Volume 9, Issue 12, December – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Real-Time Chat
Application: A Comprehensive Overview
Abhinav Chauhan 1 Manjeet Singh2
Department of Computer Science Amity University Department of Computer Science Amity University
Greater Noida, India Greater Noida, India

Deepshika Bhargava3
Department of Computer Science Amity University
Greater Noida, India

Abstract:- In the digital communication era, real-time operations, customer service, and collaborative work
chat applications are crucial for effective and environments. The versatility of chat applications has led to
instantaneous interaction. This paper explores the their integration with other platforms such as CRM systems,
architecture, implementation, and deployment of a real- project management tools, and social media, enhancing
time chat application built using the MERN stack productivity and user engagement.
(MongoDB, Express.js, React, Node.js) with Socket.io for
real-time data exchange. The front-end is enhanced with
TailwindCSS and Daisy UI, offering a sleek and
responsive design. The application integrates JWT for
secure authentication and authorization, manages user
presence using React Context and Socket.io, and
leverages Zustand for efficient global state management.
Comprehensive error handling is implemented both on
the server and client sides, ensuring a robust and reliable
system. This study provides insights into the technical
challenges encountered, solutions adopted, and future
improvements, serv-ing as a reference for developers
aiming to build scalable and secure real-time web
applications.

Keywords:- MERN Stack, Real-Time Chat, Socket.io, JWT,

Fig 1 Evolution of Chat Applications
TailwindCSS, Daisy UI, Zustand, React Context, Error
Handling, Realtime Communication, Web Development.
The competitive landscape of chat applications drives
innovation, with companies constantly introducing new
I. INTRODUCTION
features to enhance user engagement and experience. This
competition not only pushes technological boundaries but
Chat applications have become an integral part of our
also leads to higher standards of security and privacy. Given
daily lives, revolutionizing how we communicate in personal,
the increasing concerns over data privacy and security,
professional, and social contexts. These applications facilitate
ensuring the protection of user data from unauthorized access
instant messaging, allowing users to exchange text, media,
and breaches is paramount. Modern chat applications must
and even conduct video calls. The evolution of chat
implement robust security protocols to safeguard user
applications can be traced back to early internet messaging
information. Additionally, the implementation of end-to-end
services like IRC (Internet Relay Chat) and AIM (AOL
encryption and regular security audits are becoming standard
Instant Messenger), evolving into sophisticated platforms like
practices to ensure data integrity and user trust.
WhatsApp, Slack, and Microsoft Teams. These modern
applications support a range of functionalities including
Building a chat application involves both the client-side
group chats, file sharing, voice and video calls, and
(front-end) and server-side (back-end) development. The
integration with other digital ser-vices
MERN stack, consisting of MongoDB, Express.js, React, and
Node.js, offers a comprehensive framework for developing
The rise of mobile devices and ubiquitous internet
these applications. This stack leverages JavaScript across
access has further accelerated the adoption of chat
both the client and server sides, providing a seamless
applications, making them a preferred mode of
development experience and efficient performance.
communication across various demographics. As a result,
Moreover, the modularity of the MERN stack allows for the
these applications are no longer just tools for casual
integration of additional functionalities such as real-time
conversation; they have become essential for business

IJISRT24DEC729 www.ijisrt.com 595

Volume 9, Issue 12, December – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
communication, third-party service integration, and  React: A JavaScript library for building user interfaces.
scalability optimizations. React’s component-based architecture allows developers
to build reusable UI components, making it easier to
 Purpose of the Study manage complex UIs. In the context of a chat application,
The primary objective of this study is to develop a React enables the creation of dynamic, responsive, and
scalable, secure, and user-friendly real-time chat application interactive interfaces. Its virtual DOM feature optimizes
using modern web technologies. This involves understanding UI rendering by updating only the components that have
the various components of the MERN stack, implementing changed, resulting in improved performance. React’s
realtime communication with Socket.io, and ensuring secure ecosystem also includes tools like React Router for client-
user authentication and authorization with JWT. The study side routing and Redux for advanced state
also aims to address challenges related to state management, management.[6]
user presence tracking, and error handling. Furthermore, the
project explores the optimization of database queries and the  Node.js: A JavaScript runtime built on Chrome’s V8
efficient handling of large volumes of data, which are crucial JavaScript engine. Node.js allows developers to run
for maintaining performance as the application scales. JavaScript on the server, providing a scalable and efficient
environment for web applications. Node.js is particularly
 Significance of the Study well-suited for real-time applications like chat, due to its
The development of real-time chat applications is non-blocking, event-driven architecture. This allows
significant in today’s digital landscape, where instant Node.js to handle multiple simultaneous connections with
communication is crucial for personal, professional, and high throughput, making it an ideal choice for the backend
social interactions. Understanding the underlying technology of chat applications.[3]
and best practices for developing these applications is
essential for building scalable and secure systems. This study
contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing
insights into the technical challenges and solutions associated
with building a real-time chat application. It serves as a
reference for developers and researchers interested in web
development and real-time communication technologies.
Additionally, the findings from this study could inform the
development of future chat applications, particularly in areas
related to security, scalability, and user experience design.

II. TECHNOLOGY STACK

 MERN Stack
The MERN stack is a popular full-stack JavaScript Fig 2 MERN
solution that includes MongoDB, Express.js, React, and
Node.js.[7] Each component of the MERN stack plays a vital
 Socket.io
role in the development of a web application: Socket.io is a JavaScript library that enables real-time,
bidirectional communication between web clients and
 MongoDB: A NoSQL database that stores data in flexible, servers. It abstracts WebSockets and provides a fallback to
JSON-like documents. MongoDB’s schema-less design longpolling, ensuring reliable real-time communication
allows for the storage of varied data structures and is across various environments [1]. Socket.io is crucial for
particularly well-suited for applications with evolving implementing features such as real-time messaging, presence
data models. This flexibility makes MongoDB an ideal updates, and notifications in the chat application. One of the
choice for chat applications, where the data schema can key advantages of Socket.io is its ability to maintain low-
change frequently as new features are added. latency communication, which is essential for delivering a
Additionally, MongoDB’s ability to handle large volumes seamless user experience in real-time applications. It also
of unstructured data efficiently makes it scalable for supports various room and namespace functionalities,
applications with a growing user base.[5] allowing for scalable and organized communication channels
within the chat application.
 Express.js: A minimal and flexible Node.js web
application framework that provides robust features for  TailwindCSS and Daisy UI
web and mobile applications. Express.js simplifies the TailwindCSS is a utility-first CSS framework that
development of server-side logic and APIs by offering a enables rapid development of custom user interfaces. It
variety of middleware and routing options. It plays a provides lowlevel utility classes that can be composed to
crucial role in handling HTTP requests and responses, build complex designs. TailwindCSS allows developers to
managing sessions, and interacting with databases. maintain a consistent design language across the application
Express.js also allows for the integration of various by using a predefined set of design utilities. Daisy UI builds
authentication methods, including JWT, OAuth, and on TailwindCSS by offering a set of pre-designed
sessionbased authentication. [11] components that can be easily customized and integrated into

IJISRT24DEC729 www.ijisrt.com 596

Volume 9, Issue 12, December – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
the application. These components include buttons, forms, context of a chat application, JWT is used to manage user
alerts, and modals, which are essential for building the user authentication and authorization. It ensures that only
interface of a chat application. Together, these tools enable authenticated users can access the chat functionality and
the development of a responsive and visually appealing front- provides a mechanism for verifying user identity. JWTs are
end that can adapt to various screen sizes and devices. [14] stateless and can be easily integrated with RESTful APIs,
making them a popular choice for managing user sessions in
 JWT (JSON Web Token) modern web applications. Additionally, JWTs can include
JWT is a compact, URL-safe token format that is used custom claims that store user roles or permissions, enabling
for securely transmitting information between parties. In the fine-grained access control within the application.

Fig 3 JWT Flow Diagram

 React Context and Zustand simplifies debugging and ensures that errors are handled
State management is a critical aspect of real-time consistently across the application. On the client side, React
applications. React Context is used for managing less error boundaries are used to catch and handle errors in the UI,
dynamic state, such as user preferences and theme settings. It providing a graceful degradation of functionality and user-
provides a simple and efficient way to pass data through the friendly error messages. Additionally, logging and
component tree without relying on props. Zustand, on the monitoring tools can be integrated to track errors and
other hand, is a state management library that excels in performance issues in real-time, allowing developers to
handling more complex and frequently changing state. It is address problems before they impact the user experience.
particularly well-suited for managing global state in the chat Proper error handling not only improves the overall stability
application, such as user presence, active conversations, and of the application but also enhances user trust by ensuring a
message history. Zustand’s minimalistic API and smooth and reliable communication experience.
performance optimizations make it a powerful tool for
managing state in large-scale applications. By combining III. METHODS AND MATERIAL
React Context and Zustand, developers can achieve a
balanced approach to state management, ensuring that the The chat application development involved several key
application remains performant and easy to maintain. steps, from designing the database schema to deploying the
application on a cloud hosting service. The process was
 Error Handling iterative and focused on creating a scalable, secure, and
Robust error handling is essential for ensuring the userfriendly application. This section details the
reliability and stability of the chat application. On the server methodologies and technologies used in each stage of the
side, errors are managed through middleware, which allows development process.
for centralized error handling and logging. This approach

IJISRT24DEC729 www.ijisrt.com 597

Volume 9, Issue 12, December – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Fig 4 Application Architecture

A. Database Design making it suitable for developing RESTful APIs. The server
The first step in developing the chat application was to was responsible for handling client requests, interacting with
design a database schema that could efficiently store and the MongoDB database, and implementing the business logic
manage user information, messages, and other related data. of the application.
MongoDB was chosen as the database solution due to its
flexibility, scalability, and ability to handle unstructured data.  Key Functionalities of the Server-Side API Included:
MongoDB’s document-oriented approach allows for a
flexible schema design, which is crucial for a chat application  User Authentication and Authorization: Using JWT, the
where data requirements may evolve over time. [12] server authenticated users during login and authorized
them for subsequent actions. Passwords were securely
 The Database Schema Consisted of Several Collections, hashed using bcrypt before being stored in the database.
with the Primary Ones Being: During login, the server generated a JWT token for the
authenticated user, which was then used to verify the
 Users Collection: This collection stored user information, user’s identity in future requests.
including unique user IDs, usernames, passwords (hashed
for security), profile pictures, and other metadata. The  Message Handling: The server handled the sending,
schema was designed to support future extensions, such receiving, and storing of messages. When a user sent a
as user status (online/offline), last seen, and contact lists. message, the server processed it, stored it in the
MongoDB database, and then emitted it to the recipient
 Messages Collection: This collection stored chat via Socket.io. The server also managed message status
messages, each associated with a sender and receiver (or updates, such as seen and delivered indicators.
group) using user IDs. The messages were timestamped
and could include text, images, or other media types. The  Real-Time Notifications: Using Socket.io, the server
schema also supported threading and replies, which could provided real-time notifications for incoming messages,
be added as the application grew in complexity. user presence changes, and other events. The server
maintained a WebSocket connection with each client,
 Rooms Collection: For group chats, a rooms collection allowing for instant communication and a responsive user
was created to manage group-specific data. This included experience.
the room ID, room name, list of participants, and message
history. The room collection allowed for the dynamic  API Endpoints: The server exposed several RESTful
creation and management of group conversations. endpoints for the client-side application to interact with.
These endpoints included routes for user registration,
Indexing was applied to frequently queried fields, such login, fetching user profiles, retrieving chat histories, and
as user IDs and timestamps, to optimize performance, managing user settings.[2]
especially as the volume of data increased.
Middleware was extensively used in Express.js to
B. Server-Side Development handle tasks such as input validation, error handling, and
The server-side API was built using Express.js, a JWT verification. This modular approach kept the server
minimalist and flexible Node.js web application framework. codebase clean and manageable.
Express.js was chosen for its simplicity and extensibility,

IJISRT24DEC729 www.ijisrt.com 598

Volume 9, Issue 12, December – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
C. Client-Side Development minimal API and performance optimizations ensured that
The client-side of the chat application was developed the application remained responsive, even as the state
using React, a popular JavaScript library for building user grew more complex.
interfaces. React’s component-based architecture allowed for
the modular development of the application, where each UI  Routing and Navigation: React Router was used to
element was encapsulated in a self-contained component. manage client-side routing, allowing for seamless
navigation between different sections of the application,
 Key Features of the Client-Side Development Included: such as login, chat rooms, and user profiles. This approach
provided a single-page application experience, where the
 User Interface (UI) Design: The UI was designed to be UI dynamically updated without needing a full page
intuitive, responsive, and visually appealing. reload. [4]
TailwindCSS and Daisy UI were used to style the
application, providing a consistent look and feel across  Message Rendering and Threading: Messages were
different screens and devices. The UI components rendered in real-time as they were received, with support
included login forms, chat windows, message input fields, for threading and replies. The UI dynamically adjusted to
and user profile sections. display media, links, and formatted text within the chat,
enhancing the user experience.
 State Management: State management was a critical
aspect of the client-side development. React Context was Throughout the client-side development, a focus was
used for managing less dynamic states, such as theme placed on creating a responsive and accessible interface,
settings and user preferences. For more complex and ensuring that users with different devices and accessibility
frequently changing states, such as active conversations needs could use the chat application effectively.
and user presence, Zustand was implemented. Zustand’s

Fig 5 Login Page

Fig 6 Sign-up Page

IJISRT24DEC729 www.ijisrt.com 599

Volume 9, Issue 12, December – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Fig 7 Dashboard

Fig 8 New Chat

D. Real-Time Communication Each chat room corresponded to a conversation or group,

Real-time communication was a core feature of the chat and users could join multiple rooms simultaneously. This
application, enabling instant messaging and user presence allowed the server to broadcast messages only to users
updates. Socket.io was integrated into both the client and within the relevant room.
server, providing a robust solution for real-time, bidirectional  Presence and Typing Indicators: Real-time presence
communication. updates were implemented to show which users were
online or typing. This feature relied on Socket.io’s ability
 Key Aspects of Real-Time Communication Included: to emit and listen to custom events, providing real-time
feedback to users about the activity of others in the chat.
 WebSocket Connections: Socket.io utilized WebSockets  Error Handling and Reconnection: Socket.io provided
for low-latency communication. When a user connected built-in mechanisms for handling errors and reconnection
to the chat application, a WebSocket connection was attempts, ensuring that the application remained resilient
established between the client and the server, allowing for to network disruptions. The client-side application was
the instantaneous exchange of messages and events. [9] designed to gracefully handle these events, displaying
 Room Management: To manage group chats and private appropriate messages to the user.
conversations, Socket.io’s room functionality was used.

IJISRT24DEC729 www.ijisrt.com 600

Volume 9, Issue 12, December – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Fig 9 Real-Time Message Flow

The integration of Socket.io ensured that the chat a token refresh mechanism, allowing users to remain
application provided a smooth and responsive user logged in without requiring frequent re-authentication.
experience, essential for real-time communication.  Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): Although not
implemented in the initial version, the JWT structure
E. Authentication and Authorization allowed for future extensions to include role-based access
Authentication and authorization were crucial control. This would enable different levels of access and
components of the chat application, ensuring that only functionality within the application, depending on the
verified users could access the chat functionalities. JWT user’s role (e.g., admin, moderator, or regular user).
(JSON Web Token) was used to manage user authentication
and authorization securely. Implementing JWT provided a secure and scalable
solution for managing user sessions and access control,
 Key Elements of Authentication and Authorization enhancing the overall security of the application.
Included:
F. State Management
 User Registration and Login: The application provided a Effective state management was essential for
secure registration and login process, where users could maintaining the consistency and performance of the chat
create accounts and log in using their credentials. Upon application. The application utilized a combination of React
successful login, a JWT was generated and sent to the Context and Zustand to manage different aspects of state.
client, where it was stored in local storage or cookies.
 JWT Verification: Each client request to the server  State Management Strategies Included:
included the JWT in the authorization header. The server
verified the JWT to authenticate the user and determine  React Context for Static State: React Context was
their permissions. This process ensured that only employed for managing less dynamic states, such as
authorized users could perform actions such as sending theme settings, user preferences, and authentication
messages, joining rooms, or accessing private status. These states were relatively static and did not
conversations. change frequently, making React Context an ideal
 Token Expiration and Refresh: JWTs had an expiration solution.
time, after which they were no longer valid. The server
was equipped to handle token expiration by implementing  Zustand for Dynamic State: For more dynamic and
frequently changing states, such as active conversations,

IJISRT24DEC729 www.ijisrt.com 601

Volume 9, Issue 12, December – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
user presence, and message history, Zustand was used. G. Deployment and Hosting
Zustand’s API allowed for the creation of a global state After development, the application was deployed on a
store, which could be accessed and updated across cloud hosting service to make it accessible to users. The
different components. This provided a centralized and deployment process involved setting up the server,
efficient way to manage the application’s dynamic state. configuring the database, and ensuring that the application
[13] could handle real-world traffic.

 Optimizing Performance: To ensure the application  Deployment Steps Included:

remained performant, Zustand’s state updates were
optimized to minimize re-renders and reduce unnecessary  Cloud Hosting: The application was deployed on a cloud
computations. This was particularly important for hosting platform, such as AWS, Heroku, or DigitalOcean.
handling large volumes of messages and real-time These platforms provided scalable hosting solutions,
presence updates. allowing the application to grow as the user base
increased. [8]
 Data Persistence: To enhance the user experience, certain  Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment
states were persisted across sessions. For example, user (CI/CD): A CI/CD pipeline was set up to automate the
preferences and theme settings were stored in local deployment process. This included automated testing,
storage, allowing the application to retain these settings building, and deploying the application to the cloud. Tools
even after a page refresh or re-login. like GitHub Actions or Jenkins were used to manage the
CI/CD pipeline, ensuring that new updates could be rolled
By leveraging both React Context and Zustand, the chat out quickly and efficiently.
application was able to efficiently manage its state, ensuring
a smooth and consistent user experience.

Fig 10 Data Flow Diagram

IJISRT24DEC729 www.ijisrt.com 602

Volume 9, Issue 12, December – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Database Configuration: The MongoDB database was  Error Handling: Robust error handling mechanisms are
hosted on a cloud database service, such as MongoDB implemented on both the client and server sides. Server-
Atlas, which provided automated backups, monitoring, side errors are managed using Express.js middleware,
and scaling options. The database was configured to be which centralizes error handling and logging. On the
secure, with access limited to the application server. client side, React’s error boundaries catch UI-related
 Monitoring and Logging: Monitoring and logging tools errors, providing user-friendly feedback without
were integrated into the application to track performance, disrupting the overall experience. These mechanisms
errors, and user activity. This included tools like New ensure that the application remains stable and reliable,
Relic, LogRocket, or Google Cloud Monitoring, which even under adverse conditions.
provided insights into the application’s health and allowed
for proactive maintenance. B. Performance Evaluation
The performance of the chat application was rigorously
The deployment process ensured that the chat tested under various conditions, including different network
application was reliable, secure, and ready for production use. speeds and user loads. The application demonstrated
exceptional performance, characterized by low latency and
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION high throughput.

The development process culminated in a fully  Key Performance Observations Include:

functional real-time chat application, equipped with a range
of features that cater to both user experience and system  Low Latency: The integration of Socket.io ensured that
robustness. This section discusses the key outcomes of the messages were delivered with minimal delay, even under
development process, evaluates the performance, scalability, high traffic conditions. The application maintained an
and security of the application, and highlights areas for future average latency of less than 100ms, which is well within
improvement. the acceptable range for real-time communication. [10]
 High Throughput: The non-blocking I/O model of
A. Key Features and Functionality Node.js, combined with efficient database queries in
The chat application boasts several important features MongoDB, allowed the application to handle a large
that enhance its usability and reliability: volume of messages without performance degradation.

 User Authentication: The application implements secure

user authentication using JSON Web Tokens (JWT). This
ensures that only registered users can access the chat
functionalities. Upon successful login, users are provided
with a JWT, which is then used to authenticate subsequent
requests. This approach not only secures user sessions but
also enables future implementation of role-based access
controls.
 Real-Time Messaging: Real-time messaging is a core
feature of the application, enabled by the integration of
Socket.io. Messages are sent and received
instantaneously, providing users with a seamless and
responsive chat experience. The real-time messaging
feature is supported across individual and group chats,
with message delivery statuses and read receipts
enhancing the user experience.
 Presence Updates: The application includes real-time
presence updates, allowing users to see the online status
of their contacts. This feature is essential for a chat
application, as it helps users know when others are
available for conversation. The presence updates are
managed efficiently through Socket.io, ensuring low
latency and accurate status reporting.
 Responsive Design: The user interface is designed to be
fully responsive, providing a consistent and visually
appealing experience across various devices and screen
sizes. Built using TailwindCSS and Daisy UI, the
interface adapts to different resolutions, making the
application accessible on both desktop and mobile
platforms. The design also includes dark and light themes,
catering to user preferences.
Fig 11 Online Users

IJISRT24DEC729 www.ijisrt.com 603

Volume 9, Issue 12, December – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Fig 12 Chat Interface

Load testing indicated that the application could memory usage were monitored during testing, and the
comfortably manage several thousand concurrent users while application demonstrated efficient use of resources, even
maintaining optimal performance. under peak loads.

 Resource Utilization: The application was optimized for

efficient resource utilization, ensuring that both server and
client-side operations remained responsive. CPU and

Fig 13 Dark Mode

These performance metrics confirm that the chat  Scalability Features Include
application is well-suited for deployment in real-world
environments where responsiveness and reliability are  Horizontal Scaling: The architecture of the application
critical. supports horizontal scaling, meaning that additional
server instances can be added to handle increased load.
C. Scalability This is particularly important for real-time
Scalability is a critical aspect of the chat application, communication applications, where user numbers can
ensuring that it can grow and accommodate an increasing fluctuate significantly.
number of users without compromising performance.

IJISRT24DEC729 www.ijisrt.com 604

Volume 9, Issue 12, December – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Efficient State Management: The use of Zustand for state These security measures ensure that the chat application
management on the client side ensures that the application is robust against common security threats, providing a safe
can handle complex and dynamic states efficiently. This environment for users to communicate.
is crucial for maintaining performance as the number of
active conversations and real-time updates increases. V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
 Database Sharding and Indexing: MongoDB’s sharding
and indexing capabilities were considered in the database The development of a real-time chat application using
design, allowing for the distribution of data across the MERN stack, Socket.io, TailwindCSS, and other modern
multiple servers. This approach supports the application’s web technologies showcases the potential for creating
scalability by enabling efficient query performance and scalable, secure, and efficient applications. The application
data retrieval, even as the database grows in size. provides a robust and responsive user experience, with
 Load Balancing: The application was designed to features such as real-time messaging, presence updates, and
integrate with load balancing solutions, which distribute responsive design. Future work includes implementing end-
incoming traffic across multiple servers. This ensures that to-end encryption for enhanced security, optimizing
no single server becomes a bottleneck, enhancing the performance for mobile users, and adding new features such
application’s ability to scale effectively. as file sharing and video calls. These improvements will
further enhance the functionality and security of the chat
The scalability of the chat application positions it well application, providing a comprehensive solution for real-time
for future growth, making it capable of supporting a large and communication.
active user base.
FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
D. Security
Security is a paramount consideration in the  The Following Enhancements are Planned for Future
development of any web application, particularly those that Versions of the Chat Application:
handle sensitive user data. The chat application incorporates
several layers of security to protect user information and  End-to-End Encryption: To ensure complete privacy, end-
ensure the integrity of the system. [15] to-end encryption will be implemented, so that only the
communicating users can read the messages.
 Security Measures Include  File Sharing: Adding the capability for users to share files,
such as images, documents, and videos, within the chat.
 JWT Authentication: The use of JWT for user  Video and Voice Calls: Integrating WebRTC for video
authentication ensures that only authorized users can and voice call functionality.
access the application. JWT tokens are signed and can be  Improved Mobile Experience: Optimizing the user
verified by the server, preventing unauthorized access and interface and performance for mobile devices.
ensuring secure user sessions. The tokens also have  AI-Powered Features: Incorporating AI for features like
expiration times, reducing the risk of token-based attacks. chatbots, message suggestions, and sentiment analysis.
 Data Encryption: All communication between the client
and server is encrypted using HTTPS, ensuring that data REFERENCES
transmitted over the network is secure. This prevents
eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks, which are [1]. Fette, I., & Melnikov, A. (2011). The WebSocket
common threats in web applications. Protocol. RFC 6455, IETF.
 Secure Password Storage: User passwords are hashed [2]. Fielding, R. T., & Taylor, R. N. (2000). Architectural
using bcrypt before being stored in the MongoDB styles and the design of network-based software
database. Bcrypt’s hashing algorithm is resistant to architectures. Doctoral dissertation, University of
bruteforce attacks, providing a high level of security for California, Irvine.
user credentials. [3]. Tilkov, S., & Vinoski, S. (2010). Node.js: Using
 Input Validation and Sanitization: Both client and server- JavaScript to build high-performance network
side input validation and sanitization are implemented to programs. IEEE Internet Computing, 14(6), 80-83.
protect against common security vulnerabilities such as [4]. Mikowski, M. S., & Powell, J. C. (2013). Single page
SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and cross-site web applications: JavaScript end-to-end. Manning
request forgery (CSRF). This ensures that the application Publications Co.
can safely handle user input without exposing security [5]. Chodorow, K. (2013). MongoDB: The Definitive
risks. Guide: Powerful and Scalable Data Storage. O’Reilly
 Role-Based Access Control (Future Implementation): Media, Inc.
Although not implemented in the initial version, the [6]. Banks, A., & Porcello, E. (2017). Learning React:
application architecture supports the future Functional Web Development with React and Redux.
implementation of role-based access control (RBAC). O’Reilly Media, Inc.
This would allow different levels of access and [7]. Haviv, A. Q. (2014). MEAN Web Development. Packt
permissions based on user roles, adding an additional Publishing Ltd.
layer of security for more sensitive operations.

IJISRT24DEC729 www.ijisrt.com 605

Volume 9, Issue 12, December – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
[8]. Dabit, N. (2021). Full Stack Serverless: Modern
Application Development with React, AWS, and
GraphQL. O’Reilly Media, Inc.
[9]. Wang, V., Salim, F., & Moskovits, P. (2013). The
Definitive Guide to HTML5 WebSocket. Apress.
[10]. Grigorik, I. (2013). High Performance Browser
Networking: What every web developer should know
about networking and web performance. O’Reilly
Media, Inc.
[11]. Express.js Documentation. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https:// expressjs.com/en/4x/api.html
[12]. MongoDB Documentation. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://docs. mongodb.com/
[13]. Zustand Documentation. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://github. com/pmndrs/zustand
[14]. Daisy UI Documentation. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://daisyui. com/docs/
[15]. OWASP. (2021). OWASP Top Ten. Retrieved from
https://owasp. org/Top10

IJISRT24DEC729 www.ijisrt.com 606