‘Applications of Derivatives From (2), 5000x - cos (100m + 0,04) = 0 £08 (100nt + 0.04) = O=cos F —_... Observe carefully x 100nt + 0.04 = 2 x loom = F -0.04 at |e ‘= Foon {3 -o4} differentiating (2) w.r.to t, we get, a “ge = ~5000n sin (100m + 0.04) x 100% = -500000n? sin (100nt + 0.04) w+ 3) 7 1 Putting t = 755 ff -o4} in (3), we get Value oft - ? si H(z 500000n" sin[ 100% an = -500000r? sin EI = -500000n? <0 1 Toon G- oa) certainly gives maximum I, ) + ous] Putting this value of t in relation (1), we get, Tmax = 50 sin| 100% « ‘in| = sosa(3] 50 (1) il 100% sin Imax = 50 EXERCISES (1) Find the maximum and minimum values of x? — 9x? + 24x, (2) Find the maximum and minimum values of 2x? —3x?—36x + 10, (3) Find the maximum and minimum values of x° + 3x? = 2, (4) A fence of length 100m is to be used to form three sides of a rectangular enclosure, the fourth side being a wall, Find the maximum area which can be enclosed by the fence. (5) Divide 120 into two parts such that their product is maximum. A shes of paper for a poster has its area 18 sq. m. The margin at the top and bottom are 75 cm and at the sides 50cm, What are the dimensions of the paper if the area of the printed space is maximum? (7) A right circular cylinder is to be made so that the sum of its radius and heights is 6 meters. Find maximum volume of cylinder.were TTT Ce a ei Cnet a 3.38 Applications ‘Appliod Mathomatics (FY. ip. Sern MI bo A Dethtig, 2 aa r (8) The cost per km of an electrical cable is 8100 by C= “a + 600s, where °»” Is the cross-sotgg sq.m. Find i fa, te eross-secton fr which cost eas (b) The least cost per km (5) Aire gti ut not pars Oe partis bet info cirle and the other into a square Py ore am ofthe areas ofthe circle andthe squares the least the radius of the circle is half ofthe sip F of the square. 7 3 (10) Find dhe rectangle ofthe greatest are that can be inscribed in a circle x7+y*= a". {11 A manner can sell’ ems per werk ata price (23 ~ 0.001X) rupecs each, It costs (5x + 2569 aie pce items. Fi the numberof ems tobe produced pet week for maximum profit, ts : =10(sin pe sin 2pt) Find the m ag current ‘I" amp in a cireuit is given by i | (12) The alter High ‘minimum value of the current. : : tod | (13) The combined resistance R of two resistors Ry and Ro where Ri, Re > 0 is given BY R= FR If Ry + Rs =e, constant, show that the resistance R is maximum when Ry = Rs (14) A reetanste has an area 50 sq. cm. Find its dimensions when perimeter is least. (15) Find the position of point P on seg AB of length 10cm so that AP? + BP? is minimum. (16) A window consists of a semi-circle with rectangle constructed on its diameter. Given that the perimeter ¢ the figure is Sm, find the dimensions so that the area of the window is maximum. (17) A beam is supported at the ends and is uniformly loaded. The bending moment M at a distance x for wr ‘one end is given by M="- ( - FA} . Find the point at which M is maximum, (18) The velocity of waves of length 2 on deep water is proportional to where ‘a’ is a certai linear magnitude. Prove that the velocity is a minimum when 2.= a. (19) Find the dimensions ofa rectangle of largest area having fixed perimeter 100 cm. (20) A metal wire 100 cm long is bent to form a rectangle. Find its dimensions when its area is maximum. (21) A box with square base and no top has volume 500 cm’, Find the dimensions of the box that requires Teast material for construction. ANSWERS (1) You =20 at x=2, Ynin=16 at x=4 (2) Ya= 54 at X=-2, Yon (4) Ama = 1250 sq, m. (6) Dimensions are : 3-3 m, 2/3 m at (8) (a) x nO) c= 2405 (11) x= 9000 TI at x= (3) Ynin=—2 al X=0, Yun =2 at x=—2 (5) Each partis 60 (1) 32am? (10) Max area = 22° sq.m, (12) Only max-at t= 2, 4, = 15a3 3+ In = amp, (14) Dimer ‘Le (15) P is the mid-point of join AB, nsions : L= B= 5/2 em L (16) Radius of semi-ci (i) x= ‘dius of semi-circle = other side of the rectanel® we (iy (20) L=B=25em. = 25cm. QL = 10cm, = Sem,‘applied Mathematics (F.Y. Dip. Sem. iy Sco. ‘Applications of Derivatives [iis 3.6 RADIUS OF CURVATURE : ] The measuring of the “tightness of bends” on the curve is called “curvature”. It is obvious that very tight tends have large curvature, Curves having positive curvature are called “concave upwards “concave downwards” (9), ” (U) and those with negative curvature are 3.6.1 Definition of Curvature - ys yeas e¥=t0) (Q(x + Bx, y + BY) e yOu LS Tangent obffo >xaxis OORT >xais @ 0) Fig. 3.10 Suppose y = f(x) is a given curve and the tangent at P (x, y) on it makes an angle of 0 with the positive x-axis. Refer Fig. 3.10 (a). Let P be a point at a distance “S’ from some fixed point M measured along the curve. Then, the curvature, denoted by K (kappa), at P, is the rate of increase of 8 w.r.to S. 40 » K= 95 In other words, the rate of turning of the tangent (@) w.r.to the arc length (S) is called the curvature, 3.6.2 Expression for Curvature in Cartesian Co-ordinates Let y= f(x) be the given curve. Suppose P (x, y) and Q (x + 8x, y + Sy) be two neighbouring points along the curve such that dP,Q length arc PQ. Referring to Fig. 3.10 (b), we have, dy _ tim “By de ~ x90 ox MO = ( tan8 = a Q) F dx ax Further, gs = x0 68 -& 2 cos 6 = 45 ) Now, the curvature is given by, do _ do dx .. Chain nule of derivatives as ~ dx dS = 2 cos “@ ixApicaton 3.40 2.0 De ‘Appi Matvomatc (EY Dip. Se.) es ifferentiating (1) w.r.to x, we get, eee 7 a .. Observe carefully the composite deri, wt, ig ox ly) = () a . ca 2 (4) F - ay ' ug 1 1 Further, cos @ = secO sec? 0 -—L- - 6) Vr 1 &) \ Substituting results (4) and (5) in result (3), we get, \ é : do de 1 ~~ ay * my (Ze (ge ey i 0 x i : =-#._* an) . K= 35 [ ( ‘ay yy] (6) 1+ dy This i the required expression for curvature in Cartesian form. Radius of curvature : The radius of curvature, &, of a curve at a point is the measure of the radius of th circular are which best approximates the curve at that point. It is the reciprocal of the curvature, i 1s Ql K > a0 dy of) é ix Alternative form : xy" we Lor +++ (8) We use this form when & could not be found, Remarks: wy a ‘ dx» Will increase as x increast through the point. Hence, © ak? Will be positive at that point, (2) For a curve which is concay wt ata © downwards at a part ards at a particul ar point, the gradient, { * dy as inereases through he point, Hees, 2 dx + Will decrease de Will be neg 've at that point, ey 2, (3) We may take the same sign as 8 for K @)= pplga Mathomatics (FY, Dip. Sem.) ast ‘Applications of Desivatives, [== ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1 : Find the curvature at (3,~4) to the curve x? +y?=25. \_-— Solution : Given : x? + y?=25 (1) Differentiating w.r.o x, we get, +. (2) =e 5 ax laa 474 +) Again, differentiating (2) w.r.to x, we get, -x é YOD-* dx axe y-x 2) = can d => .- Substituting for $2 Dax? | = _ wa (4) | & 25 _ 25 Ge Vay CAP” 64 ed Now, the expression for curvature is, at =5 it “Curvature of the given curve at (3,4) is § « — Example 2 : Find radius of curvature ofy=x' at (I, 1). (w-16) : ve (l Solution : Given : y=%° =3-02 @) oy 30yn3 QB) ahaa ‘Again, differentiating (2) w.rto x, we gel. 2 Ren on & e (4) = 6(1)=6 i el, 76) ‘Then, the radius of curvature is given by, ‘4 ] 0 [i : & ama ax” 5.27 units, ‘ind the radius of curvature of the curve xy = ¢ at point (c, ¢). : Given : xy =e el) Differentiating w.r.to x, we gc, gs x Layayeo dy wx 0) dy| Le Olay e @) Again, differentiating (2) w..to x, we get, 4 ay [sive dx ca ele, eg 7 AU “ c Now, the radius of curvature is given by‘io Mottmates (YD Sem.) 3:43 Apptcations of Derivatives, Example ‘ind the radius of curvature of the curve y= x? at (2.8). <—~ —(BTE-20115 W-16) Solution niy=x! (1) 2+ Differentiating w.rto x, we get, We de = 3X on Q) dy & [iggy 7 BEI +) Again, differentiating (2) w..to x, we get, @ Se = 6x | = 6(2)= OF lay 7 8" wn) Then, the radius of curvature is given by, i rT [i a (2) a ap § at (2,8) = hae 145)? = oor = 145.50 units, Example § : Find the radius of curvature of the curve +x + Jy = at F 4). (aTe-2009; 5-16; W-16) Solution : Given :-Yx+fy = 1 () Differentiating w.rto x, we get, 1 wy 4 2y | x wy _ Wy dx x +) y-Vi =-l +B) Again, differentiating (2) w.r.o x, we get wv éy ng & wv 2yx dx’ =_ AHO ey | \- Solution : Given : X= acos' 8 a : Sp 7 273 0s @- (sin 8) asin’ @ -3 sin’ 6- cos 0 = 3asin’0-cos 8 i Further,gpl Mathomates (.¥. Op Sem i) Then, the radius of curvature is piven by [gf 1 ds. Ads) J “ i at o=Fis= = ja aa 2y2x3a ay Example 7 : Find the radius of curvature at any a (1—cos 0). Hence show that it is da at 0=0. Solution : The parametric equations of the curve are : Giver é = a(0+sin0) 3a = > units. y qo . a (2 cos* af] + cos 0] 3 é a minded hen, ae 773 40 2a cos" 2 . @y_ Further, Re ~ wet. t aro 20 2acos’ 5 1 4 = Hse § Then, the radius of curvature at any point 0 is given by, (-@y al & 3245 Applications of Derivatives, point of the curve given by x = a (@ + sin 0), y = a(1~cos 0) x. a [0-(-sin 0)] = asin@ = 2pnin® o = 2asing cos 5 .. By chain rule of derivatives3-46 Applications. ‘Applied Mathematics (F.¥. Dip. Sem.) of Detain, a see 5 7 a = da-cos 5 GatO=Ois = da-cos 0 = da(l) = da. Example 8 : A beam is bent in the form of the curve y=2 sin x sin 2x, Find the radius of curvatures the beam a the point x=. wes Solution Given : y =2.sin x~sin 2x (1) Differentiating w.rto x, we get, 4 SEH 2e0sx—cos 2x-2 = 2 fc0s x~c08 2x] o-Q) Slat alos $-cas | = 2f0-CN = 2 Asin, differentiating (2) ws x, we get, ee SR Dsinx + sin2x-(2)) = 2fesin x +2. sin 2x} 2|-sin $42. sing] 2E+9 =2 Then, the radius of curvature is given by [-@y bat a x Ratx= 5 is= - He@ype 2‘pppliad Mathomatics (.Y, Dip. Som.) 347 Applications of Pervasive. Example 9 : A telegraph wire hangs in the form of a curve y = log sce ¢) + Where ‘a’ is constant, Show that the curvature at any point is = « eos @) a ay" Solution : The equation of the curve is y= 4 tog se (2) ol) Differentiating war.to x, we get, Again, differentiating w.r-to x, we get, £Y geet (2). ax? = Sa) a Then, the radius of curvature is given by, 1 op ee Hence the result. 7 x Example 10 : Find the radius of curvature of the curve y= log (sin x) at x= 2 Solution : The equation of the curve is y= log (sin x) ow @l) Differentiating w.r-to x, we get A osx = cotx ® dx ~ sinx dy. ee & Ieee 23-48 Applicat Applied Mathematics (FY. Dip Sem It) AO Again differentiating (2) war.t0 x, we get, = -cosec” @)- iy gy ax Nov, the radius of curvature is given by, Putting all known values, we get, a _ [lL +oyy? a babys 52 SEE = Example 11 \d the radius of curvature of the curve y"= ax at point (a, 2a). Solution : The equation of the curve is y’ = ax we (I) Differentiating wr. x, we get, y dye ada aoe “yoy 4 2a Gl 2q > 2a a) Again, differentiating (2) wssto x, we get & ao q ee F a ««. Observe carefully the differentiation fy tw ee ag y -at ae : Shaan” we ‘Then, the radius of curvature is giv 7 po © AWRa units Example 12 : Find the radius of curvature of yea Solution : The equation of the curve is y= ¢ (0,1), ‘ (I) ov-_ a ee pope MEeetes EY. DB. tp 3-49 Applications of Derivatives: Differentiating w.rs0 x, we get, os (2) (3) Then, the radius of curvature is given by ne ayy [! * (2) ] & & _ aye? Cott Sat (0,1) = = =a" - 3) | = 242 units. EXERCISES (1) Find the radius of curvature of the following curves at the given points : (a) xt +y*=2 at (1,1) (b) y=x° at (1,1) (©) y=et at (0,1) (@) y?=4x at (2,242) (e) x+y =2 at (1,1) © VR+vyeve a ($4) (g) xy=c? at (c,¢) (h) y?=x° +8 at (2, 0) (i) x=3acos0—acos 30, y=3asin®-asin 30 at 0 () x=allog (sec 0), y= a (tan @-6) at 0 (2) Show that the radius of curvature at any point on the circle x” +y’=16 is 4, (3) Find the radius of curvature of the curve y=e* at the point where it crosses the y-axis. (4) Find the radius of curvature of the parabola x = at", y= 2at at any point t, (5) Find the radius of curvature at the point (a cos? @, a sin’ @) on the curve x”? + (6) For the curve x= (cost + tsin ), y=a (Sin t—t os ), show that the radius of curvature is at,Applied Mathematics, (FX. Dip. Sem.) 3-50 Applications of Dette, (7) Find the radius of curvature ofthe curve y? (2a—x) =x" at the point (a, a). (ef +e") is ¥ (8) Show that the radius of curvature at any point of the curve x, [ ANSWERS -y2 woe wf (© 22 (a 693 @ 3N3 0 2 { ()V2-e (6 (i 3asino () atan 0 see 0 O28 (4) 2040)" (5) sin20 7 2 it AAA