2021

2021 International
International Conference
Conference onon Computing,
Computing, Communication,
Communication, andand Intelligent
Intelligent Systems
Systems (ICCCIS)
(ICCCIS)

PV based Shunt Active Harmonic Filter for Power

Quality improvement
2021 International Conference on Computing, Communication, and Intelligent Systems (ICCCIS) | 978-1-7281-8529-3/20/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICCCIS51004.2021.9397214

Ankit Mishra1*, Sushil Chauhan2 P Karuppanan3, Manmath Suryavanshi3

1,2 3
EED, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur ECED, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology
Hamirpur, India Prayagraj, India
[email protected]

Abstract- This article explores the performance analysis of two In a practical system the quality of power obtained from the
stage solar photovoltaic (PV) systems integrated with Shunt PV-APF depends upon several factors like irradiance level,
Active Harmonic Filter (SAHF). In recent industrial revolution, temperature, the manner in which the PV system is
the distributed power system is affected by current harmonic configured. Many researchers are analysing the working of
problem due to wide-spread use of non linear loads. The SAHF
system provides harmonic mitigation, power factor correction,
PV- APF based system with different configuration with the
and load compensation. The SAHF system is constructed with inverter. In [6] the performance of PV APF based system is
three-leg Voltage Source Converter and DC power extracted analysed with different configuration based on SIC, MSIC,
from the PV module. In this double stage system the first stage is CIC. In [7] a 3-phase PV system is designed with integrated
a DC-DC step up converter which is implemented with maximum universal power quality conditioner (UPQC) which has
power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. For extracting the additional benefits of both series and shunts compensators and
maximum power P&O algorithm is used. The extraction of can provide voltage regulation and harmonics compensation, a
reference current is derived by PI controller and Hysteresis moving average filter based on d-q theory control is used. In
Current controller is used to drive the PWM -VSI. The projected [8] the researchers have analyzed performance of PV system
PV based SAHF is implemented under diode rectifier load to
mitigate the harmonics and reactive power.
in both dynamic and static condition with UPQC; to track the
variable irradiation level feed forward control loop (FFCL)
Index Terms- Shunt Active Harmonic Filter (SAHF); P&O control strategy is used. In [9] a multipurpose PV system
algorithm based MPPT; hysteresis controller; instantaneous real using lattice wave digital filter (LWDF) is proposed, it is able
power theory; PV system grid integration; power quality. to inject active power, provide grid balancing and mitigate
load harmonics. In [10] a dual stage PV system with a damped
I. INTRODUCTION second order generalised integrator algorithm is proposed. In
Fossil fuels have been the primary source of energy for many [11] a control scheme based on multipurpose improved notch
years, but it comes with several issues as they have limited filter is proposed, this scheme is able to extract fundamental
supply, are exhaustible and cannot be reused. They also cause component of load current independent of grid voltage. In [12]
pollution and leads to global threat like global warming. researchers have proposed a 3 phase series hybrid active filter
Therefore the global trend is to shift the generation towards a (SEHAF) integrated with PV system. The scheme is further
cleaner and sustainable technology [1]-[3]With growing analysed using both PI and fuzzy logic control. In [13] a novel
advancement and popularity of PV based system as a MPPT technique based on Perturb and Observation and
substitute to conventional energy sources, PV based system control scheme based on maximise M Kalman filter is
are being extensively used in various application. With adopted, which proves to be faster and more accurate when
increasing penetration of power electronics devices and non compared to traditional P & O. In [14] researchers have
linear loads, harmonics are introduced in the system. analyzed the performance of PV system integrated with
According to IEEE standard 512-2014, most electrical universal active filter with second order sequence filter. The
equipments Works satisfactorily if the total harmonics does scheme is based on proportional resonant control. The
not exceed 5% [4]. Passive filters have been used extensively proposed method extracts fundamental active component from
to mitigate the harmonics but it comes with several the distorted and unbalanced load very accurately with less
shortcomings. It causes resonance problem in the network and mathematical computation
also tend to be complex in design if the number of harmonics This paper combines the PV module with shunt active power
to be removed increases. line conditioner and analyse its performance based on
PV based APF is gaining popularity as it is able to remove different parameters. For extracting the reference current
harmonics from the converted DC output of the PV module. instantaneous real power theorem is used as this algorithm
Installation cost of PV system is quite high, so it is advisable
to extract maximum Power from it. For ensuring the reference injected current with source voltage. It draws a dc
maximum efficiency of PV system, it is integrated with MPPT
algorithm. Modelling of PV system with MPPT techniques are predetermined voltage either by PI controller or fuzzy logic
reported in [5]. controller. To convert the reference current extracted and dc

ISBN: XX-X-XX-XX-X/19/$31.00
ISBN: 978-1-7281-8529-3/21/$31.00 ©2021
©2021 IEEE
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 2021
2021 International
International Conference
Conference onon Computing,
Computing, Communication,
Communication, andand Intelligent
Intelligent Systems
Systems (ICCCIS)
(ICCCIS)

current absorbed by the filter to switching gate pulse, via pulse Two limiting components of PV module i.e., Voc and Isc are
width modulation hysteresis controller is used. For tracking determined by first setting V=0 to obtain Isc and then Voc is
the maximum operating point of the PV module, P&O obtained by setting cell current I=0, thus equation (2.1) leads
algorithm is used. Consequently, in Section II introduces the to:
generalized PV model and its characteristics together with (2.2)
generalized active power filter model. Also their combination The PV cell output varies with the sun irradiance, thus to
with the selected MPPT topology is discussed. Section III ensure that the PV system is working at its maximum
discusses the model of proposed PV system with shunt active efficiency MPPT tracking algorithm is used. The maximum
harmonic filter. Section IV analyses the performance of the voltage point is obtained by:
proposed configuration with SAHF and without SAHF in Thus
MATLAB/Simpower Systems environment. Finally, the
(2.3)
conclusion is presented in Section V.
Form factor which is a measure of cell junction quality is
II. PV AND SAHF MODEL given by
(2.4)
The output from the PV module is DC which is then The closure the value of form factor is to unity higher is the
connected to a DC-DC boost converter, to make voltage level quality.
suitable for the SAHF system. Shunt AHF proves to be an Finally the efficiency of the PV module is given by:
effective way of removing harmonics by injecting an AC (2.5)
current having magnitude same as the harmonics but with
phase shifted by 180°, thus cancelling the source current from B. Generalised Active Power Filter
any harmonics. The non linear load introduces harmonics components which
A. Generalised PV Model are the integral multiple of fundamental component of the
current.
A photo voltaic system consists up of solar module which
A SAHF compensates the harmonic by injecting current
converts light energy from sun to electrical energy by photo
having same magnitude as the harmonics but having phase
electric effect. The equivalent circuit diagram of solar cell is
shifted by 180°, thus cancelling the harmonics and thus the
given in Fig. 1(a), here Rse and Rs represents the series and
load current becomes free of harmonics components.
shunt resistance. -V and P-V characteristics are
depicted in Fig. 1(b) and Fig.1(c) respectively. The point
IL vS
Vmp, Imp and Pmax represents the maximum power point of I t
the PV cell at which the cell has maximum efficiency.
Non-
Rse I LS LL Linear IL
Load t
AC
Main LC IC
IC t
Is SAHF connection
Rs
IS
Id t

(a) SAHF Without SAHF With

With
SAHF
APLC
Ise Pmax
(a) (b)
W
A
Fig. 2. (a).Schematic diagram of SAHF and (b). SAHF waveform

V V The shunt Active Harmonic Filter first generates a reference

Voc
current using PI controller. This algorithm has a benefit that
(b) (c)
synchronization with the phase voltage is not required. The
Fig. 1. (a).Simplified equivalent circuit diagram of PV cell (b) I-V
characteristics of PV cell and (c) P-V characteristics of PV cell
reference current and the current required to set dc link
capacitor is then converted to switching pulse via PWM is
The diode current given by Shockley equation is: done by hysteresis controller.
(2.1) The instantaneous supply voltage is:
(2.6)
Where Is is the reverse bias saturation current, q is charge
carrier (1.6 x 10^-19 C), K is Boltzmann constant (1.380649 x Source current is given by nodal analysis at PCC:
10^-23), n is ideality factor (1) and T is cell temperature (2.7)
(25°C).

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 2021
2021 International
International Conference
Conference onon Computing,
Computing, Communication,
Communication, andand Intelligent
Intelligent Systems
Systems (ICCCIS)
(ICCCIS)

is represented as: A. DC-DC Boost Converter

DC-DC step up converter consists of IGBT which is
(2.8) controlled by a PWM signal generated by MPPT controller. It
consists of two energy storing elements, conductor and an
Here the second term is harmonics component. The inductor. When the switch employed using IGBT is closed the
Instantaneous value of load power can be calculated from load current passes through the inductor and charges it by
current and supply voltage. The total Load power is calculated generating a magnetic field. When the switch is open the
as: current decreases. The magnetic field generated will reduce in
(2.9) energy to maintain load current. Thus the polarity of the
inductor will reverse. As a result the two sources becomes in
The real power is deduced from the load power, given as:
series and thus increasing the voltage charging the capacitor
(2.10) through diode.
The source current after compensation is: The output of the DC-DC boost converter is
Is (t ) Pf (t ) / Vs (t ) I 1 cos sin t Ism sin t (2.11), (3.1)
Here Vo is the output voltage, Vs is the PV module output
Here Ism is the peak amplitude of source current. voltage, D is the duty ratio of boost converter.

III. PV based SAHF system The PV cell output varies with the sun irradiance, thus to
ensure that the PV system is working at its maximum
Fig. 3 shows the block diagram of PV- SAHF system, PV efficiency MPPT tracking algorithm is used. The maximum
array system implemented with P&O MPPT controller powers voltage point is obtained by:
the SAHF system which is connected in shunt configuration
with the non linear load. The SAHF is implemented with And thus,
PWM-VSI controller. An adaptive hysteresis controller is (3.2)
implemented to generate the switching pulse for VSI. PI Here Vmp is the maximum power point voltage, K is the
controller extracts the reference current; this reference current Boltzmann constant, q is the charge carrier, T is temperature
extracted is then compared with supply current to generate in Kelvin and Voc is the open circuit voltage of PV module.
switching pulse. The non linear load introduces harmonic The boosted output of PV module is DC which is then passed
components in the supply current. The SAHF generates to a DC- AC converter so that it can be utilised by electrical
compensating current which is of the same magnitude as that utilities.
of the source current but its phase is shifted to 180°, thus
cancelling the harmonics present in the source current making B. DC-AC Converter
it sinusoidal and in phase with the source voltage. The In this model a three phase bidirectional dc/ac converter is
compensating current is generated by sensing the reference used, it consists of six leg switches. Three arms of the inverter
current extracted from the supply mains. are delayed with 120° to generate a three phase AC supply.
The semiconductor switches of the three arms VSI is gated
AC through PWM pulses generated by SAHF controller.
Voltage
Non For extracting the reference current PI controller is utilised.
Linear The three phases of the supply current are evaluated with the
Load
help of unit sine vector template which is in phase with the
source voltage.
DC-DC The unit sine vector template is given as:
Boost
converter
PV cell array
MPPT PWM-VSI
Controller Controller
(P/O)
Harmonic current (3.3)
compensator PI controller evaluates Imax, the magnitude of peak reference
current. The evaluated peak current multiplies with the output
of unit sine template to produce desired reference current:

Fig. 3. Block diagram of PV- APF system

(3.4)

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 2021
2021 International
International Conference
Conference onon Computing,
Computing, Communication,
Communication, andand Intelligent
Intelligent Systems
Systems (ICCCIS)
(ICCCIS)

To generate switching pulse of PWM- VSI hysteresis Fig.5 (a) shows the source current of the supply mains without
controller is used, hysteresis controller changes abruptly the integration of harmonic filter in shunt configuration, it can
between two stages depending upon the tolerance hysteresis be seen from the figure that source current contains higher
band as: order harmonic components in addition to fundamental
components because of non linear load. The PWM-VSI
: Lower switch is turned on to decrease the load
generates the compensating current to mitigate the harmonic
)
components as shown in Fig.5 (b). The compensating current
: Upper switch is turned on to increase the load having the same magnitude of as that of harmonic components
current by producing a positive voltage (1/2Vdc). but phase shifted to 180°, cancels the harmonics. The source
current after the integration of SAHF is shown is Fig.5 (c), it
IV. Simulation Result and Analysis can be seen that the source current becomes sinusoidal thus
becoming free of harmonics.
PV-SAHF system is tested in matlab/simulink software. The
PV array powers SAHF which generates compensating current
from the reference current extracted from the mains.
P-V and I-V characteristics of PV array at 25° and 45° C cell
temperature is shown in fig. 4 (b) and fig.4 (a) respectively.
The point obtained in the graph corresponds to maximum
power point of PV array. A P/O MPPT based controller
operates at this point for maximum efficiency of PV array
system. From the characteristics it can be found that with
increase in temperature the short circuit current increases but
the open circuit voltage decreases.

(a)

(a)

(b)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 5. (a) Source current without the connection of SAHF and (b)
compensating current and (c) source current with SAHF
(c)
The shunt SAHF system not only mitigates the harmonics but
Fig. 4. (a) I-V (b) P-V characteristics of PV array and (c) Vdc also improve power factor. Fig. 6 depicts that after the
connection of SAHF system the source current not only

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 2021
2021 International
International Conference
Conference onon Computing,
Computing, Communication,
Communication, andand Intelligent
Intelligent Systems
Systems (ICCCIS)
(ICCCIS)

becomes free of harmonics but also improves the power

factor.

(a)
(b)
Fig. 7. THD present in source current (a) Without SAHF
(b) With SAHF.

V. CONCLUSION

The performance of shunt active harmonic filter system

powered by PV array system is analyzed. A P&O based MPPT
technique which is faster as being the time domain approach
has been successfully implemented with Boost converter. The
(b)
SAHF is implemented with PWM-VSI controller. An adaptive
Fig. 6. Power factor improvement of the supply mains by SAHF (a) without
hysteresis controller is implemented to produce the switching
SAHF and (b) with SAHF pulse for PWM-VSI. For reference current extraction PI
controller is used. PI control method has been utilized to
Fig.7 shows the magnitude of harmonic current present in the control the reference current by controlling the dc voltage
source current before and after connecting the SAHF in obtained from PV array system. The concept of SAHF and
percentage of the fundamental component, it can be seen from characteristics of harmonic component and compensation
Fig.7 (a) odd harmonic component is present in the source current are discussed. The performance of PV-SAHF system is
current when compensation is not provided, whereas Fig.7 (b) analyzed under different operating condition in
shows that the odd harmonics are reduced to a satisfactory Matlab/Simulink environment and it can be found that the
level after connecting the SAHF. harmonic components come well under specified IEEE
standard which is 5%. The shunt configuration of SAHF
system not only mitigates the harmonics but also improves the
power factor. The proposed configuration is cheaper and
easier to assemble as the required numbers of sensors are
reduced.

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 2021
2021 International
International Conference
Conference onon Computing,
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Communication, andand Intelligent
Intelligent Systems
Systems (ICCCIS)
(ICCCIS)

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