Prepared by: Cara Luz Buar, LPT. MA.

} Kinematics: The study of motion

} Dynamics: The study of forces (those who give
rise to motion)

• Before Galileo, it was

thought that a force
(such as a push or a
pull) was needed to • Galileo, later Newton,
keep an object in recognized that
constant velocity. slowing of objects in
everyday experience is
due to friction (a type
of force)
Law 1: Every object continues in its state of rest,
or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is
compelled to change that state by forces
impressed upon it
● Two Statements:
● STATIC EQUILIBRIUM:
◦ An object at rest stays at rest unless acted on by an
external force.
● DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM:
◦ An object in motion continues to travel with constant
velocity unless acted upon by an external force.

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Inertia – tendency of things to resist changes in motion

If it is at rest, it continues in a state of rest.

(velocity = 0)
If it is moving, it continues to move without
turning or changing its speed
(velocity = constant and not zero)
Insight:
The law says that an object does not
accelerate by itself
The state of rest is equivalent to the state of
constant velocity
Because of inertia, objects (including you)
resist changes in their motion. When the car
going is stopped by the brick wall, your body
keeps moving.
⦿Elementary Definition:
A force is simply a push or a pull.

⦿Fundamental Definition #1 (1st Law):

◼ A force is any external influence that causes a
change in the state of motion of a particle or
systems of particles

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Law 2:The acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the net force acting
on the object, is in the direction of the net
force, and is inversely proportional to the
mass of the object.

Acceleration ≈ net force/mass

Fnet= ma
The greater the mass, the greater the
force must be for a given acceleration
Newton’s SECOND LAW OF MOTION
Law of Acceleration
⦿ Fundamental Definition #2
⦿ Force is a vector.
⦿ The magnitude of the force is the product of
the mass of the object and the magnitude of its
acceleration
⦿ The direction of the force is the direction of
the acceleration it causes if it is the only force
acting on the body.
⦿ Newton's Second Law-- The Law of
Acceleration
⦿ |Fnet| = m |a|

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Law 3: Whenever one object exerts
a force on a second object, the
second object exerts an equal and
opposite force on the first.
⦿ Fundamental Definition #3:
⦿ Force, is used to describe the interaction
between two objects. That is, when two
objects interact, they exert forces on one
another.
⦿ Newton's Third law states that these forces
are equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction.
⦿ If object A exerts a force F on object B, object
B exerts a force on A that is equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction.
⦿ FBA = - FAB
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⦿ Thus, forces always occurs in pairs.
⦿ It is common to refer to one force in the
pair as an action and the other as reaction.
⦿ This terminology is unfortunate because it
sounds like one force “reacts” to the other,
which is NOT TRUE.
Because both of the forces occur simultaneously!
Either can be called action and the other the
reaction.
⦿ Action and Reaction forces can NEVER
BALANCE each other because they act on
different bodies!

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NET FORCE
} Vector sum of all the forces

Applied Forces Net Force

5N
9N

4N
3N
2N 5N

7N 7N 0N
 • Fundamental Definition #2
⦿ Elementary Definition:
• Force is a vector.
• The magnitude of the force is the
A force is simply a push product of the mass of the object and
or a pull. the magnitude of its acceleration
• The direction of the force is the
• Fundamental Definition #1 direction of the acceleration it causes if
(1st Law): it is the only force acting on the body.
– A force is any external
influence that causes a
change in the state of
motion of a particle or Fundamental Definition #3
systems of particles
Force, is used to describe the interaction
between two objects. That is, when two
objects interact, they exert forces on one
another.
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⦿ There are two ways to classify forces:
1. Nature of the Force
2. Based on HOW they act

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All the different forces observed in
nature can be explained in terms of
four basic interactions that occur
between elementary particles
1. The gravitational force
2. The strong nuclear force (hadronic
force)
3. The weak nuclear force
4. The electromagnetic force

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⦿ A diagram that shows schematically all the forces
acting on a body in a system.
⦿ Constraints: Conditions on the motion of an
object, such as
If the object/system is to remain at rest
If the object/system is to remain in uniform motion
If the object/system is accelerating/decelerating
Getting angles of repose
Getting minimum/maximum values and parameters

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1. Applied Force
2. Weight
3. Tensile (Tension)
4. Normal Force
5. Frictional
6. Hookean Spring Forces
A. Compressive Spring Force
B. Extensive Spring Force

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⦿ Classification can not be
carried out since
simplicity is maintained
⦿ Can be a push or pull
⦿ Symbol: Fapp

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⦿ This is the force due to
gravity exerted by a
heavenly object on a
small object in its field.
⦿ It is always directed
downwards (or towards
the center of the
heavenly object
⦿ Symbol and Formula:
⦿ W = mg

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⦿ It is a force that
arises from pulling
using strings.
⦿ It is always
directed away
from the object
being pulled.
⦿ Symbol: T

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⦿ This force is always directed perpendicular
to the surface of contact.
⦿ This force arises due to the resistance of the
materials from being penetrated or
compressed. (Law of Material
Impenetrability)
⦿ The normal force acts as a balancer or
support.
⦿ Symbol: η (Greek Letter ETA)

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39
⦿ This force acts as a motion-
retarder (or motion stopper),
thus it is always directed
against the direction of
motion
⦿ Two types: Static and Kinetic
⦿ Symbol: f: fs and fk
⦿ Formula: f = μη ; μ is the
coefficient of friction

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⦿ It is a force that arises when a system has
springs in it.
⦿ When a spring is compressed or extended at a
certain displacement (Δx) a “restoring force”
tends to return the spring system to its original
state.
⦿ This restoring force is equivalent to compressive
and extensive force

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42
Conventions:
⦿ Hooke’s Law: Defining Law for Spring Systems
FΔx = -k Δx
⦿ FΔx is + if it is compressive, since Δx is -
⦿ FΔx is – if it is extensive, since Δx is +
⦿ Symbols used:
⦿ FΔx : hookean spring force
⦿ k: force constant: dependent on the spring
⦿ Δx: displacement of spring

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- Weight – always directed downwards (w = mg)
- Tensile (Tension)- directed away from the object
being pulled
- Normal Force- always directed perpendicular to the
surface of contact.
- Frictional- always directed against the direction of
motion (f = μη)
- Hookean Spring Forces (FΔx = -k Δx)
⦿ FΔx is + if it is compressive, since Δx is -
⦿ FΔx is – if it is extensive, since Δx is +
1. Assuming a frictionless and mass-less
pulley and a mass-less string. A) find an
expression for the acceleration in terms of
m1 and m2

m2

m1
2. A mass m1= 5kg is pulled up a
frictionless incline by a string over a pulley
and a hanging mass m2= 15 kg. Solve for
the tension on the string and the blocks
acceleration (θ=30 degrees)