Chap.

4 Problems 187

TABLE 4.9 Key Equations of Chapter 4

Equation Title Equation Number Equation

aq Cke
q
Exponential form of Fourier series (4.11) x(t) = jkv0t
; Ck = C *-k
k=-

x(t) = C0 + a 2 ƒ Ck ƒ cos(kv0t + uk)

q
Combined trigonometric form of (4.13)
k=1
Fourier series

x(t) = A 0 + a [A kcos kv0t + Bk sin kv0t],

q
Trigonometric form of Fourier series (4.17)
k=1
Ak - jBk = 2Ck, A0 = C0

Relation of different forms of Fourier (4.18) 2Ck = Ak - jBk; Ck = ƒ Ck ƒ ejuk; C0 = A0

coefficients

T0 LT0
1
Fourier series coefficients formula (4.23) Ck = x(t)e -jkv0t dt

sin x
Sinc function (4.29) sinc x =
x

aq Ckxe aq H(jkv0)Ckxe
q q
Steady-state output expressed as jkv0t jkv0t
(4.38) x(t) = : yss(t) =
Fourier series k=- k=-

a Ckye
q
jkv0t
Fourier coefficients of output signal (4.39) yss(t) = , Cky = H(jkv0)Ckx
k=-q

PROBLEMS

4.1. For the harmonic series

f(t) = cos 2t + 3 cos 4t,

show that the Fourier coefficients of the exponential form of f(t) are given by the
following:
(a) C0 = 0
(b) C1 = 0.5
(c) C2 = 1.5
(d) Ck = 0, k Ú 3
4.2. Consider the Fourier series for the periodic functions given.
(i) x(t) = sin 4t + cos 8t + 7 + cos 16t
(ii) x(t) = cos 2t
(iii) x(t) = cos t + sin 2t + cos(3t - p/3)
(iv) x(t) = 2sin22t + cos 4t

102
188 Fourier Series Chap. 4

(v) x(t) = cos 7t

(vi) x(t) = 4(cos t) ( sin 4t)
(a) Find the Fourier coefficients of the exponential form for each signal.
(b) Find the Fourier coefficients of the combined trigonometric form for each signal.
4.3. (a) Determine whether the following functions can be represented by a Fourier series:
(i) x(t) = cos(3t) + sin (5t)
(ii) x(t) = cos(6t) + sin (8t) + ej2t
(iii) x(t) = cos(t) + sin (pt)
(iv) x3(t) = x1(t) + x2(3t) where x1(t) = sin (pt pt
6 ) and x2(t) = sin ( 9 ).
(b) For those signals in part (a) that can be represented by a Fourier series, find the
coefficients of all harmonics, expressed in exponential form.
4.4. A periodic signal x(t) is expressed as an exponential Fourier series:

aq Cke
q
jkvot
x(t) = .
k=-

Show that the Fourier series for xN (t) = x(t - to) is given by

aq Cke
q
xN (t) = N jkvot,
k=-

in which

N ƒ = ƒC ƒ
ƒC and N = ∠C - kv t .
∠C
k k k k o o

4.5. For a real periodic signal x(t), the trigonometric form of its Fourier series is given by

x(t) = A 0 + a [A kcos kvot + Bk sin kvot].

q

k=1

Express the exponential form Fourier coefficients Ck in terms of A k and Bk.

4.6. This problem will help illustrate the orthogonality of exponentials. Calculate the fol-
lowing integrals:
2p

L0
(a) sin2(t)dt
2p

L0
(b) sin2(2t)dt
2p

L0
(c) sin(t)sin(2t)dt

(d) Explain how the results of parts (a), (b), and (c) illustrate the orthogonality of
exponentials.

103
Chap. 4 Problems 189

sin(t) ⴱ sin(2t)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
⫺0.2
⫺0.4
⫺0.6
⫺0.8
⫺1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
t

Figure P4.6

4.7. (a) Find all integer values of m and n such that cos mv0t and cos nv0t are orthogonal
over the range T0, where v0 = 2p/T0.
(b) Find all integer values of m and n such that cos mv0t and sin nv0t are orthogonal
over the range T0.
(c) Find all integer values of m and n such that sin mv0t and sin nv0t are orthogonal
over the range T0.
4.8. Find the combined trigonometric form of the Fourier series for the following signals in
Table 4.3:
(a) Square wave
(b) Sawtooth wave
(c) Triangular wave
(d) Rectangular wave
(e) Full-wave rectified wave
(f) Half-wave rectified wave
(g) Impulse train
4.9. Use (4.23) and the integral tables in Appendix A to verify the Fourier coefficients for
the following signals in Table 4.3:
(a) Square wave
(b) Sawtooth wave
(c) Triangular wave
(d) Rectangular wave
(e) Full-wave rectified wave
(f) Half-wave rectified wave
(g) Impulse train

104
190 Fourier Series Chap. 4

Verify each preceding result, using the symbolic mathematics of MATLAB. Simplify
each expression to agree with Table 4.3.
4.10. Use (4.23) to calculate the Fourier coefficients for the signals in Figure P4.10. Evaluate
C0 for each waveform, and verify these values directly from the waveform; L’Hôpital’s
rule is useful in some cases.
4.11. Using Table 4.3, find the Fourier coefficients for the exponential form for the signals of
Figure P4.11. Evaluate all coefficients.
4.12. Consider the signals of Figure P4.11(a) and (d).
(a) Change the period of xa(t) to T0 = 4. Use Table 4.3 to find the Fourier coefficients
of the exponential form for this signal.
(b) Use Table 4.3 to find the Fourier coefficients of the exponential form for xd(t).
(c) Consider the signal
x(t) = a1xa(t) + b1xd(t - t),
where xa(t) is defined in part (a). By inspection of Figure P4.11(a) and (d), find a1,
b1 and t such that x(t) is constant for all time; that is, x(t) = A, where A is a con-
stant. In addition, evaluate A.
(d) Use the results of parts (a) and (b) to show that all the Fourier coefficients of x(t)
in part (c) are zero except for C0 = A.
4.13. Let xa(t) be the half-wave rectified signal in Table 4.3. Let xb(t) be the same signal de-
layed by T0/2.
(a) Find the coefficients in the exponential form for xb(t). (Hint: Consider time delay.)
(b) Show that the Fourier coefficients of the sum [xa(t) + xb(t)] are those of the full-
wave rectified signal in Table 4.3.
4.14. (a) Use Table 4.3 to find the exponential form of the Fourier series of the impulse
train in Figure P4.14. The magnitude of the weight of each impulse function is
unity, with the signs of the weights alternating.
(b) Verify the results of part (a) by calculating the Fourier coefficients, using (4.23).
4.15. Consider the waveforms xc(t) and xd(t) in Figure P4.10. Let the difference of these sig-
nals be xs(t). Then xs(t) is the same waveform of Example 4.2, except for the average
value. Show that the Fourier coefficients of xs(t) are equal to those of x(t) in Example 4.2,
except for the average value.
4.16. A signal has half-wave symmetry if x(t - T0/2) = -x(t). For example, sin v0t has half-
wave symmetry, as does the triangular wave of Figure P4.11(a). Show that a signal with
half-wave symmetry has no even harmonics; that is, Ck = 0, k = 0, 2, 4, 6, Á .
4.17. Consider the signals in Figure P4.11. For k sufficiently large, the Fourier coefficient of
the kth harmonic decreases in magnitude at the rate of 1/km. Use the properties in
Section 4.4 to find m for the signals shown in the following figures:
(a) Figure P4.11(a)
(b) Figure P4.11(b)
(c) Figure P4.11(c)
(d) Figure P4.11(d)

105
Chap. 4 Problems 191

xa(t)
3

⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 t

⫺3
(a)

x(t)
2

⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 t
(b)

xc(t)

⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 t
(c)

x(t)
⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

⫺2
(d)

xe(t) 1/4 cycle of

2 sinusoid

⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 t
(e)

x(t)
1/4 cycle of sinusoid

⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 t
(f)

Figure P4.10

106
 192 Fourier Series Chap. 4

xa(t)

⫺0.3␲ ⫺0.1␲ 0 0.1␲ 0.3␲ 0.5␲ t

⫺2

(a)

x(t)

10

⫺4 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 t

⫺5
(b)

xc(t)
4

⫺0.2 0 0.2 t
⫺4

(c)

x(t)
3

⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 t
(d)

xe(t)
1/2 cycle of
6 sinusoid

⫺2 0 2 4 t
(e)

x(t) 1/2 cycle of

8 sinusoid

⫺4 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 t
(f) Figure P4.11

107
 Chap. 4 Problems 193

x(t)

1 1 1
••• •••
⫺0.1 0.1 0.3
⫺0.2 0 0.2 t

⫺1 ⫺1 ⫺1
Figure P4.14

(e) Figure P4.11(e)

(f) Figure P4.11(f)
Check your results, using Table 4.3.
4.18. (a) Sketch the frequency spectrum for the square wave of Table 4.3, for X0 = 10.
(b) Repeat part (a) for the sawtooth wave.
(c) Repeat part (a) for the triangular wave.
(d) Repeat part (a) for the full-wave rectified signal.
(e) Repeat part (a) for the half-wave rectified signal.
(f) Repeat part (a) for the rectangular wave.
(g) Repeat part (a) for the impulse train.
4.19. (a) Sketch the frequency spectrum for the signal of Figure P4.10(a), showing the dc
component and the first four harmonics.
(b) Repeat part (a) for the signal of Figure P4.10(b).
(c) Repeat part (a) for the signal of Figure P4.10(c).
(d) Repeat part (a) for the signal of Figure P4.10(d).
(e) Repeat part (a) for the signal of Figure P4.10(e).
(f) Repeat Part (a) for the signal of Figure P4.10(f).
4.20. (a) Sketch the frequency spectrum for the signal of Figure P4.11(a), showing the dc
component and the first four harmonics.
(b) Repeat part (a) for the signal of Figure P4.11(b).
(c) Repeat part (a) for the signal of Figure P4.11(c).
jp -jp
4.21. Given v0 = p, C0 = 2, C1 = 1, C3 = 21 e 4 , and C-3 = 21 e 4 , find the signal x(t) with
these Fourier coefficients. This is an example of signal synthesis.
q
4.22. Find the Fourier coefficients of x(t) = © k = - q , k even[u(t - k) - u(t - 1 - k)].
q
4.23. Given the periodic signal x(t) = © n = - q , n even[u(t - 3n) - u(t - 3n - 1)],
(a) find its fundamental frequency;
(b) find the Fourier coefficients of the exponential form.
4.24. Consider the system of Figure P4.24, with

10
H(s) = .
s + 5

108