(a) On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, make

notes on it using headings and subheadings. Use recognizable

abbreviations (wherever necessary- minimum four) and a format you
consider suitable. Also supply an appropriate title to it. (5)
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words. (3)
SAMPLE NOTE MAKING FORMAT FOR ABOVE QUESTION
Solution 1:
Artificial Intelligence: Not a threat
1. Not a threat
1.1 is of help
1.2 makes life easier
1.3 no profession defunct
2. AI.will help legal field
2.1 recog.human speech and object
2.2 making decisions based on data
2.3 translates langs.
2.4 do search and find tasks
3. AI. cannot perform high level tasks like
3.1 writing legal briefs
3.2 advising clients
3.3 apprng in courts
3.4 sharp decision making
4. Function of AI.
4.1 collates data
4.2 predicts probable outcomes
4.3 tells return on invest.
4.4 considering agreement or arbitration

Key to Abbreviations
Abbreviations Words
AI Artificial Intelligence
recog. recognises
langs. languages
apprng. appearing
invt. investment

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Summary
Artificial Intelligence: Not a threat
Artificial Intelligence is not a threat but makes life easier especially in the legal
field. It cannot perform certain high-level tasks like writing legal briefs, advising
clients, making sharp decisions and appearing in courts but it can collate data, aid
research and decisions based on data. It can recognize human speech and translate
languages. It can also predict probable outcomes, tell return on investment, consider
agreement or arbitration and is thus advantageous to legal firms .
Note Making Example 1: Read the passage given below:
1. Colour Therapy is a complementary therapy for which there is evidence dating back
thousands of years to the ancient cultures of Egypt, China and India. If we define it
in simple terms, Colour is a light of varying wavelengths, thus each colour has its own
particular wavelength and energy.
2. Colours contribute to energy. This energy may be motivational and encouraging.
Each of the seven colours of the spectrum are associated with energy. The energy
relating to each of the seven spectrum colours of red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
indigo and violet, resonates with the energy of each of the seven main chakras/energy
centres of the body. Colour therapy can help to re-balance and/or stimulate these
energies by applying the appropriate colour to the body.
3. Red relates to the base chakra, orange the sacral chakra, yellow the solar plexus
chakra, green the heart chakra, blue the throat chakra, indigo the brow chakra
(sometimes referred to as the third eye) and violet relates to the crown chakra.
4. Colour is absorbed by the eyes, skin, skull, our ‘magnetic energy field’ or aura and
the energy of colour affects us on all levels, that is to say, physical, spiritual and
emotional. Every cell in the body needs light energy – thus colour energy has
widespread effects on the whole body. There are many different ways of giving colour,
including; Solarised Water, Light boxes/lamps with colour filters, colour silks and
hands on healing using colour.
5. Colour therapy can be shown to help on a physical level, which is perhaps easier to
quantify, however there are deeper issues around the colours on the psychological and
spiritual levels. Our wellbeing is not, of course, purely a physical issue. Fortunately,
many more practitioners, both orthodox and complementary, are now treating patients
in a holistic manner.
6. Colour Therapy is a totally holistic and non-invasive therapy and, really, colour
should be a part of our everyday life, not just something we experience for an hour or
two with a therapist. Colour is all around us everywhere. This wonderful planet does
not contain all the beautiful colours of the rainbow for no reason. Nothing on this
earth is here just by chance; everything in nature is here for a purpose. Colour is no
exception. All we need to do is to heighten our awareness of the energy of colour,
absorb it and see how it can transform our lives.

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(a) On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, make
notes on it using headings and sub- headings. Use recognizable
abbreviations (wherever necessary-minimum four) and a format you
consider suitable. Also supply an appropriate title to it. (5)
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words. (3)
Solution 2:
Colour Therapy
1. Age old therapy
1.1 Found in
1.1.1 Egypt
1.1.2 China
1.1.3 India
1.2 light of varying wavelength & energy
2. Colour relate to energy of chakras
2.1 red –base
2.2 orange – sacral
2.3 yellow – solar plexus
2.4 green – heart
2.5 blue – throat
2.6 indigo – brow
2.7 violet – crown
3. Holistic benefits
3.1 phy’l
3.2 spirit’l
3.3 emtn’l
Key to Abbreviations
Abbreviations Words

vryng varying

wvlngth wavelength

& and

phy’l physical

spirit’l spiritual

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Summary
Colour Therapy
Colour therapy is an age-old therapy found in the cultures of Egypt, China and India.
Each colour has light of varying wavelength and energy. Colours relate to the energy
of chakras. Red is for base chakra, orange to sacral, yellow to solar plexus, green to
heart, blue to throat, indigo to brow and violet to crown. Colour impacts us on all
levels, including the physical, spiritual and emotional well being. Colour therapy has
holistic benefits.
Note Making Example 2: Read the passage and answer the questions
given below:
1. There is a clear dichotomy between Jayashankar Prasad’s daily life and the one that
found expression in his literature. In his literary formulations, Prasad advocated an
escape- from personality ideals and categorically stated: “An artist‟s art, and not his
person, is the touchstone to assess his work . . . it is only after losing his personality
that he emerges in his art as an artist”.
2. In Prasad‟s works – his poems, short stories, novels, dramas etc. – what emerges is
life as shaped in the writer’s inner self by his emotions, fancies, dreams, reveries . . .
His writings are a record not of outer reality, but of the artist’s inner world. As such,
of a proper appreciation and understanding of his works more emphasis needs to be
placed on the working of his mind, than the events of his dayto-day life.
3. Prasad was born in a renowned family of Varanasi. His grand-father Shiv
RatanSahu, a dealer in high quality perfumed tobacco (snuff). Besides being an astute
businessman, he was endowed with a marked cultural taste. His home was the meeting
place of the local poets, singers, artists, scholars and men of religion. Prasad‟s father
Devi Prasad Sahu carried forward this high tradition of family. Prasad, therefore, had
a chance to study the various phases of human nature in the light of the business
traditions, artistic taste and religious background of his family.
4. When the business had somewhat recovered, Prasad planned the publication of a
literary journal. Prasad started the “Indu”. The inaugural number appeared in July
1909. By this time Prasad’s notions of literature had crystallized into a credo. In the
first issue of Indu, he proclaimed, “Literature has no fixed aim; it is not a slave to
rules; it is a free and all-embracing genius, gives birth to genuine literature which is
subservient to none. Whatever in the world is true and beautiful is its subject matter.
By dealing with the True and Beautiful it establishes the one and affects the full
flowering of the others. Its force can be measured by the degree of pleasure it gives
to the reader‟s mind as also by the criticism which is free of all prejudice”. The words
sound like the manifesto of romanticism in literature.
5. Even while recognizing the social relevance of literature, Prasad insisted, “The poet
is a creator . . . he is not conditioned by his milieu; rather it is he who moulds it and
gives it a new shape; he conjures up a new world of beauty where the reader for the
time being, becomes oblivious of the outer world and passes his time in an eternal

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spring garden where golden lotuses blossom and the air is thick and pollen”. Thus,
the chief aim of literature according to Prasad is to give joy to the reader and to create
a state of bliss in him. Later under the impact of Shiv Advaitism, this faith of Prasad
got further strengthened.

(a) On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, make

notes on it using headings and subheadings. Use recognizable
abbreviations (wherever necessary-minimum four) and a format you
consider suitable. Also supply an appropriate title to it. (5)
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words. (3)
Solution 2:
Jayashankar Prasad- His life
1. His exprsn. in lit.
1.1 an escape
1.2 lose your personality
1.3 record of writer’s inner world
1.4 more emphsz. on mind than body
2. Personal life
2.1 renowned fam. of Varanasi
2.2 home- meeting place of the local poets, singers
2.3 grand-father- an astute businessman
2.4 had a chance to study phases of human nature
3. Started the “Indu”
3.1 in July 1909
3.2 proclaimed
a) lit. has no fixed aim
b) is free and all-embracing genius
c) gives birth to genuine lit.
4. Social relevance of lit.
4.1 poet is a creator
4.2 moulds it
4.3 conjures up a new world of beauty
4.4 becomes oblivious of the outer world
5. Chief aim of lit.
5.1 give joy to the reader
5.2 create a state of bliss

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Key to Abbreviations
Abbreviations Words

lit. Literature

emphsz. Emphasize

exprsn. Expression

fam. family

Summary
Jayashankar Prasad- His life
Jayshankar Prasad found expression in literature and created an escape only after
losing his personality. His writings are a record of the writer’s inner world with more
emphasis on mind than body. He was from a renowned family of Varanasi where
home-meetings of poets and singers would take place. His grandfather was an astute
businessman and therefore Prasad had a chance to study phases of human nature. In
July 1909, he started ‘Indu’, in which he proclaimed that literature has no fixed aim,
is free and all-embracing genius and gives birth to genuine literature. He recognised
the social relevance of literature as the poet is the creator who mould it, conjures up
a new world and becomes oblivious to the outer world. The chief aim of literature is
to give joy to the reader and create a state of bliss.

Note Making Example 4: Read the following passage:

1. How does television affect our lives? It can be very helpful to people who carefully
choose the shows that they watch. Television can increase our knowledge of the
outside world; there are high quality programmes that help us understand many fields
of study, science, medicine, the different arts and so on. Moreover, television benefits
very old people, who can’t leave the house, as well as patients in hospitals. It also
offers non-native speakers the advantage of daily informal language practice. They
can increase their vocabulary and practise listening.
2. On the other hand, there are several serious disadvantages of television. Of course,
it provides us with a pleasant way to relax and spend our free time, but in some
countries people watch television for an average of six hours or more a day. Many
children stare at the TV screen for more hours a day than they spend on anything else,
including studying and sleeping. It’s clear that TV has a powerful influence on their
lives and that its influence is often negative.
3. Recent studies show that after only thirty seconds of television viewing, a person’s
brain ‘relaxes’ the same way that it does just before the person falls asleep. Another
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effect of television on the human brain is that it seems to cause poor concentration.
Children who view a lot of television can often concentrate on a subject for only
fifteen to twenty minutes. They can pay attention only for the amount of time between
commercials.
4. Another disadvantage is that television often causes people to become dissatisfied
with their own lives. Real life does not seem so exciting to these people. To many
people, television becomes more real than reality and their own lives seem boring.
Also, many people get upset or depressed when they can’t solve problems in real life
as quickly as television actors seem to.
5. Before a child is fourteen years old, he or she views eleven thousand murders on
the TV. He or she begins to believe that there is nothing strange about fights, killings
and other kinds of violence. Many studies show that people become more violent after
viewing certain programmes. They may even do the things that they see in a violent
show.
(a) One the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on
it using headings and subheadings. Use recognizable abbreviations
(minimum four) and a format you consider suitable. Supply a
suitable title to it. (5)
(b) Make a summary of the above passage in about 80 words. (3)
Solution 3:
Advantages and Disadvantages of Watching Television
1. Benefits
1.1 increases know.
1.1.1 of outside world
1.1.2 science
1.1.3 medicine
1.1.4 diff. Arts
1.2 recreation for old ppl. & patients
1.3 informal lang. practice
1.4 increases vocab. & helps practise listening
2. Disadvantages
2.1 ppl. watch for 6 hrs. or more
2.2 students stare at screen for hrs.
2.3 negative influence
2.4 effect on human brain
2.4.1 poor conc.
3. Impact
3.1 feels life not very exciting
3.2 TV more real, life seems boring
3.3 depression when can’t solve problems

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4. Violence shown on TV
4.1 children become violent
4.2 killings seem normal

Key to Abbreviations
Abbreviations Words
ppl people
know knowledge
& and
diff different
vocab vocabulary
lang language
hrs hours
conc concentration
TV television

Summary
Advantages and Disadvantages of Watching Television
Watching television increases knowledge of the outside world, science, medicine and
different arts. It helps old people and patients to recreate. It assists in informal
language practice, improving vocabulary and practise listening. However, watching
television for more than six hours and staring on screens has a negative influence on
students. It affects the human brain and leads to poor concentration. Television makes
life boring and nothing feels exciting. People can feel depressed when they are unable
to solve problems as quickly as actors do. Television normalises violence which can
make children violent.
Note Making Example 5: Read the passage given below:
1. Well-being is not just the absence of disease or illness. It is a complex combination
of a person’s physical, mental, emotional and social health factors. Well-being is
strongly linked to happiness and life satisfaction. In short, it could be described as
how one feels about oneself and one’s life. Every aspect of one’s life influences the
state of one’s well-being. Researchers investigating happiness have found the
following factors which enhance a person’s well-being: network of close friends,
enjoyable and fulfilling career, enough money, regular exercise, nutritious diet,
sufficient sleep, fun hobbies and leisure pursuits, healthy self-esteem, optimistic
outlook and so on.
2. The factors that influence one’s well-being are interrelated. For example, a job
provides not just money but purpose, goals, friendships and a sense of belonging.
Some factors also make up for the lack of others; for example, a good marriage can
compensate for a lack of friendship, while religious beliefs may help a person to
accept physical illness. Money is linked to well-being, because having enough money
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improves living conditions and increases social status. But various international
studies have shown that it is the quality of our personal relationships, not the size of
our bank balance, which has the greatest effect on our state of well-being. Believing
that money is the key to happiness can also harm a person’s well-being.
3. Understanding the well-being of the population is very important. Measuring well-
being, however, in a population is difficult because the interpretation of well-being is
so subjective — how one feels about peoples’ lives largely depends on the way one
sees it. Like the saying goes: ‘one person’s problem is another person’s challenge.’
4. Keeping track of a population’s well-being helps governments to decide on
particular policies. It also acts as an indicator for various population trends. For
example, knowing the average weekly income of a population helps to set the
‘poverty line’, which may then influence decisions on social welfare reforms. Well-
being can be achieved through a variety of means. Some are as follows : developing
and maintaining strong relationships with family and friends, making regular time
available for social contact, trying to find work that is enjoyable and rewarding, rather
than just working for the best pay, eating healthy, nutritious foods, doing regular
physical activity, involving oneself in activities that interest the people, joining in
local organisations or clubs that appeal, setting achievable goals and working towards
them and trying to be optimistic and enjoying each day.

(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on
it using recognizable abbreviations (minimum four), wherever
necessary. Use a format you consider suitable. Give it a suitable title
also. (5)
(b) Write a summary of the above passage in about 80 words. (3)
Solution 4:
Well Being
1. Definition of WB
1.1 absence of disease & illness
1.2 combination of physical, emotional & health factors
1.3 strongly linked to happiness & satisfaction
2. factors which improve WB
2.1 network of close friends
2.2 enjoyable, fulfilling career
2.3 enough money, good health
2.4 religious beliefs
3. Imp. of understanding people’s WB
3.1 helps govt. frame good policies
3.2 helps determine poverty line
3.3 helps take appropriate action

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4. How best achieved
4.1 having strong relationship with family & friends.
4.2 enjoyable, rewarding work
4.3 involvement in interesting activities
4.4 nutritious food & good health

Key to Abbreviations
Abbreviations Words
WB Wellbeing
Imp Importance
govt government
& and

Summary
Well Being
Well- being not just refers to absence of disease and illness, rather it is a combination
of physical, emotional and health factors. Well being is strongly linked to happiness
and satisfaction. The factors that improve well being include a network of close
friends, enjoyable and fulfilling career, money, good health and religious beliefs. It is
important to understand people’s well being to frame government policies which
would further help to determine the poverty line and take appropriate action. Well-
being is best achieved by having strong relationships with family and friends, doing
enjoyable and rewarding work, involvement in interesting activities and eating
nutritious food for good health.
Note making Example 6: Read the passage given below:
Keeping cities clean is essential for keeping their residents healthy. Our health
depends not just on personal hygiene and nutrition, but critically also on how clean
we keep our cities and their surroundings. The spread of dengue and chikungunya are
intimately linked to the deteriorating state of public health conditions in our cities.
The good news is that waste management to keep cities clean is now getting attention
through the Swachh Bharat Mission. However, much of the attention begins and stops
with the brooms and the dustbins, extending at most to the collection and
transportation of the mixed waste to some distant or not so distant place, preferably
out of sight.
The challenge of processing and treating the different streams of solid waste, and safe
disposal of the residuals in scientific landfills, has received much less attention in
municipal solid waste management than is expected from a health point of view.
One of the problems is that instead of focusing on waste management for health, we
have got sidetracked into ‘‘waste for energy’’. If only we were to begin by not mixing

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the biodegradable component of solid waste (close to 60 percent of the total) in our
cities with the dry waste, and instead use this stream of waste for composting and
producing a gas called methane.
City compost from biodegradable waste provides an alternative to farmyard manure
(like cow-dung). It provides an opportunity to simultaneously clean up our cities and
help improve agricultural productivity and quality of the soil. Organic manure or
compost plays a very important role as a supplement to chemical fertilisers in
enriching the nutrient-deficient soils. City compost can be the new player in the field.
Benefits of compost on the farm are well-known. The water holding capacity of the
soil which uses compost helps with drought-proofing, and the requirement of less
water per crop is a welcome feature for a water-stressed future. By making the soil
porous, use of compost also makes roots stronger and resistant to pests and decay.
Farmers using compost, therefore, need less quantity of pesticides. There is also
evidence to suggest that horticulture crops grown with compost have better flavour,
size, colour and shelf-life.
City compost has the additional advantage of being weed-free unlike farmyard
manure which brings with it the seeds of undigested grasses and requires a substantial
additional labour cost for weeding as the crops grow. City compost is also rich in
organic carbon, and our soils are short in this.
Farmers clearly recognize the value of city compost. If city waste was composted
before making it available to the farmers for applying to the soil, cities would be
cleaned up and the fields around them would be much more productive.
Quite apart from cleaning up the cities of biodegradable waste, this would be a major
and sustainable contribution to improving the health of our soil without further
damage by excessive chemical inputs. What a marvellous change from waste to
health!
The good news is that some states are regularly laying plastic roads. Plastic roads will
not only withstand future monsoon damage but will also solve a city’s problem of
disposing of non-recyclable plastic. It is clear that if the mountains of waste from our
cities were to be recycled into road construction material, it would tackle the problem
of managing waste while freeing up scarce land.

(a) On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, make

notes on it using headings and sub- headings. Use recognisable
abbreviations wherever necessary (minimum four) and a format you
consider suitable. Also supply an appropriate title to it. (5)
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words. (3)
Solution 5:
Waste Management: Some Facts

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1. Reasons for keeping cities clean
1.1 to keep the residents healthy
1.2 health depends on
1.2.1 personal cleanliness
1.2.2 cleanliness of city
2. Reasons for waste management
2.1 being promoted through SBM
2.2 to sensitize imp. of waste separation
3. Challenges of waste management
3.1 has received less attn.
3.2 no focus on WM for health
3.3 biodegradable being mixed with solid waste
4. Benefits of organic manure
4.1 supplement of chem. fertilisers.
4.2 drought-proofing
4.3 makes roots stronger
5. Benefits of city compost
5.1 weed-free
5.2 more productive fields
5.3 chemical inputs avoided
6. Benefits of plastic roads
6.1 withstand monsoon damage
6.2 free lands from dumping waste

Key to Abbreviations
Abbreviations Words
SBM Swachh Bharat Mission
imp importance
attn attention
WM waste management
chem chemicals

Summary
Waste Management: Some Facts
It is important to keep the cities clean to keep the residents healthy. Their health
depends on personal cleanliness and the cleanliness of the city. It is crucial to sensitise
the importance of waste separation. Waste management is promoted through Swachh
Bharat Mission. Waste management is given less attention and biodegradable waste
is mixed with solid waste. There is no focus on waste management for health. Organic
manure acts as a supplement to chemical fertilisers, makes roots stronger and leads to

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drought-proofing. City compost is weed-free, avoids chemicals and leads to
productive fields. Plastic rods are able to withstand monsoon and dumping is avoided.

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