ivmvqwbK eÜb BDwbU

Chemical Bond 5
f~wgKv (Introduction)
c`v_© gvÎB AmsL¨ cigvYyi GK mv‡_ AYy wn‡m‡e Ave× _vKvi GKwU ¯’vqx Ae¯’v| Z‡e wbw®Œq M¨vm¸‡jv GK
cigvYyK Abyiƒ‡c cÖK„wZ‡Z ¯’vqxiƒ‡c Ae¯’vb K‡i| Avgv‡`i Pvwicv‡k¦© evqy‡Z †h bvB‡Uªv‡Rb Aw·‡Rb, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb,
†K¬vwib BZ¨vw` M¨vm¸‡jv Av‡Q Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB †gŠwjK M¨vm AYy| †gŠwjK M¨v‡mi AYy¸‡jv wØcigvYyK AYy| †hgb-
N 2 , O2 , H 2 , F2 , Cl2 BZ¨vw`| I‡Rvb O3  , dmdivm  P4  , mvjdvi S8  GivI †gŠwjK AYy wKš‘ eny
cigvYyK AYy| Avevi cvwb  H 2O  , Lvevi jeY  NaCl  Kve©b WvB-A·vBW CO2  , wg‡_b CH 4  ,
A¨v‡gvwbqv  NH3  , A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW  NH 4Cl  cÖf…wZ †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z wfbœ wfbœ †gŠ‡ji cigvYy wg‡j
AYyMVb K‡i‡Q| Zvn‡j Avgiv wbðqB ej‡ev GKB ai‡bi `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK cigvYy GK‡Î wgwjZ n‡q †gŠ‡ji
GKwU AYy m„wó K‡i Ges wfbœ ai‡bi `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK cigvYyi ms‡hvR‡bi d‡j †hŠ‡Mi AYy Drcbœ K‡i| me AYyi
g‡a¨B cigvYy¸‡jv GK we‡kl AvKl©b e‡ji Øviv ci¯úi ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| Gfv‡e GKB ev wfbœ wfbœ
†gŠ‡ji `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK cigvYy wgwjZ n‡q ivmvqwbK e܇bi m„wó nq| Avevi GKB †gŠ‡ji AmsL¨ cigvYy
ci¯úi hy³ n‡qI ivmvqwbK eÜb m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- avZe eÜb|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 3 mßvn

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV - 5.1 : ivmvqwbK eÜb I ivmvqwbK eÜb MV‡bi KviY
cvV - 5.2 : AvqwbK eÜb
cvV - 5.3 : mg‡hvRx eÜb
cvV - 5.4 : AvqwbK I mg‡hvRx †hŠ‡Mi ˆewkó¨
cvV - 5.5 : avZe eÜb
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.1 ivmvqwbK eÜb I ivmvqwbK eÜb MV‡bi KviY

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-

 ivmvqwbK eÜb MV‡bi Kvib we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †gŠ‡ji †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbw®Œq M¨v‡mi w¯’wZkxjZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AóK I `yB‡qi wbq‡gi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã AvqwbK eÜb, †hvR¨Zv ¯Íi, AóK wbqg, `yB Gi wbqg, AvKl©Y, myw¯’Z, †kqvi

ivmvqwbK eÜb I ivmvqwbK eÜb MV‡bi KviY

†Kv‡bv GKwU cigvYyi eÜb MV‡bi ÿgZv‡K Zvi †hvR¨Zv e‡j| wbw®Œq †gŠj wnwjqvg He  , wbqb
Ne  , AvM©b  Ar  Gme †gŠ‡ji eÜb MV‡bi ÿgZv †bB| d‡j G‡`i †hvR¨Zv k~b¨| Avevi H Gi †hvR¨Zv
GK, O Gi †hvR¨Zv `yB, N Gi †hvR¨Zv wZb I C Gi †hvR¨Zv mvaviYZ Pvi nq| †Kv‡bv cigvYyi me©ewn:¯’
kw³¯Í‡i eZ©gvb B‡jKUªb¸‡jv‡K †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb e‡j| G B‡jKUªb¸‡jvB wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii ivmvqwbK e܇b
AskMÖnY K‡i| cigvYyi me©ewn:¯’ kw³¯Íi‡K †hvR¨Zv¯Íi e‡j|
ivmvqwbK e܇bi AvaywbK gZev` Abymv‡i ivmvqwbK eÜb MVbKv‡j cigvYy¸‡jv me©vwaK ¯’vqx B‡jKUªb MVb
KvVv‡gv AR©‡bi †Póv K‡i| wbw®Œq M¨vm¸‡jvi B‡jKUªb MV‡bi w`‡K hw` Avgiv jÿ Kwi Z‡e †`Le He wfbœ
cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB †hvR¨Zv ¯Í‡i AvUwU K‡i B‡jKUªb eZ©gvb| He cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv ¯Íi cÖ_g kw³ ¯Íi| GLv‡b gvÎ `ywU
B‡jKUªb eZ©gvb †_‡KB †hvR¨Zv¯Íi‡K B‡jKUªb Øviv cwic~Y© K‡i|
He  2  1s 2
Ne 10   1s2 2s2 2 p6
Ar 18  1s2 2s2 2 p 6 3s2 3 p6
Kr  36   1s2 2s2 2 p6 3s2 3 p6 3d 10 4s2 4 p6

cÖ‡Z¨KwU wbw¯Œq M¨v‡mi me©ewn:¯’ K‡ÿ ns2 np6 B‡jKUªb eZ©gvb| GLv‡b n  2,3,4 BZ¨vw`| me©ewn:¯’ K‡ÿ
Giƒc ns2 np6 B‡jKUªb web¨vmB wbw¯Œq M¨v‡m cigvYyi AwaK myw¯’wZi KviY| G MVbB wb¤œ kw³ m¤úbœ| Ab¨vb¨
†gŠ‡ji cigvYy¸‡jvI B‡jKUª‡bi `vb, MÖnY, †kqvi ev Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv fv‡e wbw¯Œq M¨v‡mi B‡jKUªb MVb KvVv‡gv
jv‡fi cÖebZv †`Lvq A_v©r cigvYyi me©ewn:¯’ kw³¯Í‡ii AóK Ac~Y©Zv †_‡K AóK c~Y©Zv cÖvwßi cÖebZv †`Lvq|
GUvB ivmvqwbK eÜb MV‡bi g~j KviY| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ cigvYy¸‡jv eÜb MV‡bi gva¨‡gB w¯’wZkxj nq| G Kvi‡b
mvaviYZ avZe-AavZe †gŠj AvqwbK eÜb, AavZe †gŠj-AavZe †gŠj mg‡hvRx eÜb Ges avZe L‡Ûi g‡a¨
avZe cigvYy¸‡jv avZe e܇bi gva¨‡g ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ Ave× _v‡K|

Avgiv wbðq wjw_qvg, Li  3 I †K¬vwib, Cl 17  Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm Rvwb| Zvn‡j G `ywU †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb
web¨vm K‡i †`wL-

70 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 5

Li  3  1s 2 2s1 ev He2 s1
Cl 17   1s2 2s2 2 p6 3s2 3 p5
Li cigvYy GKwU gvÎ B‡jKUªb‡K `vb K‡i Li  Avq‡b cwibZ nq Ges wbw¯Œq †gŠj He Gi B‡jKUªb MVb jvf
K‡i|
Li 3  Li  He  e
wecixZfv‡e Cl cigvYy GKwU gvÎ B‡jKUªb‡K MÖnY K‡i Cl  Avq‡b cwiYZ nq Ges wbw®Œq †gŠj Ar Gi
B‡jKUªbxq MVb jvf K‡i|
Cl 17   e  Cl   Ar 
Li  Avq‡bi †ÿ‡Î He Gi MVb I Cl  Avq‡bi †ÿ‡Î Ar Gi MVb KvVv‡gv cÖvwßi gva¨‡g AwaK w¯’wZkxj
nq|
Li  Avqb I Cl  Avqb w¯’i ˆe`y¨wZK AvKl©b e‡ji gva¨‡g hy³ n‡q LiCl †hŠM MVb K‡i|

wPÎ 1: wjw_qvg †K¬vivBW †hŠM

Avgiv Av‡iv GKwU mnR D`vniY D‡jøL Kwi| †mvwWqvg, Na 11 I †K¬vwib, Cl 17  Gi †ÿ‡Î
Na 11  1s2 2s2 2 p6 3s1 ev Ne 3s1
Cl 17   1s2 2s2 2 p 6 3s2 3 p5

Na cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv¯Íi 3q kw³| G ¯Í‡ii 3s AiweUv‡j GKwU gvÎ B‡jKUªb eZ©gvb, Na cigvYy GKwU gvÎ
B‡jKUªb‡K `vb K‡i Na  Avq‡b cwiYZ nq Ges wbw®Œq †gŠj Ne Gi B‡jKUªbxq MVb cÖvß nq| Avi Cl
cigvYy, Na Gi `vb Kiv B‡jKUªb‡K MÖnY K‡i Cl  Avq‡b cwiYZ nq Ges wbw¯Œq †gŠj Ar Gi B‡jKUªbxq
MVb cÖvß nq|
Na 11  Na   Ne  e
Cl 17   e  Cl   Ar 
Na  Avq‡bi †ÿ‡Î Ne Gi MVb I Cl  Avq‡bi †ÿ‡Î Ar Gi MVb KvVv‡gv cÖvwßi gva¨‡g AwaK w¯’wZkxj
nq| Na  Avqb I Cl  Avqb w¯’i ˆe`y¨wZK AvKl©Y e‡ji gva¨‡g hy³ n‡q NaCl †hŠM MVb K‡i|

wPÎ 2: †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW †hŠM

ivmvqwbK eÜb 71
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

G‡Zv †Mj `vb Avi MÖnY| Gevi hw` H cigvYyi K_v awi, Z‡e H -cigvYy †hŠ‡Mi ev †gŠ‡ji AYy MV‡bi mgq
wbwðqB †m Zvi wbKUgZ wbw®Œq †gŠj He Gi B‡jKUªbxq MVb jvf Ki‡Z PvB‡e| GRb¨ H -cigvYy
¯^vfvweKfv‡e GKwU B‡jKUªb MÖnY Ki‡e A_ev H -cigvYyi B‡jKUªbwU Ab¨ Avi GKwU cigvYyi B‡jKUª‡bi
mv‡_ †kqvi Ki‡e|
H 2 AYyi MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î-
H 1  1s1
x
H + H > H x H mJ
ev H H ev H2

GKBfv‡e HF AYyi MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î

H 1  1s1
F  9   1s1 2s2 2p5
..  ..  .. 
..HF . +  . .  ev .
.  ev
HF
..
 F  > .H.F.  F  mJ H..F F


 

G †_‡K Avgiv Kx eyS‡Z cvijvg? wewfbœ †gŠ‡ji cigvYy wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ B‡jKUªb `vb-MÖnY Ges †kqv‡ii gva¨‡g
cigvYyi †kl kw³¯Í‡i 2 wU A_ev †ewki fvM‡ÿ‡Î AvUwU B‡jKUª‡bi web¨vm jvf K‡i| Gfv‡e cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv
¯Í‡i He Gi B‡jKUªbxq MVb KvVv‡gv jvf Kiv‡K `yB Gi wbqg Duplet or duet Rule  Ges †hvR¨Zv ¯Í‡i 8
wU B‡jKUªb web¨vm jvf Kiv‡K AóK wbqg Octet Rule  e‡j|
g‡b ivL‡eb-
1| †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv¯Í‡ii B‡jKUªb eÜb MV‡b Ask MÖnb K‡i|
2| me cigvYyi jÿ¨ GKwU B‡jKUªb MÖnb, eR©b ev †kqv‡ii gva¨‡g Zvi wbKUeZ©x wbw®Œq †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªbxq MVb
cÖvß nIqvi cÖebZv|
3| cigvYy ivmvqwbK e܇b AskMÖn‡bi gva¨‡g `yB Gi wbqg ev AwaK wbqg c~Y© K‡i _v‡K|
ivmvqwbK eÜb MV‡bi Kvib Av‡jvPbv n‡jv, Gevi wbwðqB Avcbviv ivmvqwbK eÜb Kv‡K e‡j eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Qb|
†h AvKl©Y e‡ji Øviv AYy‡Z ev †Kv‡bv c`v‡_© cigvYy ev Avqb¸‡jv hy³ _v‡K Zv‡K ivmvqwbK eÜb
Chemical bond  e‡j|

1| Cl2 AYyi MVb e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

2| F2 , Cl2 , O2 I N 2 AYyi c~Y© MVb KvVv‡gv B‡jKUª‡bi gva¨‡g †`Lvb|
G‡ÿ‡Î Kxfv‡e AóK wbqg Abymib Kiv nq Zv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3| HCl , MgCl2 , AlCl3 , H 2O Abyi c~Y© MVb KvVv‡gv B‡jKUª‡bi gva¨‡g
wkÿv_©xi KvR
†`Lvb| cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î AóK wbq‡gi e¨vL¨v w`b|
4| HCl , MgCl2 , AlCl3 I H 2O AYyi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb †KvbwU‡Z `yB Gi
wbqg I AóK wbqg †g‡b P‡j| Avi †Kvb †Kvb AYy ïay AóK wbqg
†g‡b P‡j e¨vL¨v w`b|

72 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 5

mvi-ms‡¶c :
 `yB Gi wbqg: †gŠ‡ji cigvYy wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ B‡jKUªb `vb ev MÖnY ev †kqv‡ii gva¨‡g cigvYyi †kl
kw³¯Í‡i 2wU B‡jKUªb jvf K‡i| A_v©r He Gi B‡jKUªbxq MVb KvVv‡gv jvf K‡i|
 AóK wbqg: cigvYy wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ B‡jKUªb `vb, MÖnY Ges †kqv‡ii gva¨‡g cigvYyi †kl kw³¯Í‡i 8wU
B‡jKUªb web¨vm jvf Kiv‡K AóK wbqg e‡j|
 †hvR¨Zv: †Kv‡bv GKwU cigvYyi eÜb MV‡bi ÿgZv‡K Zvi †hvR¨Zv e‡j|
 †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb: †Kv‡bv cigvYyi me©ewn:¯’ kw³¯Í‡i eZ©gvb B‡jKUªb ¸‡jv‡K †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.1

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| Aw·‡Rb cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUª‡bi msL¨v-
K) 2 L) 3 M) 4 N) 8
2| †hŠ‡Mi †Kvb AYywU `yB Gi wbqg A_ev AóK wbqg †KvbwUB †g‡b P‡j bv-
K) CH4 L) CO2 M) NH3 N) BF3
3| wb‡Pi Dw³¸‡jv jÿ Ki-
i) cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv ¯Í‡ii B‡jKUªb eÜb MV‡b AskMÖnY K‡i|
ii) Na  Avqb I Ne Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm Awfbœ|
iii) AlCl3 AYy AóK wbqg †g‡b P‡jbv|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) ii I iii M) i I iii N) i, ii I iii

ivmvqwbK eÜb 73
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.2 AvqwbK eÜb

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-

 AvqwbK e܇bi MVb cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Avqb wKfv‡e m„wó nq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewfbœ AYyi MVb cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v cvi‡eb|
 Zwor abvZœK †gŠj I Zwor FYvZœK †gŠj wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
AóK bxwZ, Zwor abvZœK †gŠj, Zwor FYvZœK †gŠj, Avavb, ˆe`y¨wZK
gyL¨ kã AvKl©Y ej, K¨vUvqb, A¨vbvqb

AvqwbK eÜb (Ionic Bond):

ivmvqwbK eÜb MV‡bi Kvib Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q Avgiv †R‡bwQ Kxfv‡e NaCl AYy MwVZ nq|
Na cigvYy GKwU gvÎ B‡jKUªb‡K `vb K‡i Na  Avq‡b cwiYZ nq| wecixZfv‡e Cl  cigvYy GKwU gvÎ
B‡jKUªb‡K MÖnY K‡i Cl  Avq‡b cwibZ nq| Dfq AvqbB AóK bxwZ c~Y© K‡i _v‡K|
Na 11  1s2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s1 ev Ne3s1
Cl 17   1s2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p5
Na 11  Na   Ne    e  
Cl 17    e    Cl   Ar 

wPÎ 1: †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW †hŠM

Na  Avqb I Cl  Avqb `ywU wecixZ ag©x Avavb hy³ Avqb| G wecixZagx© Avav‡bi g‡a¨ w¯’i ˆe`y¨wZK AvKl©Y
e‡ji gva¨‡g AvqwbK e܇bi m„wó nq Ges NaCl AYy MwVZ nq|
MgCl2 AYyi †ÿ‡ÎI AvqwbK e܇bi gva¨‡g AYy MVb KvVv‡gv m„wó nq|
Mg 12   1s2 2s2 2 p 6 3s 2 ev Ne 3s 2
Cl 17   1s2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p5
`ywU cigvYy hLb KvQvKvwQ Av‡m ZLb g¨vM‡bwmqvg cigvYy Zvi †hvR¨Zv¯Íi Z…Zxq kw³¯Í‡ii 3s AiweUv‡ji
B‡jKUªb `ywU †K¬vwib cigvYy‡K `vb K‡i| †K¬vwib `vb K…Z B‡jKUªb‡K MÖnY K‡i Cl  Avq‡b cwiYZ nq| Mg
cigvYy 3q kw³¯Í‡ii 3 p AiweUv‡j B‡jKUªb `ywU‡K ¯’vb †`q| Mg 2  I Cl  AóK bxwZ Abymib K‡i|
Mg 2  Avqb I Cl  Avqb `ywU hy³ n‡q MgCl2 Drcbœ K‡i|

74 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 5

wPÎ 2: g¨vM‡bwmqvg †K¬vivBW †hŠM

Zvn‡j Avgiv AvqwbK eÜb‡K Gfv‡e msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z cvwi| wbKUZg wbw®Œq M¨v‡mi B‡jKUªb web¨vm jv‡fi
D‡Ï‡k¨ ivmvqwbK wewµqvq AskMÖnYKvix cigvYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ B‡jKUª‡bi `vb I MÖn‡Yi d‡j Drcbœ wecixZagx©
Avq‡bi g‡a¨ w¯’i Zwor AvKl©Y e‡ji gva¨‡g †h eÜb MwVZ nq Zv‡K AvqwbK eÜb e‡j|
1| cUvwmqvg K 19  I †K¬vwib, Cl 17  Gi ms‡hv‡M cUvwmqvg †K¬vivBW
KCl AYyi MVb cÖwµqv †`Lvb|
2| K¨vjwmqvg, Ca 10  I †K¬vwib, Cl 17  Gi ms‡hv‡M K¨vjwmqvg
†K¬vivBW  CaCl2  AYyi MVb cÖwµqv †`Lvb|
3| g¨vM‡bwmqvg, Mg 12  I Aw·‡Rb, O8 Gi ms‡hv‡M g¨vM‡bwmqvg
wkÿv_©xi KvR A·vBW  MgO  AYyi MVb cÖwµqv †`Lvb|
4| †mvwWqvg A·vBW Na2O  †hŠM MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î †mvwWqvg I Aw·‡Rb
KZwU K‡i B‡jKUªb `vb I MÖnY K‡i?
5| K¨vjwmqvg A·vBW CaO †hŠM MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î K¨vjwmqvg I Aw·‡Rb
KZwU K‡i B‡jKUªb `vb I MÖnY K‡i?
6| A¨vjywgwbqvg A·vBW  Al2O3  †hŠM MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î A¨vjywgwbqvg I
Aw·‡Rb KZwU K‡i B‡jKUªb `vb I MÖnY K‡i?
g‡b ivL‡eb:
AvqwbK eÜb MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î Zwor abvZœK †gŠj B‡jKUªb‡K `vb K‡i abvZœK Avq‡b cwibZ nq| Ab¨w`‡K Zwor
FYvZœK †gŠj B‡jKUªb‡K MÖnb K‡i FYvZœK Avq‡b cwibZ nq| abvZœK Avavb hy³ cigvYyi Avqb‡K K¨vUvqb
Ges FYvZœK Avavb hy³ cigvYyi Avqb‡K A¨vbvqb e‡j| NaCl †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ Na  K¨vUvqb I Cl  A¨vbvqb|
K¨vUvq‡bi g‡a¨ B‡jKUª‡bi msL¨v †cÖvU‡bi Zzjbvq Kg Ges A¨vbvq‡bi g‡a¨ B‡jKUª‡bi msL¨v †cÖvU‡bi Zzjbvq
†ewk _v‡K| Zvn‡j Gevi e‡jb, MgCl2 , LiF , MgO, CaCl2 , CaO Gme †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ K¨vUvqb †KvbwU Ges
A¨vbvqb †KvbwU?

ivmvqwbK eÜb 75
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

1| g¨vM‡bwmqvg †K¬vivBW  MgCl2  AYyi MVb KvVv‡gv G‡K †`Lvb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
2| †mvwWqvg A·vBW Na2O  AYyi MVb KvVv‡gv G‡K †`Lvb|

mvi-ms‡¶c :
 AvqwbK eÜb: `ywU wecixZagx© Avav‡bi g‡a¨ w¯’i ˆe`y¨wZK AvKl©‡Yi gva¨‡g †h e܇bi m„wó nq Zv‡K
AvqwbK eÜb e‡j|
 K¨vUvqb: abvZœK Avavb hy³ cigvYyi Avqb‡K K¨vUvqb e‡j|
 A¨vbvqb: FYvZœK Avavb hy³ cigvYyi Avqb‡K A¨vbvqb e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.2

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| mwVK Dw³wU wbev©Pb Kiæb-
K) NaCl AYy‡Z Na cigvYy GKwU B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i|
L) NaCl AYy‡Z Cl cigvYy GKwU B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i|
M) NaCl AYy‡Z B‡jKUª‡bi †kqvi N‡U|
N) NaCl AYy‡Z †Kvb AvqbB wbw¯Œq †gŠ‡ji MVb cÖvß nq bv|
2| wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU‡Z cÖwZwU cigvYyB wbw¯Œq †gŠj AvM©i Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm AR©b K‡i|
K) LiCl L) NaCl M) MgCl2 N) CaCl2
wb‡Pi †gŠj`ywUi B‡jKUªwbK KvVv‡gvi Av‡jv‡K 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|

+ +

A B

3| B †gŠjwUi †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUª‡bi msL¨v-

K) 1 L) 6 M) 7 N) 17
4| A I B †gŠ‡ji †ÿ‡Î Dw³¸‡jv nj-
i) AB MVbKv‡j cÖwZwU cigvYyB AvM©‡bi MVb cÖvß nq|
ii) B †gŠj A †gŠj‡K B‡jKUªb `vb K‡i|
iii) AB †hŠ‡M B‡jKUª‡bi †kqvi N‡U|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) i I ii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii

76 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 5

cvV-5.3 mg‡hvRx eÜb

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-

 mg‡hvRx eÜb MV‡bi cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 B‡jKUª‡bi †kqv‡ii aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †hvR¨Zv ¯Íi, †Rvo B‡jKUªb I we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
w¯’wZkxj, AóKbxwZ, we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb, cvigvYweK msL¨v, wØeÜb, wÎeÜb, f¨vÛvi
gyL¨ kã Iqvjm ej|
mg‡hvRx eÜb (Covalent Bond):
Avcbvi eÜzi mv‡_ A‡bKw`b ci †`Lv n‡jv| `yR‡bB nvZ evwo‡q w`‡q n¨vÛ‡mK Ki‡jb| Avcbv‡`i
`yR‡bi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki GKwU K‡i nvZ G‡K Ac‡ii nvZ‡K Rwo‡q a‡ib, †kqvi K‡ib| nvZ‡K hw` B‡jKUªb wn‡m‡e
Kíbv K‡ib Z‡e GwU n‡e `yR‡bi g‡a¨ mg‡hvRx eÜb|

wPÎ 3: n¨vÛ †mK

nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †gŠ‡ji cigvYy‡Z GKwU gvÎ B‡jKUªb eZ©gvb|

H 1  1s1
Aci GKwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †gŠ‡ji cigvYyi †ÿ‡ÎI GKB Ae¯’v| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb‡K wnwjqvg cigvYyi w¯’wZkxj B‡jKUªb
web¨vm jv‡fi Rb¨ Kx Kiv cÖ‡qvRb? `ywU nB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi cÖ‡Z¨‡KB wnwjqv‡gi MVb †c‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î
†Kv‡bv GKwU nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi c‡ÿ B‡jKUªb‡K Z¨vM Kiv m¤¢e bq| G Ae¯’vq GKwU gvÎ c_, †mwU n‡jv `ywU
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy wbR wbR B‡jKUªb‡K G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ †kqvi K‡i wb‡q wnwjqv‡gi w¯’wZkxj (`yB Gi wbqg)
web¨vm jvf Kiv|

x
H + H > ev H H
H x H mJ
wPÎ 1: B‡jKUªb †kqvi K‡i H2 AYy MVb|

ivmvqwbK eÜb 77
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

GKwU †d¬vwib F  cigvYyi wØZxq kw³¯Íi ev †hvR¨Zv¯Í‡i mvZwU B‡jKUªb eZ©gvb _v‡K|
F  9  1s 2 2s 2 2 p5
F cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv¯Í‡ii we‡Rvo B‡jKUª‡bi mv‡_ H cigvYyi we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb †kqvi Ki‡j F Gi AóK
bxwZ c~Y©Zv nq Ges H Gi `yB Gi bxwZ c~Y©Zv nq|

H F H F

wPÎ 2: B‡jKUªb †kqvi K‡i HF AYy MVb|

Ab¨fv‡e GKwU F cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv ¯Í‡ii we‡Rvo B‡jKUª‡bi mv‡_ Aci GKwU F cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv ¯Í‡ii
we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb †kqvi K‡i F2 AYy MVb K‡i|

..  ..  .. 
.. F . + . . .
..
 F 

 ev . F
> . .F.  F  mJ .. F  ev

F2
 

F2 AYy‡Z cÖwZwU F cigvYy AóK bxwZ Abymib K‡i‡Q|

Aw·‡Rb cigvYyi cvigvYweK msL¨v 8 , Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm O  8  1s 2 2s 2 2 p 4

O cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv¯Íi 2q kw³¯Íi| G ¯Í‡i `ywU we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb eZ©gvb| `ywU H cigvYyi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki 1s
AiweUv‡ji we‡Rvo B‡jKUª‡bi mv‡_ O Gi `ywU we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb †kqvi K‡i cvwb  H2 O  Gi AYyi m„wó nq|

wPÎ 3: H 2O AYyi MVb

H 2O AYy‡Z Aw·‡Rb cigvYy AóKbxwZ Ges cÖwZwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy `yB Gi bxwZ †g‡b P‡j‡Q|

g‡b ivL‡eb: †Kv‡bv cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv¯Í‡ii we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb eÜb MV‡b Ask MÖnY K‡i| cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv¯Í‡ii
†Rvo B‡jKUªb eÜb MV‡b Ask MÖnY K‡i bv| G B‡jKUªb‡K wb:m½ B‡jKUªb †Rvo ev gy³ †Rvo B‡jKUªb e‡j|
H 2O AYy‡Z O cigvYy‡Z 2wU wb:m½ B‡jKUªb †Rvo _v‡K| Avevi NH3 AYy‡Z N cigvYyi 1wU wb:m½
B‡jKUªb †Rvo _v‡K| HF AYy‡Z F cigvYyi wb:m½ B‡jKUªb †Rv‡oi msL¨v wZbwU|

78 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 5

wb‡R wb‡R Kiæb:

wkÿv_©xi KvR NH3 I CH 4 AYyi †ÿ‡Î N I C cigvYyi B‡jKUªb web¨vm †`wL‡q AYyi MVb
wPÎ AuvKzb|

G Av‡jvPbvi ci wbwðqB Avgiv eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ mg‡hvRx eÜb Avm‡j Kx? Avmj K_v n‡jv `ywU cigvYyi
ivmvqwbK ms‡hv‡Mi mgq hw` Dfq cigvYy mgvb msL¨K B‡jKUªb †kqvi K‡i GK ev GKvwaK B‡jKUªb †Rvo
MVb K‡i Ges G B‡jKUªb †Rvo Dfq cigvYy mgvb fv‡e †kqvi K‡i Df‡qB wbw®Œq M¨v‡mi MVb KvVv‡gv jvf
K‡i Z‡e Gi d‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †h ivmvqwbK e܇bi m„wó nq Zv‡K mg‡hvRx eÜb e‡j|

mg‡hvRx e܇bi †ÿ‡Î GKwU gvÎ B‡jKUªb †Rvo †kqvi K‡i MwVZ eÜb‡K GKK eÜb e‡j| †hgb-
H 2 , F2 , Cl2 , HF , HCl cÖf…wZ AYy‡Z GKK eÜb eZ©gvb| GKBfv‡e `ywU I wZbwU B‡jKUªb †Rvo †kqvi K‡i
MwVZ eÜb‡K h_vµ‡g wØeÜb I wÎeÜb e‡j| D`vniY¯^iƒc O2 , CO, CO2 , CH 2  CH 2 cÖfw… Z AYy‡Z wØeÜb
Ges N 2 I CH  CH AYy‡Z wÎeÜb eZ©gvb|

we›`y I µ‡mi mvnv‡h¨ O2 AYyi MVb †`Lv‡bv hvK- O cigvYyi cvigvYweK msL¨v 8 Ges Dnvi B‡jKUªb
web¨vm-

O  8  1s 2 2s 2 2 p4
..  .. .. 
. O. + ..  O mJ O = O ev
..
 O  > O
..   ev .. 
O2


GLv‡b O2 AYy‡Z `ywU Aw·‡Rb cigvYy cÖ‡Z¨‡K `ywU K‡i we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb †kqvi K‡i AóK bxwZ c~Y© K‡i‡Q|
Avevi `ywU Aw·‡Rb cigvYyi †kqv‡i Ask MÖnbKvix PviwU B‡jKUªb wØeÜb MVb K‡i‡Q|
we›`y I µ‡mi mvnv‡h¨ N 2 AYyi MVb †`Lv‡bv hvK N cigvYyi cvigvYweK msL¨v 7 Ges Dnvi B‡jKUªb web¨vm-
N  7   1s 2 2s 2 2 p3

..  .. .. 
.N . ..  O
= ev
.. + mJ O O N2
O  O
N > O
N N ev N
.. N
 ..   

GLv‡b N 2 AYy‡Z `ywU bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYy cÖ‡Z¨‡K wZbwU K‡i we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb †kqvi K‡i AóKbxwZ c~Y© K‡i‡Q|
Avi `ywU bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYyi †kqv‡i AskMÖnYKvix QqwU B‡jKUªb wÎeÜb MVb K‡i _v‡K|
wb‡R wb‡R Kiæb:
wkÿv_©xi KvR WU I µ‡mi mvnv‡h¨ CO, CH 2  CH 2 , CO2 , CH  CH AYyi MVb KvVv‡gv
†`Lvb|
mg‡hvRx e܇bi d‡j MwVZ †gŠwjK AYy †hgb H 2 , F2 , Cl2 , O2 , N 2 G‡`i‡K mg‡hvRx AYy e‡j| mg‡hvRx
e܇bi d‡j MwVZ †hŠM‡K mg‡hvRx †hŠM e‡j| †hgb- CO, CO2 , NH 3 , H 2O, CH 4 , CH 3  CH 3 (B‡_b),
CH 2  CH 2 (Bw_b), CH  CH (B_vBb) BZ¨vw`| mg‡hvRx †hŠ‡Mi AYy Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq M¨vmxq, Zij I
KwVb G wZb Ae¯’v‡ZB _vK‡Z cv‡i| CO, CO2 , NH 3 , CH 4 , CH 3  CH 3 , CH 2  CH 2 , CH  CH Gi

ivmvqwbK eÜb 79
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mK‡jB M¨vmxq| H 2O, CH 3  CH 2  OH (B_vbj), C6 H 6 (†ebwRb), C6 H 5CH 3 (wg_vBj †ebwRb) Giv

Avevi Zij| S8 (mvjdvi), I 2 (Av‡qvwWb) Giv Avevi KwVb| Giƒc †fŠZ Ae¯’v cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ `vqx
AYymg~‡ni g‡a¨ `~e©j f¨vbWvi Iqvjm ej| S8 I I 2 AYy‡Z f¨vbWvi Iqvjm ej AwaKfv‡e Kvh©Ki _v‡K weavq
G‡`i †fŠZ Ae¯’v KwVb nq| M¨vmxq AYy ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ G ej Kvh©Kix _v‡Kbv|

wb‡R wb‡R Kiæb:

wkÿv_©xi KvR NH3 AYyi MVb G‡K †`Lvb †h, N cigvYy AóK I cÖwZwU H cigvYy `yB Gi
bxwZ AbymiY K‡i‡Q|

mvi-ms‡¶c :
 mg‡hvRx eÜb: `ywU AavZe †gŠ‡ji cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv ¯Í‡ii we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb‡K Dfq cigvYyB †kqvi K‡i
†h ivmvqwbK eÜb m„wó K‡i Zv‡K mg‡hvRx eÜb e‡j|
 eÜb MVb: cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv¯Í‡ii we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb eÜb MV‡b AskMÖnY K‡i|
 GKK eÜb: `ywU cigvYyi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki 1wU K‡i B‡jKUª‡bi †kqv‡ii gva¨‡g GKK e܇bi m„wó nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.3

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| `ywU cigvYyi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki †hvR¨Zv ¯Í‡ii mvgb msL¨K B‡jKUª‡bi †kqv‡ii gva¨‡g †h e܇bi m„wó nq-
K) AvqwbK eÜb L) mg‡hvRx eÜb
M) ivmvqwbK eÜb N) GKK eÜb
2| bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv¯Í‡i we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb msL¨v-
K) 1 L) 3
M) 5 N) 7
3| †Kvb AYywU‡Z Dfq cigvYy AóK bxwZ Abymib K‡i‡Q-
K) H2O L) CH2= CH2
M) H2 N) F2

cvV-5.4 AvqwbK I mg‡hvRx †hŠ‡Mi ˆewkó¨

80 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 5

(Characteristics of Ionic & Covalent Compound)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-

 †Kvb †hŠM we`y¨r cwienb K‡i Ges †Kvb †hŠM we`y¨r cwienb K‡i bv Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AvqwbK †hŠ‡Mi we`y¨r cwien‡bi †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mg‡hvRx †hŠ‡Mi we`y¨r cwienb bv Kivi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AvqwbK †hŠ‡Mi †Kjvm MVb KvVv‡gv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã e¨vUvix, we`y¨r cwienb, eZ©bx, K¨vUvqb, A¨vbvqb, †Kjvm, `ªve¨Zv

AvqwbK I mg‡hvRx †hŠ‡Mi ˆewkó¨ (Characteristics of Ionic & Covalent Compound):

AYy‡Z ivmvqwbK e܇bi cÖK…wZi Dci †hŠ‡Mi ag©vewj wbf©i K‡i| AvqwbK †hŠ‡Mi KZ¸‡jv we‡kl
ag© Av‡Q hv mg‡hvRx †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z †bB| Avevi mg‡hvRx †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z KZ¸‡jv we‡kl ag© Av‡Q hv AvqwbK
†hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z †bB|

(1) †fŠZ Ae¯’v: AvqwbK †hŠ‡M c„_K Avjv`v AYy wn‡m‡e †Kv‡bv KYvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ _v‡K bv| wecixZ Avavb hy³
Avqb¸‡jv wÎgvwÎKfv‡e web¨¯Í n‡q we‡kl R¨vwgwZK AvKvi hy³ †Kjvm MVb K‡i| AvqwbK †hŠM Kÿ ZvcgvÎv I
Pv‡c mvaviYZ KwVb nq| †hgb Lv`¨ jeY  NaCl  , Zzu‡Z  CuSO4 .5H 2O  cVvwmqvg bvB‡UªU KNO3  ,
wbkv`j  NH 4Cl  cÖf…wZ KwVb Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
mg‡hvRx †hŠM mvaviYZ GKK AYy wn‡m‡e _v‡K| G AYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK AvKl©Y ej LyeB bMb¨ nIqvq
mvaviY ZvcgvÎv I Pv‡c Giv cÖavbZ M¨vmxq, Zij ev big KwVb Soft solid  c`v_© wn‡m‡e _v‡K| †hgb
CO2 , CH 4 , NH 3 , SO2 , Giv M¨vmxq| cvwb H 2O  , †K‡ivwmb, wW‡Rj, B_vbj  CH 3  CH 2  OH  Giv
Zij| Møy‡KvR C6 H12O6  , BDwiqv H 2 N  CO  NH 2  , evwj©, gq`v BZ¨vw` big KwVb|

(2) Mjbv¼ I ùzUbv¼:

AvqwbK †hŠ‡M wecixZ Avavb hy³ Avqb ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Zxeª Zwor AvKl©b e‡ji Kvi‡Y Giv D”P Mjbv¼ I D”P
ùzUbv¼ hy³ nq|
mg‡hvRx †hŠ‡Mi AYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AvšÍ:KYv AvKl©b ej Lye `ye©j nIqvq GK AYy †_‡K Aci AYy c„_K n‡Z †ewk
Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
Gevi `ywU †gvUv k³ KuvP bj wb‡q cÖ_gwU‡K mvgvb¨ Lv`¨ jeY I wØZxqwU‡Z mvgvb¨ wPwb wb‡q Zvc w`b| wØZxq
b‡ji bgybv ˆRe †hŠM mvgvb¨ Zv‡cB M‡j †Mj wKš‘ cÖ_g b‡ji bgybv A‰Re †hŠM AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K †Mj| A‰Re
†hŠ‡Mi D”P Mjbv‡¼i Kvi‡Y Giƒc n‡q‡Q|

(3) `ªve¨Zv:
AvqwbK †hŠM¸‡jv mvaviYZ †cvjvi `ªve‡K `ªeYxq| mg‡hvRx †hŠM¸‡jv A‡cvjvq `ªve‡K `ªeYxq| cvwb ( H 2O )
†cvjvi `ªveK| Kve©b WvB-mvjdvBW CS 2  , Kve©b †UUªv‡K¬vivBW CCl4  , †ebwRb C6 H 6  A‡cvjvi `ªveK|
Gevi `ywU cwi®‹vi Kuv‡Pi weKvi wbb| `ywU weKv‡iB A‡a©‡Ki GKUz †ewk K‡i cvwb wbb| cÖ_g weKv‡ii g‡a¨ Avav

ivmvqwbK eÜb 81
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Pvg‡Pi Kg cwigvb Lv`¨ jeY  NaCl  wb‡q bvovPvov Kiæb| Kx †`L‡jb? jeY cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z n‡q wM‡q‡Q|
Gevi H weKv‡ii g‡a¨ Av‡iv Avav PvgP Kvco KvPv †mvWv  Na2CO3.10H 2O  †hvM K‡i GKB fv‡e bvovPvov
Kiæb| GwUI `ªexf~Z n‡q †Mj| Gevi Gi g‡a¨ Avav PvgP Zzu‡Z †hvM Kiæb| Zzu‡Z cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z n‡q †Mj Ges
`ªe‡bi eY© my›`i bxj n‡q †Mj| Lv`¨ jeY, Kvco KvPv †mvWv, Zzu‡Z Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB AvqwbK †hŠM| G Rb¨ Giv
cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z n‡q‡Q|
wØZxq weKv‡ii cvwb‡Z mvgvb¨ †K‡ivwmb †Zj, b¨vc_vwj‡bi ¸uov, gq`v ev AvUvi ¸uov †hvM K‡i bvovPvov Kiæb|
Kx †`L‡jb? †Kv‡bv Dcv`vbB `ªexf‚Z nq bvB| G Dcv`vb ¸‡jv meB mg‡hvRx †hŠM| Giv cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq| Z‡e
wPwb C12 H 22 O11  , Møy‡KvR C6 H12O6 , B_vbj  CH 3  CH 2OH  , BDwiqv H 2 N  CO  NH 2  ,
A¨v‡gvwbqv  NH3  , nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †K¬vivBW mg‡hvRx †hŠM n‡jI Giv cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq| KviY Giv nq cvwbi mv‡_
wewµqv K‡i, bv nq cvwbi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q we‡kl GK ai‡bi eÜb m„wó K‡i _v‡K| G eÜb‡K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb
e‡j| G m¤ú‡K© Avcbviv Dc‡ii †kÖwY‡Z A‡bK wkL‡Z cvi‡eb|

gq`v ev AvUvi ¸uov

Lv`¨ jeY

cÖ_g weKvi wØZxq weKvi

wPÎ 1: Lv`¨ jeY I AvUvi ¸uovi `ªeY

AvqwbK †hŠ‡Mi cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z nIqvi †ÿ‡Î AvqwbK †hŠ‡Mi abvZœK cÖvšÍ cvwbi AYyi FYvZœK cÖvšÍ Øviv AvK…ó
nq| Avevi AvqwbK †hŠ‡Mi FYvZœK cÖvšÍ cvwbi AYyi abvZœK cÖvšÍ Øviv AvK…ó nq| G ai‡bi AvKl©‡Yi Kvi‡Y
†hŠ‡Mi abvZœK I FYvZœK cÖvšÍ ci¯úi †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q cvwbi †cvjvi AYyi wecixZ cÖvšÍ G‡K wN‡i iv‡L|
Gfv‡e Giv cvwb‡Z `ªexfzZ nq|

wPÎ 2: cvwbi AYy ms‡hvwRZ Na+ Avqb I Cl Avqb

(4) we`y¨r cwievwnZv:

mg‡hvRx †hŠ‡Mi AYy¸‡jv `ªexf‚Z ev MwjZ Ae¯’vq Avq‡b we‡qvwRZ nq bv| G Kvi‡Y mg‡hvRx †hŠM `ªexf‚Z ev
MwjZ Ae¯’vq we`y¨r cwienb K‡i bv|
AvqwbK †hŠ‡Mi AYy¸‡jv KwVb Ae¯’vq we`y¨r cwienb K‡i bv| Z‡e MwjZ I `ªexf‚Z Ae¯’vq we`y¨r cwienb K‡i
_v‡K|

82 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 5

Gevi `ywU weKvi wbb| cÖ_g weKv‡i A‡a©‡Ki Kg cvwb wb‡q Zv‡Z GK PvgP Lv`¨ jeY `ªexf‚Z Kiæb| wØZxq
weKv‡i GKB cwigvb cvwb wb‡q Zv‡Z GK PvgP wPwb `ªexf‚Z Kiæb| cÖ_g weKv‡ii `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ `ywU MÖvdvBU `Û
wbb| `Û `ywU‡K e¨vUvwi I ev‡j¦i mv‡_ hy³ K‡i c~Y© eZ©bx ˆZix Kiæb| †`Lyb wbðqB evj¦ R¡‡j D‡V‡Q|

MÖvdvBU `Û MÖvdvBU `Û

NaCl Gi `ªeY wPwbi `ªeY

wPÎ 3: `ªe‡Yi we`y¨r cwievnxZv wbY©q

Gevi GKB fv‡e wØZxq weKv‡ii g‡a¨ MÖvdvB‡Ui `Û `ywU ewm‡q ms‡hvM Zvi, e¨vUvwi I ev‡j¦i mvnv‡h¨ eZ©bx ‰Zix
Kiæb| Kx †`L‡jb? evj¦ R¡‡j D‡V bvB| G `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ Zwor cÖevn N‡U bvB| GwU mg‡hvRx †hŠ‡Mi `ªeY|

(5) †Kjv‡mi MVb:

AvqwbK †hŠ‡Mi †Kjv‡m cÖwZwU K¨vUvqb GKvwaK A¨vbvqb Øviv mew`K †_‡K cwi‡ewóZ _v‡K| GKB fv‡e cÖwZwU
A¨vbvqb I GKvwaK K¨vUvqb Øviv mew`K †_‡K cwi‡ewóZ _v‡K| †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW †Kjvm MV‡b cÖwZwU
†mvwWqvg Avqb Na  6 wU †K¬vivBW Avqb  Cl   Øviv Ges cÖwZwU †K¬vivBW Avqb  Cl   6 wU †mvwWqvg
Avqb Na  Øviv wN‡i _v‡K| mg‡hvRx †hŠ‡Mi †ÿ‡Î Giƒc †`Lv hvq bv|

wPÎ 4: NaCl †Kjvm (wÎgvwÎK)

wKQz AvqwbK †hŠ‡Mi ùwUK †Kjvm Av‡Q †hgb, A¨vjywgwbqvg †K¬vivBW (Al2O3), g¨vM‡bwmqv (MgO) G‡`i
MjbvsK A‡bK †ewk| 15000C ZvcgvÎvq G‡`i ùwUK AcwieZx©Z Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Kg ZvcgvÎvq AvqwbK
†hŠMmg~n mvaviYZ KwVb Ae¯’vq _v‡K| G Ae¯’vq B‡jKUªb PjvPj Ki‡Z bv cvivq Giv we`y¨r cwienb K‡i bv|
Avevi Kve©‡bi iƒc‡f` wniK we`y¨r cwienb K‡i bv wKš‘ MÖvdvB‡U gy³ B‡jKUªb _vKvq Bnv we`y¨r cwienb K‡i|

ivmvqwbK eÜb 83
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

1| GKwU Kvu‡Pi Møv‡m A‡a©K cwigvY cvwb wb‡q mvgvb¨ †K‡ivwmb †Zj †hvM
wkÿv_©xi KvR Kiæb| djvdj LvZvq wjLyb|
2| GK Møvm cvwb‡Z GK PvgP NaCl †hvM K‡i djvdj LvZvq wjLyb|

mvi-ms‡¶c :
 `ªve¨Zv: †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq MÖv‡g cÖKvwkZ †h cwigvY `ªe 100g `ªve‡K `ªexf‚Z n‡q m¤ú„³ `ªeY Drcbœ
K‡i, `ª‡ei H cwigvY‡K H ZvcgvÎvq H `ªve‡K H `ª‡ei `ªve¨Zv e‡j|
 †Kjvm: `vbv`vi c`v_©‡K †Kjvm e‡j| †Kjv‡m mgmË¡ I mywbw`©ó R¨vwgwZK AvKvi _v‡K|
 we`y¨Z cwievwnZv: †h me c`v‡_©i †fZi w`‡q we`y¨r PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i †m me c`v_©‡K we`y¨r cwievnx
Ges B‡jKUª‡bi cwienY‡K we`y¨r cwievwnZv e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.4

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b

1| AvqwbK †hŠ‡Mi ˆewkó¨ †KvbwU?
K) A‡cvjvi `ªve‡K `ªebxq
L) wb¤œ ùzUbv¼ wewkó
M) GKK AYy wn‡m‡e _v‡K
N) MwjZ I `ªexf‚Z Ae¯’vq we`y¨r cwievnx
2| mg‡hvRx †hŠ‡Mi ˆewkó¨ †KvbwU?
K) D”P ùzUbv¼ wewkó
L) we`y¨r cwievnx
M) GKK AYy
N) †Kjvm AvKv‡i _v‡K
3| wb‡Pi Dw³¸‡jv jÿ Kiæb-
i) NaCl AYy‡Z cÖwZwU Na  Avq‡bi cv‡k 6wU Cl  Avqb Ges cÖwZwU Cl  Avq‡bi cv‡k 6wU Na  Avqb
_v‡K|
ii) B_vbj cvwb‡Z `ªebxq|
iii) AvqwbK †hŠM¸‡jv mvaviYZ KwVb|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) i I ii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii

84 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 5

cvV-5.5 avZe eÜb

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-

 avZe eÜb MV‡bi †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 avZe e܇bi d‡j AYyi MVb KvVv‡gv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mÂviYkxj B‡jKUªb m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã avZe eÜb, mÂviYkxj B‡jKUªb, eZ©bx, we`y¨r cwienb

avZe eÜb
Avgiv mK‡jB †jvnvi iW, A¨vs‡Mj, cvZ, KovB, N‡ii QvDwb wn‡m‡e wUb, wcZ‡ji Kjmx, KovB,
NwU, Møvm, A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi ˆZwi `iRv Rvbvjv, cvZ, A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi nvwo-cvwZj, KovB, A¨vjywgwbqvg d‡qj,
wewfbœ ai‡bi avZe †KŠUv| Av‡iv KZwKQz †`‡L _vwK| Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB avZz| Gme avZe †gŠ‡ji cigvYy¸‡jv wKQz
mvaviY cÖPwjZ †gŠj ev †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z †h iK‡gi eÜb †`wL wVK †miK‡gi e܇b hy³ _v‡K bv| GgbwK Giv
GKK eÜb, wØeÜb, wÎeÜb A_ev wØcigvYyK, wÎcigvYyK AYy wn‡m‡eI _v‡Kbv| Giv Lye e‡ov AvKv‡i wbR wbR
†gŠ‡ji cigvYy¸‡jv GKmv‡_ cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb K‡i| Gme‡ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ cÖwZwU avZe cigvYyi Pvwicv‡k 8 †_‡K
12 wU GK ai‡bi avZe cigvYy Ae¯’vb K‡i wewfbœ AvKv‡ii KvVv‡gv ˆZwi K‡i| Zvn‡j Giv †Kvb e܇bi gva¨‡g
Giƒc Ae¯’vq Ave× _v‡K? ej‡eb mg‡hvRx eÜb ev AvqwbK eÜb bv, Gi †KvbwUB bq|
Avmj K_v n‡jv avZzi cigvYy ¸‡jvi †hvR¨Zv ¯Í‡ii B‡jKUªb LyeB `ye©jfv‡e wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K|
†hvR¨Zv¯Í‡ii B‡jKUªb¸‡jv †Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó cigvYy Øviv cwi‡ewóZ bv †_‡K Zv wewfbœ cigvYyi g‡a¨
mÂviYkxj _v‡K| A_©vr avZe †Kjv‡mi †ÿ‡Î G B‡jKUªb¸‡jv cigvYyi Kÿc_ †_‡K †ewo‡q mg¯Í avZeL‡Û
gy³fv‡e PjvPj K‡i| Avm‡j G B‡jKUªb¸‡jv Avi †Kv‡bv mywbw`©ó cigvbyi wbDwK¬qv‡mi Aax‡b _v‡Kbv| mg¯Í
avZe L‡Ûi n‡q hvq| cÖKZ … c‡ÿ †hvR¨Zv¯Í‡ii B‡jKUªb‡K
nvwi‡q avZe cigvby¸‡jv abvZœK Avq‡b cwibZ n‡q GK
wÎgvwÎK †Kjv‡m Ae¯’vb K‡i| gy³ B‡jKUªb¸‡jv mg¯Í avZe
UzKivi g‡a¨ mÂiYkxj _v‡K| avZe Avqb¸‡jv Wz‡e _v‡K
GK B‡jKUªb gnvmvM‡ii g‡a¨| abvZœK avZe Avqb¸‡jvi
gv‡S Ae¯’vb K‡i FYvZœK Avavb hy³ B‡jKUªb¸‡jv| wecixZ
Avavbhy³ e‡ji g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi w¯’i ˆe`y¨wZK AvKl©b e‡ji
m„wó nq hv Zv‡`i hy³ K‡i †Kjvm MVb K‡i| Gfv‡e m„wó wPÎ 1: avZe †Kjv‡m Avqb I B‡jKUªb
eÜb avZe eÜb bv‡g cwiwPZ|

avZe UzKivi g‡a¨ mÂviYkxj B‡jKUª‡bi Kvi‡Y avZe LÛ D”P Zvc I we`y¨r cwievwn, bgbxqZv, D¾¡jZv,
NvZmn cÖf…wZ ˆewk‡ó¨i nq| avZe †Kjv‡mi †fZ‡ii B‡jKUªb¸‡jvI ¯^vaxbfv‡e PjvPj K‡i| avZe Zvi‡K
e¨vUvixi mv‡_ hy³ K‡i eZ©bx c~Y© Ki‡j avZe L‡Ûi gy³ B‡jKUªb¸‡jv mn‡RB eZ©bxi FYvZœK cÖvšÍ †_‡K
abvZœK cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K PjvPj Ki‡Z _v‡K Ges we`y¨r cwienY K‡i|

ivmvqwbK eÜb 85
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

avZe Zvi

A¨v‡bvW
+  K¨v‡_vW
KcvicvZ
†jvnvi cvZ

Zzu‡Zi `ªeY

wPÎ 2: avZe c`v‡_©i we`y¨r cwienxZv

Gevi Avgiv GK UzKiv avZe Zvi wb‡q Zvi †fZi w`‡q we`y¨r cwienY cixÿv Ki‡ev| GKwU Kv‡Pi A_ev
cøvwó‡Ki weKv‡ii g‡a¨ Zzu‡Zi `ªeY wb‡q (weKv‡ii A‡a©‡Ki Kg) `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ KcvicvZ I †jvnvi cvZ Wzwe‡q
ˆe`y¨wZK Zvi Øviv ev miæ avZe Zvi w`‡q eZ©bxc~Y© Kiæb| wb‡`©kK evj¦ hy³ Kiæb| †`L‡eb ev‡j¦ Av‡jv R¡‡j
D‡V‡Q|
GKwU UP© jvB‡Ui e¨vUvwii `yB cÖv‡šÍi ˆe`y¨wZK Zv‡ii ms‡hvM w`‡q wb‡`©kK
wkÿv_©xi KvR ev‡j¦i mv‡_ ms‡hvM w`b| avZe Zv‡ii ga¨ w`‡q we`y¨r cwienY cixÿv K‡i
djvdj LvZvq wjLyb|

mvi-ms‡¶c :
 avZe eÜb: avZe cv‡Îi g‡a¨ wecixZ Avavb hy³ Avqb¸‡jvi ga¨ w`‡q ˆe`y¨wZK AvKl©Y e‡ji gva¨‡g †h
e܇bi m„wó nq Zv‡K avZe eÜb e‡j|
 mÂviYkxj B‡jKUªb: avZe †Kjv‡mi g‡a¨ gy³ B‡jKUªb¸‡jv mg¯Í †Kjvm Ry‡o Ae¯’vb K‡i| G
B‡jKUªb‡K mÂviYkxj B‡jKUªb e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.5

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| avZe e܇bi †ÿ‡Î B‡jKUªb¸‡jvi mwVK D³ n‡jv-
K) B‡jKUª‡bi `vb N‡U| L) B‡jKUª‡bi MÖnY N‡U|
M) B‡jKUª‡bi †kqvi N‡U| N) B‡jKUªb mÂviYkxj _v‡K|
2| wb‡Pi Dw³¸‡jv jÿ Ki-
i) avZzi wfZi w`‡q we`y¨r cwienb K‡i|
ii) avZe Avqb¸‡jv B‡jKUª‡bi mvM‡i Wz‡e _v‡K|
iii) avZe cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb †Kv‡bv wbDwK¬qv‡mi Awa‡b _v‡K bv|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) i I ii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii

86 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 5

P~ovš— g~j¨vqb

m„Rbkxj cÖk-œ 1

+
+

A B
K) ivmvqwbK eÜb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L) cigvYy †Kb ivmvqwbK eÜb MVb K‡i-e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 2
M) DÏxc‡Ki A †gŠjwUi wØcigvYyK AYyi e܇bi cÖK…wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 3
N) A †gŠjwUi mg‡hvRx I AvqwbK eÜb MVb Ki‡jI B †gŠjwU AvqwbK I avZe eÜb MVb K‡i- we‡kølY Kiæb|
4
m„Rbkxj cÖk-œ 2
A + D AD
B + D BD
A, B I D wZbwU KvíwbK †gŠj| I‡`i cvigvbweK msL¨v h_vµ‡g 1, 11 I 17|
K) cvigvYweK †hvR¨Zv¯Íi Kx? 1
L) `yB Gi wbqg I AóK wbq‡gi cv_©K¨ Kx? 2
M) AD I BD †hŠM `ywUi MVb cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb 3
N) AD I BD †hŠ‡Mi eÜb m¤ú~Y© wfbœ cÖK…wZi- we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.1 : 1| M 2| N 3| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.2 : 1| L 2| N 3| M 4| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.3 : 1| L 2| L 3| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.4 : 1| N 2| M 3| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.5 : 1| N 2| N

ivmvqwbK eÜb 87