DIGITAL LAB MANUAL 2017

Exp. No. 01 STUDY OF LOGIC GATES

Date: XX / YY / ZZZZ

AIM:
To study the working of basic logic gates NAND, NOR, NOT, AND, OR, XOR and to verify their truth
tables.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Breadboard, ICs (NAND - 7400, NOR - 7402, NOT - 7404, AND - 7408, OR – 7432, XOR – 7486), DC
+5V power supply, single strand wires, Resistors and LEDs.

IC DESCRIPTION:
1. IC 7400: It is a quad 2 input and 1 output NAND gate. It consists of 4 individual NAND gates. When both the
inputs are high, the output is low else high. Y = (A..B)’

2. IC 7402: It is a quad 2 input and 1 output NOR gate. It consists of 4 individual NOR gates. The output is high
when both the inputs are low else high. Y = (A + B)’

3. IC 7404: It is a quad 1 input and 1 output NOT gate. It consists of 6 individual NOT gates. When input is low,
output is high (vice versa) Y = A’

4. IC 7408: It is a quad 2 input and 1 output AND gate. It consists of 4 individual AND gates. When both the
inputs are high, output will be high else low. Y = A. B

5. IC7432: It is a quad 2 input and 1 output OR gate. It consists of 4 individual OR gates. When both the
inputs are low, output will be low else high. Y = A+B

6. IC7486: It is a quad 2 input and 1 output XOR gate. It consists of 4 individual XOR gates.
When both the inputs are different, output is high else low. Y = A⊕B

PROCEDURE:

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The corresponding ICs may be mounted properly on the breadboard and energised using +Vcc and ground.
Connect the inputs of any one logic gate to the logic sources and its output to the logic indicator. Apply
varous input combinations and observe output for each one. Verify the truth table for different combinations.
Repeat the process for all other logic gates and tabulate. Switch off the power supply.

GATE LOGIC SYMBOL AND TRUTH TABLE:

IC 7400(NAND gate):

IC 7402(NOR gate):

IC 7404(NOTgate):

IC 7408(AND gate):

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IC 7432(OR gate):

IC 7486(XOR gate):

IC PIN CONFIGURATION:

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IC 7400 NAND GATE:

IC 7402 NOR GATE:

IC 7404 NOT GATE:

IC 7408 AND GATE:

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IC 7432 OR GATE:

IC 7486 XOR GATE:

REAL TIME APPLICATION:

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1. NAND gate logic in Burglar Alarm:

When the switch is closed one input of the NAND gate is LOW. When the LDR[sensor] is in the light the other
input is LOW. This means that if either of these things happen, i.e. the switch is closed or the light is on one of
the inputs is LOW, the output is HIGH and the buzzer sounds.

2. OR gate logic in Doorbell:

3. NOT gate logic in Temperature Value Sensing:

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RESULT:
The working of basic logic gates NAND, NOR, NOT, AND, OR, XOR were studied using truth tables and the
outputs are tabulated.

Exp. No. 02 BINARY TO GRAY AND GRAY TO BINARY CONVERSION

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Date: XX / YY / ZZZZ

AIM:
To construct digital circuits to convert binary code to gray code and gray code to binary code using
XOR gate logic and to verify the function tables for different input data.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Breadboard, IC – 7486 XOR gate, DC +5V power supply, single strand wires, Resistors and LEDs.

IC DESCRIPTION:
IC7486: It is a quad 2 input and 1 output XOR gate. It consists of 4 individual XOR gates. When
both the inputs are different, output is high else low. Y = A + B

PROCEDURE:
The corresponding IC 7486 may be mounted properly on the breadboard and energised using +Vcc and
ground and construct the circuits as per conversion requirement. Connect the inputs of the conversion circuit
to the logic sources and its output to the logic indicators. Apply varous input combinations and observe
output for each one. Verify the function table for different combinations and tabulate. Switch off the power
supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. BINARY TO GRAY CONVERSION:

FUNCTION TABLE:

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BINARY INPUT GRAY OUTPUT

S.No.
B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0
1 0 0 1 1
2 1 0 1 0
3 1 1 1 0
4 0 1 1 0

2. GRAY TO BINARY CONVERSION:

FUNCTION TABLE:

GRAY INPUT BINARY OUTPUT

S.No.
G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0
1 0 0 1 1
2 1 0 1 0
3 1 1 1 0
4 0 1 1 0

IC PIN CONFIGURATION:
IC 7486 XOR GATE:

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REAL TIME APPLICATION:

1. Gray codes are a way of encoding a a sequence of integers {0, 1, 2, …, n} so that the binary representation of
adjacent integers differs by only 1 bit. For example, the1 Gray encoding for the sequence {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} is
{000, 001, 011, 010, 110, 111, 101, 100}.

2. A common application is for finding position in rotary encoders. With normal binary code there will be some
glitches at the edge of the region because there may be multiple transitions in the code at once but in the rotary
disk those bits may not be read at the same time, therefore the reading will be incorrect.

RESULT:
The binary to gray and gray to binary conversion circuits were constructed using XOR gates and the converted
code outputs were verified and tabulated.

Exp. No. 03 BINARY AND DECADE COUNTER

Date: XX / YY / ZZZZ

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AIM:
To construct binary and decade counter circuits 1) using IC7493 to implement 16 binary counts 2)
using IC7490 to implement 10 binary counts and to verify the output.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Breadboard, ICs – 7493 and 7490, DC +5V power supply, clock signal source, single strand wires,
Resistors and LEDs.

IC DESCRIPTION:
IC7493: It is a 4 bit binary counter used to count 16 binary counts from 0000 to 1111. It consists of a
4 bit register made up of flip-flops, which is used to store or hold 4 bit count value at an instant of time(clock
edge or level triggered). Since it has master slave flip flops, it is possible for the counter to shift and count the
binary values right from minimum 0000 to maximum 1111.

IC7490: It is a 4 bit decade counter used to count 10 binary counts from 0000 to 1001. It consists of
a 4 bit register made up of flip-flops, which is used to store or hold 4 bit count value at an instant of time(clock
edge or level triggered). Since it has master slave flip flops, it is possible for the counter to shift and count the
binary values right from minimum 0000 to maximum 1001.

PROCEDURE:
BINARY COUNTER USING IC7493:
The corresponding IC 7493 may be mounted properly on the breadboard and energised using +Vcc and
ground and construct the circuit as per pin details. Connect clock signal source to pin no. 14, interconnect pin
1 and 12, ground pins 2,3,10, energise chip by connecting pin 5 to +Vcc. Connect the output lines: pin 12 to A
terminal, pin 9 to B terminal, pin 8 to C terminal and pin 11 to D terminal. Initially when clock is not triggered,
the circuit output is 0000 and for the first clock trigger the count increments by 1 and may out binary count
value as 0001 and next next count values till 1111 can be availed by triggering the clock signal.

DECADE COUNTER USING IC7490:

The corresponding IC 7490 may be mounted properly on the breadboard and energised using +Vcc and
ground and construct the circuit as per pin details. Connect clock signal source to pin no. 13, interconnect pin
1 and 12, ground pins 2,3,6,7,10; energise chip by connecting pin 5 to +Vcc. Connect the output lines: pin 12
to A terminal, pin 9 to B terminal, pin 8 to C terminal and pin 11 to D terminal. Initially when clock is not

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triggered, the circuit output is 0000 and for the first clock trigger the count increments by 1 and may out
binary count value as 0001 and next next count values till 1001 can be availed by triggering the clock signal.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. BINARY COUNTER USING IC7493:

CONNECTION DETAILS FOR BINARY COUNTER:

1. Connect clock signal source to pin no. 14
2. Interconnect pin 1 and 12
3. Ground pins 2,3,10
4. Energise chip by connecting pin 5 to +Vcc.
5. Connect the output lines: pin 12 to A(Q1) terminal, pin 9 to B(Q2) terminal, pin 8 to C(Q4) terminal and
pin 11 to D(Q8) terminal.

FUNCTION TABLE:

OUTPUT(BINARY COUNT)
DECIMAL COUNT D C B A
0
1
2
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

2. DECADE COUNTER USING IC7490:

CONNECTION DETAILS FOR DECADE COUNTER:

1. Connect clock signal source to pin no. 13
2. Interconnect pin 1 and 12
3. Ground pins 2,3,6,7,10
4. Energise chip by connecting pin 5 to +Vcc
5. Connect the output lines: pin 12 to A terminal, pin 9 to B terminal, pin 8 to C terminal and pin 11 to D
terminal.

FUNCTION TABLE:

OUTPUT(BCD COUNT)
DECIMAL COUNT D C B A

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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

IC PIN CONFIGURATION:
IC 7493 4 BIT BINARY COUNTER:

IC 7490 4 BIT DECADE COUNTER:

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REAL TIME APPLICATION:

1. Counters can be used as clock dividers. Many a times on-chip peripherals of processor work at lower
frequencies than the actual frequency of processor. The main aim of doing this is to reduce the total power
dissipation. The lower frequencies are derived from higher frequency (main oscillator) by using a frequency
divider i.e. a counter.

2. The applications of the counters mainly involve in digital clocks and in multiplexing. The best example of the
counter is parallel to serial data conversion logic. A set of bits, performing concurrently on parallel lines is called
parallel data. A set of bits, performing on a single line in a time series is called serial data. The Parallel-to-serial
data conversion is normally is done by using a counter to afford a binary series of the data, select i/ps of a MUX.

3. A common application is in machine motion control, where devices called rotary shaft encoders convert
mechanical rotation into a series of electrical pulses, these pulses “clocking” a counter circuit to track total
motion.

RESULT:
The binary and decade counter circuits were constructed using IC7493l, 7490 and the count values were verified
and tabulated.

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Exp. No. 04 HALF ADDER AND FULL ADDER

Date: XX / YY / ZZZZ

AIM:
To construct half adder circuit to add two bits of data, full adder circuit to add more than two bits of
data and to verify the function tables for different input data.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Breadboard, ICs – 7486 XOR gate, 7408 – AND gate, DC +5V power supply, single strand wires,
Resistors and LEDs.

IC DESCRIPTION:
IC7486: It is a quad 2 input and 1 output XOR gate. It consists of 4 individual XOR gates. When
both the inputs are different, output is high else low. Y = A + B
IC 7408: It is a quad 2 input and 1 output AND gate. It consists of 4 individual AND gates. When
both the inputs are high, output will be high else low. Y = (A. B)’

PROCEDURE:
The corresponding ICs 7486 and 7408 may be mounted properly on the breadboard and energised using +Vcc
and ground and construct the circuits as per design. Connect the inputs of the conversion circuit to the logic
sources and its output to the logic indicators. Apply varous input combinations and observe the addition
output for each one. Verify the function table for different combinations and tabulate. Switch off the power
supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. HALF ADDER:

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FUNCTION TABLE:

2. FULL ADDER:

FUNCTION TABLE:

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IC PIN CONFIGURATION:
IC 7486 XOR GATE:

IC 7408 AND GATE:

REAL TIME APPLICATION:

RESULT:
The half adder and full adder circuits were constructed using XOR and AND gate logic and the outputs were
verified and tabulated for different input binary data.
Exp. No. 05 IMPLEMENTATION OF BASIC LOGIC GATES USING UNIVERSAL GATES

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Date: XX / YY / ZZZZ

AIM:
To construct various digital circuits to implement AND, OR, NOT and XOR logics using universal
gates NAND and NOR and to verify the truth tables of the basic logic gates.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Breadboard, ICs – 7400 NAND gate, 7402 NOR gate, DC +5V power supply, single strand wires,
Resistors and LEDs.

IC DESCRIPTION:
1. IC 7400: It is a quad 2 input and 1 output NAND gate. It consists of 4 individual NAND gates. When both the
inputs are high, the output is low else high. Y = (A.B)’

2. IC 7402: It is a quad 2 input and 1 output NOR gate. It consists of 4 individual NOR gates. The output is high
when both the inputs are low else high. Y = (A + B)’

PROCEDURE:
The corresponding ICs 7400 and 7402 may be mounted properly on the breadboard and energised using +Vcc
and ground and construct the circuits as per design. Connect the inputs of the corresponding
implementation circuit to the logic sources and its output to the logic indicators. Apply varous input
combinations and observe the binary output for each one. Verify the truth table for different combinations of
the basic logic gates and tabulate. Switch off the power supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS(NAND GATE):

1. NAND as NOT GATE:

2. NAND as OR GATE:

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3. NAND as AND GATE:

4. NAND as XOR GATE:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS (NOR GATE):

1. NOR as NOT GATE:

2. NOR as OR GATE:

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3. NOR as AND GATE:

4. NOR as XOR GATE:

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TRUTH TABLE:

IC PIN CONFIGURATION:
IC 7400 NAND GATE:

IC 7402 NOR GATE:

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REAL TIME APPLICATION:

1. FREEZER WARNING BUZZER:

When the thermistor is COLD its resistance is LARGE and the input to the NAND gate is high.
Since the NAND gate is connected as an INVERTER the output is LOW.
As the thermistor warms up its resistance decreases, the voltage across it falls and the input to the NAND gate
falls. When it becomes low enough the output becomes HIGH and the buzzer sounds.

2. The Boolean NOR function provides a simple yet vital component of logic circuits, whether used as control /
glue logic, PCB miniaturization or routing simplification.

RESULT:
The basic logic gates OR, AND, NOT and XOR were implemented using universal gates NAND and NOR and their
truth tables were verified.

Exp. No. 06 SHIFT REGISTERS

Date: XX / YY / ZZZZ

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AIM:
To construct digital circuits using IC7495 to shift serial input datum to the left, right and to perform
parallel IN-OUT operation and to verify the outputs for different input data combinations.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Breadboard, IC7495, DC +5V power supply, single strand wires, Resistors and LEDs.

IC DESCRIPTION:
IC7495: It is a 4-Bit Shift Register with serial and parallel synchronous operating modes. The serial shift right and
parallel load are activated by separate clock inputs which are selected by a mode control input. The data is
transferred from the serial or parallel D inputs to the Q outputs synchronous with the HIGH to LOW transition of
the appropriate clock input.

PROCEDURE:

IC CONFIGURATION:

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1. LEFT SHIFT OPERATION

i. Interconnect pin 2 and 12
ii. Interconnect pin 3 and 11
iii. Interconnect 4 and 10
iv. Pin 5 as serial input data(either 0 or 1)
v. Pin 6 as mode control(connect to +Vcc for left shift)
vi. Connect pin 7 to ground terminal point
vii. Connect pin 8 to clock signal source
viii. Output lines: connect pin 10 to A terminal, pin 11 to B, pin 12 to C and pin 13 to D
ix. Connect pin 14 to +Vcc to power up chip.
FUNCTION TABLE:

LEFT SHIFT
OUTPUT
CLOCK SERIAL INPUT D C B A
0 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
0 1
1 1
2 1
3 1
4 1
2. RIGHT SHIFT OPERATION
i. Pin 1 as serial input data(either 0 or 1)
ii. Pin 6 as mode control(connect to ground for right shift)

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iii. Connect Pin 7 to ground terminal

iv. Connect pin 9 to clock signal source
v. Connect pin 14 to +Vcc to energize the chip
vi. Output lines: pin 10 to A, pin 11 to B, pin 12 to C and pin 13 to D
FUNCTION TABLE:

RIGHT SHIFT
OUTPUT
CLOCK SERIAL INPUT D C B A
0 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
0 1
3. PARALLEL IN-OUT OPERATION:
1 1
2 1 i. Consider pin no. 2,3,4,5[A,B,C,D]
3 1 as parallel input data pins,
4 1 ground for input 0 and +Vcc for
input 1
ii. Connect pin 6 to +Vcc
iii. Connect pin 7 to ground
iv. Connect pin 8 to clock signal source
v. Connect pin 14 to +Vcc to energize the chip
vi. Parallel output lines: pin 10 to D, 11 to C, 12 to B and 13 to A

FUNCTION TABLE:

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PARALLEL IN DATA PARALLEL OUT DATA

CLOCK A B C D A B C D
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

REAL TIME APPLICATION:

1. 'Serial to Parallel' and 'Parallel to Serial' Conversion: Usually microprocessors and controllers handle data as
bytes (8 bits) or words (16 bit, 32 bit .. ). But serial interfaces in them allow transmitting or receiving data as a
series of bits (serial data). So there should be a mechanism that will convert the serial data into parallel data (or
vice versa). The Serial-In-Parallel-Out (SIPO) and Parallel-in-Serial-Out (PISO) shift registers makes this
possible.
2. Multipliers: The basic steps involved in binary multiplication is shifting and adding. Hence shift registers are a
part of binary multipliers.
3. Registers to store data: Used in ALU's to store operands, intermediate results and final results.

RESULT:
The left, right shift operations and parallel IN-OUT operation were experimented using IC7495 and the outputs
were verified and tabulated.

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