TRANSITION

Group 1 Sentence 1. Transition, sentence 2.

CONJUNCTION

Group 2 Sentence 1 conjunction sentence 2.

Group 3 Sentence 1 , conjunction sentence 2.

Group 4 Conjunction sentence 1 , sentence 2.

PREPOSITION

Group 5 Preposition noun / v.ing , sentence.

Group 6 Sentence preposition noun / v.ing.

For conflicting information

LINKER + conflicting situation / information from the previous information

Group 1: However, Nonetheless, Yet, Nevertheless, Still, Even so, Despite that,
In spite of that, Regardless, Regardless of that

LINKER + information that leads to the conflicting situation

Group 2: Although, Even though, Though

Group 3: But, Yet, While, Whereas

Group 4: While, Whereas, Although, Even though, Though

Group 5, 6: Despite, In spite of, Regardless of

LINKER + what happens in place of the previous information

Group 1: Instead, Rather

Group 5, 6: Instead of, Rather than

LINKER + what is different from the previous information

(The subject of the sentence in front of the transition is different from the subject of the sentence after the transition.)

Group 1: In contrast, By contrast, On the other hand, However, Nonetheless, Yet,

Nevertheless, Still, Even so, Despite that, In spite of that, Regardless,
Regardless of that

Group 5, 6: In contrast to, Unlike, Dissimilar to

LINKER + what is the opposite of the previous information

(The subject of the sentence in front of the transition is the same as the subject of the sentence after the transition.)

Group 1: On the contrary, Actually

For cause & effect

LINKER + the effect of the previous information

Group 1: Therefore, Thus, Hence, As a result, Consequently, Because of this,

As a result of this, As a consequence, For that reason, Accordingly,
In consequence

Group 2: So that Group 3: So

LINKER + the cause of the information

Group 2, 4: Because, Since, As

Group 5, 6: Because of, Owing to, On account of, Thanks to, Due to

For adding more information

LINKER, + more information about the same topic discussed in the previous sentence

Group 1: Moreover, Further, Furthermore, What’s more, Also, In addition, Additionally,

Besides, On top of that, In addition to that, Apart from that, Aside from that,
Together with that

Group 3: And

Group 6, 8: In addition to, Besides, On top of, Apart from, Aside from, Together with
Conjunction

Conjunction turns 2 separate sentences into 1 combined sentence.

This combined sentence is known as a compound sentence.

This is the first sentence conjunction this is the second sentence.

(comma in front of conjunction = optional)
(comma in front of while, whereas, but, yet, so, and, unless, nor = mandatory)

Conjunction this is the first sentence, this is the second sentence.

(comma after the first sentence = mandatory)

Preposition

This is a sentence preposition + noun / v.ing.

(comma in front of preposition = optional)

Preposition + noun / v.ing, this is a sentence.

(comma after noun / v.ing = mandatory)

 Yet = both “transition” and “conjunction”

 Besides = both “transition” and “preposition”

 Since (preposition) = from that time onwards | Since (conjunction) = because

 As (preposition) = in the role of | As (conjunction) = because / at the same time

 “While” in the middle of the sentence

- No comma = Sentence 1 and 2 happen at the same time

Sentence 1 + while + sentence 2.
e.g. Nothing changed while you were away.

- With a comma = Sentence 1 and 2 contain conflicting information

Sentence 1 + , while + sentence 2.
e.g. Vegetarians only avoid meat, while vegans avoid all animal products including milk.

Transitions for CONFLICTING information

1. Transition + something you don’t expect after the previous sentence.

= However, Regardless, Nonetheless, Yet, Still,
e.g. It is raining. Regardless, we continue to picnic in the park.
 2. Transition + something you choose instead of the previous sentence.
= Instead, Rather
e.g. We didn’t go to England last summer. Rather, we stayed in Thailand.

3. Transition + something different from the previous sentence.

= On the other hand, In contrast, By contrast
(The two sentences must have different subjects.)
e.g. Insects have six legs. In contrast, spiders have eight legs.

4. Transition + something opposite of the previous sentence is true. |

(The previous sentence is something that is not true.)
(The two sentences must have the same subject.)
= On the contrary
e.g. I don’t expect them to help me. On the contrary, I expect them to stay away.

Conjunctions for CONFLICTING information

1. Conjunction + the event that makes you think things should go in a certain way (but in reality,
things don’t go that way).
= Although, Even though, Though, While, Whereas,
e.g. Although it rains (event that makes you expect the picnic should be over), we continue to
picnic in the park.
Can be placed either at the beginning of the compound sentence or in the middle

2. Conjunction + , + the reality that is different from what you expect

= But, Yet
e.g. It rains, yet we continue to picnic in the park (the reality that is different from your expectation).
Can only be placed in the middle of the compound sentence

These conjunctions correspond to Transitions 1 and 3 and do not work for Transitions 2 and 4.

Prepositions for CONFLICTING information

1. Preposition + something you should have done (were expected to do) but didn’t do
= Despite, In spite of, Regardless of,
e.g. Regardless of the rain, we continue to picnic in the park.

2. Preposition + something you did in place of the thing in the main part of the sentence.
= Instead of, Rather than
e.g. Rather than going to England last summer, we stayed in Thailand.

3. Preposition + something different from the main part of the sentence.

= Unlike, Dissimilar to
e.g. Spiders have six legs, unlike insects.
Transitions for CAUSE & EFFECT

1. Cause (what happened first). Transition, effect. (what happened later).

= Therefore, Thus, Hence, As a result, Consequently,
e.g. It is raining. Therefore, we cancel our picnic plan.
Conjunctions for CAUSE & EFFECT

1. (i) Conjunction + cause + , + effect.

(ii) Effect + conjunction + cause
= Since, Because, As
e.g. Since it is raining, we cancel our picnic plan.
We cancel our picnic plan as it is raining.
(Remember that Since / Because / As + cause)

2. Cause + , conjunction + effect.

= So
e.g. It is raining, so we cancel our picnic plan.

Prepositions for CAUSE & EFFECT

1. (i) Preposition + cause, effect.

(ii) Effect + preposition + cause.
= Because of, Owing to, Thanks to, On account of, Due to, As a result of
e.g. Because of the rain, we cancel our picnic plan.
We cancel our picnic plan due to the rain.
2. Cause + , preposition + effect.
= Resulting in, Leading to, Causing, Bringing about
e.g. It is raining, bringing about the cancellation of our picnic.

Transitions for ADDITIONAL information

= Moreover, Furthermore, Further, In addition, Besides, Also, Additionally
e.g. Dogs are loyal. Moreover, they are mostly friendly to everyone.

Conjunction for ADDITIONAL information

= And
e.g. Dogs are loyal, and they are friendly.

Prepositions for ADDITIONAL information

= In addition to, Besides, Together with, On top of, Apart from, Aside from
e.g. Besides being loyal, dogs are friendly. || Dogs are loyal, in addition to being friendly.

If there is a subject after “and / but / yet”  you need a comma in front of “and / but / yet”
e.g. I love dancing, and I love singing.

If there is no subject after “and / but / yet”  you don’t need a comma in front of “and / but / yet”
e.g. I love dancing but hate singing.
TO GIVE AN EXAMPLE / EXAMPLE(S)

 For example, / For instance, + sentence

e.g. There are many ways to stay fit. For instance, you should work out regularly.
  Noun (in the middle of the sentence) + such as … + rest of the sentence.
e.g. There are many ways for kids such as your daughters and my sons to learn.

 Noun (in the middle of the sentence) + , such as … , + rest of the sentence.
e.g. There are many ways for kids, such as your daughters and my sons, to learn.

 Noun (at the end of the sentence) + such as … .

e.g. I speak many languages such as Spanish, Japanese, and Russian.

 Noun (at the end of the sentence) + , such as … .

e.g. I speak many languages, such as Spanish, Japanese, and Russian.

- “including” = same rules as “such as” || You can replace “such as” with “including”

 Noun (in the middle of the sentence) + like …+ rest of the sentence.
e.g. There are many ways for kids like your daughters and my sons to learn.

 Noun (at the end of the sentence) + like … + rest of the sentence.
e.g. I speak many languages like Spanish, Japanese, and Russian.

- No comma between “such as” and the first item e.g. such as, books and pens

- When there are only 2 items  no comma between the items e.g. such as books and pens

- When there are > 2 items  item 1, item 2, … , and last item
Comma in front of “and” e.g. such as books, pens, and pencils.
No comma after “and” e.g. such as books, pens, paper and, pencils.

- Same rules for “like” and “including”

i.e. / Namely

- , i.e. = which is / which are / that is / that are = , namely

- Such as / including / like + some of the items on the list

- , i.e. / , namely + everything on the list / meaning of the word(s) in front of “, i.e. / , namely”

Example: My favourite animals are penguins, monkeys, birds, and zebras.

I saw my favourite animals, including as birds and monkeys, at the zoo.
I saw my favourite animals, i.e. monkeys, birds, penguins, and zebras, at the zoo.
(in the middle of the sentence  , i.e. … , / , namely … , )
I hate foie gras, namely goose liver.
(at the end of the sentence  , i.e. … . / , namely … .)