UNIT 2

OPERATING SYSTEM
 UNIT 2 OPERATING SYSTEM 23

Reading Skills
Read the following text and answer the questions below.
An operating system is the most important
software that runs on a computer. It manages the
computer's memory and processes, as well as all

O K
of its software and hardware. It also allows you to

D
communicate with the computer without knowing

A
how to speak the computer's language. Without an

B O
operating system, a computer is useless. Your

O
computer's operating system (OS) manages all of

L
the software and hardware on the computer.

D P
Most of the time, there are several different computer programs running at the same

N
time, and they all need to access your computer's central processing unit (CPU), memory,

U
and storage. The operating system coordinates all of this to make sure each program gets
what it needs.
A
H RE
Operating systems usually come preloaded on any computer you buy. Most people use
the operating system that comes with their computer, but it is possible to upgrade or even

P T
change operating systems. The three most common operating systems for personal

S
computers are Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux. Modern operating systems use a

E NO
graphical user interface, or GUI (pronounced gooey). A GUI lets you use your mouse to
click icons, buttons, and menus, and everything is clearly displayed on the screen using a
combination of graphics and text. Each operating system's GUI has a different look and
feel, so if you switch to a different operating system it may seem unfamiliar at first.

DO
However, modern operating systems are designed to be easy to use, and most of the basic
principles are the same.
People are mostly familiar with
Windows. It is an operating system
designed by Microsoft. There have
been many different versions of
Windows, but the most recent ones
are Windows 10 (released in 2015),
Windows 8 (2012), Windows 7
(2009), and Windows Vista (2007).
Windows comes preloaded on most
new PCs, which helps to make it the
most popular operating system in the
world.
While macOS (previously called OS X) is a line of operating systems created by Apple. It
comes preloaded on all Macintosh computers, or Macs. Some of the specific versions
include Mojave (released in 2018), High Sierra (2017), and Sierra (2016). According to Stat
Counter Global Stats, macOS users account for less than 10% of global operating systems
—much lower than the percentage of Windows users (more than 80%). One reason for this
is that Apple computers tend to be more expensive. However, many people do prefer the
look and feel of macOS over Windows.
 Linux (pronounced LINN-ux) is a family of open-source operating systems, which means
they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world. This is different from
proprietary software like Windows, which can only be modified by the company that owns
24
it. The advantages of Linux are that it is free, and there are many different distributions—or
versions—you can choose from. According to StatCounter Global Stats, Linux users
account for less than 2% of global operating systems. However, most servers run Linux
because it is relatively easy to customize.

Vocabulary
Read passage above carefully. Match the vocabularies below with their meaning according

O
1. software : _____________
K
to the context given in the passage.

D
6. Pre-loaded : _____________

A
2. hardware : _____________ 7. Interface : _____________

O
3. CPU : _____________ 8. Account for : _____________

B O
4. memory : _____________ 9. Open-source : _____________

L
5. storage : _____________ 10. Proprietary : _____________

Definitions:

N D P
U
A. a program that allows a user to interact computers in person or over a network.

A
H RE
B. a set of instruction that tells a computer what to do or how to perform a task.
C. to install information or a program onto a computer before it is sold or used.
D. the collection of physical parts of a computer system.

P T
E. a digital device that captures and retains digital information on electromagnetic.
F. to be an exclusive property of the owner.

S
E NO
G. a device that stores the data information.
H. to be freely available and publicly accessible.
I. represent or make up.
J. the brain of the computer.

DO
H. local drive to store large information.

Reading
Comprehension
Choose whether the statement below is true (T) or false (F)
( T / F / NG ) 1. Operating system coordinates central processing unit (CPU),
memory and storage to make sure each of the running programs
get what they need.
( T / F / NG ) 2. Some operating systems do not come pre-loaded on a computer
you buy.
( T / F / NG ) 3. GUI does not respond when you click mouse, icon, buttons or
menu.
( T / F / NG ) 4. MacOS users do not have lower percentage than Windows user.
( T / F / NG ) 5. Linux is the easiest operating system to be customized.

_
 25
6. What happen if a computer doesn’t have preloaded OS?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. What are differences among three common operating system?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. Describe the primary factor of consumers choose Apple over Windows.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

O K
9. What makes Linux different from its competitors?

D
__________________________________________________________________________________

O A
__________________________________________________________________________________

O
10. How is the development of computers technology from the past times to now?

B
Explain your opinion.

D L
__________________________________________________________________________________

N P
__________________________________________________________________________________

U
__________________________________________________________________________________

A
H RE
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

S P T
E NO
DO
 26
Writing Skills

Basic Academic Writing

A good paragraph contains several related sentences that support one main idea, which
is limited to and focused on one sentence. This sentence helps guide your reader tough the
related sentences in the paragraph. This vital sentence serves as a commitment for the
writer to provide an explanation or illustration of this main idea. The term used to identify this
main idea is a topic sentence.
A topic sentence has two essential parts: the topic and the controlling idea. The topic

K
names the subject, or main idea, of the paragraph. The controlling idea makes a specific

D
comment about the topic, which indicates what the rest of the paragraph will say about the

space of a single paragraph.

O O
topic. It limits or controls the topic to a specific aspect of the topic to be discussed in the

A
B O
Read both of the text below and analyse. Only one text is correct.

D P
Text 1
L
N
Text 2
Italy is one of the most historical countries in the

U
Italy is one of the most historical countries in the

A
world and therefore has many historical places for

H RE
world and therefore has many historical places for
tourists to visit. Firstly, it is the Colosseum which
tourists to visit. Firstly, it is the Colosseum which
was the place where gladiators had to fight each
was the place where gladiators had to fight each
other. Another interesting place is the leaning of
other. Another interesting place is the leaning of

P T
Pisa. This attraction is interesting because of its
Pisa. This attraction is interesting because of its
unique style. Venice is also a place that attracts

S
unique style. Other than that, Italy is also famous

E NO
many tourists because of its uncommon city
for its culinary such as pizza and pasta. Not only
landscape with its canals and bridges that
that, they also famous for its coffee.
connects the city.

D O Important Terms
A good paragraph should be
constructed of:
Paragraph : a group of sentences that focus on a single idea
Topic : the one thing a paragraph is about Theme
Topic sentence : the sentence that tells what the paragraph is Topic
about Topic Sentence/ Supporting
Supporting details : those sentences that explain the topic details
sentence

Take a look on the text 1 and text 2, then read the visual explanation below why one of them
is paragraph an the other is not.

As it can be seen from the idea map below, text 2 has thesis sentence which does not have
appropriate supporting details. Meanwhile, the topic sentence of text 1 have supporting details
that connect each other. To write a good paragraph, you have to maintain that the idea focuses
on one topic with appropriate supporting details.
 27

Italy is one of the most historical Italy is one of the most historical
Topic countries in the world and Topic countries in the world and
Sentence therefore has many historical Sentence therefore has many historical
places for tourists to visit. places for tourists to visit.

Firstly, it is the Colosseum which Firstly, it is the Colosseum which

Supporting Supporting
was the place where gladiators was the place where gladiators
Details 1 Details 1
had to fight each other. had to fight each other.

K
Another interesting place is the Another interesting place is the
Supporting leaning of Pisa. This attraction is Supporting leaning of Pisa. This attraction is

O D
Details 2 interesting because of its unique Details 2 interesting because of its unique

A
style. style.

B O O
Venice is also a place that
Other than that, Italy is also

L
attracts many tourists because

D
Supporting Supporting famous for its culinary such as
of its uncommon city landscape
Details 3 Details 3 pizza and pasta. Not only that,

P
with its canals and bridges that

N
they also famous for its coffee.
connects the city.

A U
H RE
Visualize Your Understanding
Take a look on the text 1 and text 2, then read the visual explanation below why one of

P T
them is a paragraph and the other is not.

S
E NO
As it can be seen from the idea map below, text 2 has thesis sentence which does
not have appropriate supporting details. Meanwhile, the topic sentence of text 1 have
supporting details that connect each other. To write a good paragraph, you have to
maintain that the idea focuses on one topic with appropriate supporting details.

DO
Idea Map
 28

Practice

In the following lists, circle the letter beside the sentence that does not develop the
controlling idea which appears in the topic sentences. Then write out the paragraphs,
leaving out sentences that do not belong. Write on a separate sheet of paper.
TOPIC SENTENCE: I enjoy weekends.
a. I can sleep late Saturday morning.
b. My friends and I can visit and run around.

K
c. I can do all kinds of shopping.

O K D
d. School assignments are due on Monday.

O D
e. We usually go for a pleasant ride on Sunday afternoons.

O
O O A
A
B
TOPIC SENTENCE: Carlos is very interested in cars.

B L O
a. He knows all the details about all the manufacturers’ models.

D L
b. His parents allow him $5 50 a week for gas.

N D P
c. He spends a lot of time each week making improvements on his old Ford

U P
N
d. If there is a new-car exhibit in town, you will find him there.

H A
A E
E U
TOPIC SENTENCE: I easily give tip doing my homework.

H R
a. I always start to feel hungry and go into the kitchen for a snack.

P R
b. I'll leave my studying to investigate any noise I hear.

P T
c. While I study, I try to listen to the radio with one car.

S O T
d. for me, physics is the hardest subject.

S
EE NO
e. I often leave my desk to go to the mirror to comb my hair.
f. often, in the middle of an assignment, I decide that my shoes need polishing and

N
do instead of the assignment in front of me.

O
DDO
TOPIC SENTENCE: The weather has been changeable.
a. On Sunday we had a high wind that blew down some trees.
b. Monday was so cold we had to turn on the heat and wear our winter coats.
c. Tuesday we formed a group to go roller-skating.
d. By Wednesday the weather cleared and the sun came out.
e. Tuesday was as hot and humid as an August day.
f. Friday morning it began to rain, and it looks as if we’ll have a cold, steady wind for
a few days.

TOPIC SENTENCE: All the people on our block give us trouble.

a. Mrs. Brown calls the police whenever we want to play ball on the street.
b. Mrs. Gonzales invites us in for lemonade every day
c. If we happen to stray into Mr. Hardy's yard, he yells at us.
d. Mrs. Johnson complains that skateboarding makes too much noise.
e. Yesterday Mr. Chan kept the Frisbee when it-landed on his front porch.
LANGUAGE FOCUS 29

Present Simple
We use simple present mainly to denote a present action. Specifically, we use simple
present for making timeless factual statements and for describing habitual actions.a
permanent states or habitual actions. Take a look at the example below.

EXAMPLE:
An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer.

O K
Your computer's operating system (OS) manages all of the software and
hardware on the computer.

D
A
The three most common operating systems for personal computers are

O
Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.

B O
Modern operating systems use a graphical user interface, or GUI (pronounced

L
gooey).

N D P
The sentences above are taken from the previous text. In all of the sentences above, it

U
shows that they all describe about fact, opinion or general information. Those

A
sentences use simple present. However, there two different forms of verbs that can be

H RE
used in simple present. So, how do we differentiate them? Read the following
explanation to help you understand the differences between two verbs in simple
present.

S P T
E NO
Simple Present

G. Practice
Singular subject : V1 (with -s/es
Plural subject : V1 (without ending)

DO
ending)

Basic uses and functions:

Use the present simple for a present state (e.g. feeling, opinion) or general facts
Use the present simple for a habitual actions or routines.

Sentence Example:
Sentence Example:
1. David wants to be an expert hacker
1. I want a pizza for my dinner
2. She plays video games every
2. We meet the director once a week
Sunday

To get you understand the whole concept, move to the next page and try to work on the
practice sections. Once you work on it, put away your phone and test your memory
regarding grammar and the tenses.
 30

Practice
A. Direction: Change the verb in the parentheses into the correct forms of simple present.
1. Caches ______________ (provide) extremely fast access to a program and its data.
2. He always ______________ (do) his best in computer class.
3. RAM ______________ (store) data and programs currently used by CPU
4. We ______________ (not/play) video games every day.
5. _________________ (you/trust) your computer consultant?
6. She ________________ (not/get) to work on her laptop before 9 am every day.

O K
7. The girls never _________ (listen) to pop music with their headset on.

D
8. ROM _____________(hold) instructions for starting up the computer.

A
9. Our new neighbor _________ (work) as a Data Analyst in Alphabet Inc.

B O
10. I ___________ (like) macOS very much.

O
D L
B. Direction: Check the following sentences. Correct these sentences if you think wrong

P
1. I usually ate lunch in the office.

N
2. The Nile river is one of the few major rivers in the world.

A U
3. We usually locking our doors before sleeping.

H RE
4. Children plays hide and seek in the playground.
5. Sometimes we goes for a long weekend.
6. In the UK, schools finish at 3 PM.

P T
7. They rarely watch TV after dinner.

S
8. Most Asian restaurants has take-out menus.

E NO
9. At the competition, she sing beautifully.
10. Many millennials pay by card rather than by cash.

DO
 31

THE SENTENCE TYPES

Sentences are divided into four categories: simple sentences, compound sentences,
complex sentences, and compound-complex sentences.
#1 Simple Sentence
A simple sentence contains one independent clause.

K
Examples:

D
Johnny rode his bike to school.

O O
Who is your best friend?

A
She ate her lunch, took a walk, and went back to work.

#2 Compound Sentence
B L O
D P
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses. A coordinating conjunction

N
(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) often links the two independent clauses and is preceded by a

U
comma.
Examples:

A
H RE
She wanted to go on vacation, so she saved up her money.
I like apples, but my sister loves bananas.

P T
Tim loves to read, and he also loves to hike.

S
#3 Complex Sentence

E NO
A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more dependent
clauses. A complex sentence will include at least one subordinating conjunction.
Examples:

DO
She went to class even though she was sick.
As John was arriving to work, he realized he forgot his lunch.
While I enjoy classical music, I prefer rock and roll because I play the drums.

#4 Compound-complex Sentence
A compound-complex sentence combines complex sentence and compound sentence
forms. A compound-complex sentence contains one or more independent clauses and
one or more dependent clauses.
Examples:
Although she felt guilty for missing her friend’s birthday, she took her out to dinner the
next day, and they had a great time.
I try to eat healthy food, but because fast food is so convenient, I cannot maintain a
healthy diet.
If he got the job, he would have to commute 50 miles to work, so he decided the job
was not worth it.

LANGUAGE FOCUS
 32
Identification
Identify the sentence type of the following sentences.
1. Harry Potter was rejected from many publishers before J.K. Rowling found
success.
2. Even though the patients showed various symptoms, the clinical study found that
lack of sleep contributes to the inability to focus, irritability, and poorer health.
3. More and more students are relying on online databases to find sources.
4. The business analysts proposed higher numbers for next quarter, and they expect

K
to exceed those numbers the following quarter.

D
5. Homeless teens face intense obstacles, but when it comes to schooling, they do

O O
have the chance to receive an education if they enroll in a special program.

A
Brush Up
B L O
N D P
Identify these following sentences. Write S for simple sentence, CP of compound

U
sentence, CX for complex sentence, CC for compound-complex.

A
H RE
1. When he finishes university, Richard hopes to move to Canada.
2. This research examines the gender identity of two middle class women.
3. Michael and Adam studied Biology.

P T
4. We were all delighted when Nathan came home; he had been away so long!
5. Chelsea ran to the shop to buy milk, eggs and ham for dinner that night.

S
E NO
6. The government argues that a solution to the COVID-19 pandemic can be reached
by setting up mass vaccination campaigns throughout the country.
7. The director would not sign the contract unless a lawyer was present.

DO