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Binomial Theorem
A project report submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirements of
the internal evaluation of Grade XII in Mathematics

Submitted by:
Sapana Bhusal
Satyam Singh
Selesma Bista
Shijal Ghale
Shrinkhala Tripathi
Smriti Paudel
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Foremost we would like to express our deep gratitude

to our pleasure Mr.Bijay Subedi, for the continuous
enthusiastic support, and motivation as our
teacher. We would also like to expand our deepest
gratitude to all those who have directly and indirectly
guided us in writing this assignment. We got to learn a
lot from this project and hope this project will provide
a guideline for everyone.
Also, we would like to mention the support and
consideration of our parents who have always been
there in our life. Thanks to everyone who inspired us
to write this project.
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Abstract:

The purpose of this project is to know what is binomial

expression , binomial theorem and what Pascal's Triangle
is and see some common uses of Pascal's Triangle,
application of binomial theorem, exponential function and
logarithmic function. Binomial theorem also has some
interesting properties which are also briefly mentioned in
this project .Binomial theorem is also an important
methodology that is commonly used in practical life rather
than being a paper based theorem.
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Content Page
Topics Page no
 Cover Page
 Acknowledgement
 Abstract
 Introduction 5
 Pascal’s triangle 6
 Binomial theorem 7
 General term 8
 Middle term 9
 Application of binomial 10
Theorem
 Exponential function 12
 Logarithnic function 14
 Euler’s number 15
 Conclusion 16
 References 17
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Introduction
An expression having of two term is known as binomial
expression.
For example: a+x, a+y
When the power of such expression is a very small positive
integer such as 2, 3, 4 it is not difficult to expand them. But if
the power is large numbers, let us say “n” then we need a
formula for the expansion of binomial expression. The
formula is called binomial Theorem. The binomial theorem
was first introduced by Sir Issac Newton. We first begin with
the pattern recognition in the expansion of (a+x) n.
We start by looking (a+x) n for n=2,3 and 4.
The expansion are as:
(a+x) 2=a2+2ax+x2
(a+x) 3= a3+3a2x+3ax2+x3
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Pascal’s Triangle
It is named after the famous Philosopher and
Mathematician ‘Pascal’ who developed a pattern of
numbers starting with 1 and the numbers beneath are the
summation of the above numbers. Pascal's Triangle gives us
the coefficients for an expanded binomial of the form
(a + b)n, where n is the row of the triangle. The Binomial
Theorem tells us we can use these coefficients to find the
entire expanded binomial, with a couple extra tricks thrown
in.

The first row is one 1. Then we have two 1s. After that,
things get interesting. The outsides of the triangle are always
1, but the insides are different. To find the number on the
next row, add the two numbers above it together. See, 2 = 1
+ 1; for the row under that, we have 1 (outer edge), 3 (2 + 1
from above), 3 (ditto), and 1 (the other edge). Every row is
built from the row above it.
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Binomial theorem
For any positive integer n,
(a+x)n=C(n,0)an + C(n,1)an-1x+ C(n,2)an-2x2+……….+
C(n,r)an-rxr+ C(n,n)xn
Properties of binomial coefficient
 In an expansion (1+x)n , the sum of binomial coefficient
is 2n.
i.e(r+1)th. C0+C1+C2+C3+………+Cn=2n
 In an expansion (1+x)n, the sum of binomial coefficient
of odd terms is equal to the sum of binomial coefficient
of even terms and each is equal to 2n-1.
i.e. C0+C2+C4+…..=C1+C3+C5+…..=2n-1
 In the expansion of (1+x)n, the coefficients of term
equidistant from the beginning and the end are equal.
Proof: The coefficient of(r+1)th term from the beginning
is nCr. Total number of terms in the expansion is n+1.
∴(r+1)th term from the end has (n+1)-(r+1) on n-r
terms before it.
∴ (r+1)th term from the end=(n-r+1)th term from the
beginning.
Its coefficient is nCn-r.
Since, nCr=nCn-r, the coefficient are equal
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General Term:
The term nCran-rxr of binomial expression (a+x)n is
known as general term. It is denoted by
tr+1=nCran-rxr

Using the general term, we may state the binomial

theorem in the following abbreviated form
𝑛

(𝑎 + 𝑥 )𝑛 = ∑ C(n, r)𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑥 𝑟
𝑟=0
The general term in the expansion of (a-x)n is
(-1)r.C(n,r)an-rxr.
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Middle Term:
i. When n is even:
If n is even then no. of terms after expansion is
𝑡𝑛
odd. In this case middle term is given by + 1
2
ii. When n is odd
If n is odd then no. of terms after expansion is
even. In this case there are 2 middle terms and
𝑡𝑛+1 𝑡𝑛+1
given by and + 1.
2 2
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APPLICATIONS OF BINOMIAL THEOREM

Binomial theorem has a wide range of applications in
Mathematics like finding the remainder, finding digits of a
number, etc. The most common binomial theorem
applications are:

1. Finding Remainder using Binomial Theorem

Illustration: Find the remainder when 7103 is divided by 25
Sol:
(7103 / 25) = [7(49)51 / 25)] = [7(50 − 1)51 / 25]
= [7(25K − 1) / 25] = [(175K – 25 + 25−7) / 25]
= [(25(7K − 1) + 18) / 25]
∴ The remainder = 18.
Illustration: If the fractional part of the number (2403 / 15)
is (K/15), then find K.
Sol:
(2403 / 15) = [23 (24)100 / 15]
= 8/15 (15 + 1)100 = 8/ 15 (15λ + 1) = 8λ + 8/15
∵ 8λ is an integer, fractional part = 8/15
So, K = 8.
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2. Finding Digits of a Number

Illustration: Find the last two digits of the number (13)10
Sol:
(13)10 = (169)5 = (170 − 1)5
= 5C0 (170)5 − 5C1 (170)4 + 5C2 (170)3 − 5C3 (170)2 + 5C4 (170)
− 5C5
= 5C0 (170)5 − 5C1 (170)4 + 5C2 (170)3 − 5C3 (170)2 + 5(170) −
1
A multiple of 100 + 5(170) – 1 = 100K + 849
∴ The last two digits are 49.
3. Summation of infinite series
Let us consider the infinite series
𝑥 𝑚(𝑚+𝑛) 𝑥 2 𝑚(𝑚+𝑛)(𝑚+2𝑛) 𝑥 3
1+ + + +…….
𝑛 2! 𝑛2 3! 𝑛3

Clearly, we can observe that it is binomial expansion of

(1-x)-m/n. In this case we notice that the factors in the
numerator form an AP whose first term is m and
common difference is n. So the series of this type can
be written as binomial series and then its sum is
𝑚
−
obtained in the form (1 − 𝑥) 𝑛 .
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Exponential Function
The function which is in the form of
y=f(x)=ax, a>0
is called exponential function in which the base a is
constant and the power or index x is variable.

As we can see from the figure above, the graph of an

exponential function can either show a growth or a
decay.

The figure on the left shows exponential growth while

the figure on the right shows exponential decay.

In Exponential Growth, the quantity increases very

slowly at first, and then rapidly. The rate of change
increases over time. The rate of growth becomes faster
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as time passes. The rapid growth meant to be an

“exponential increase”. The formula to define the
exponential growth is:
y = a ( 1+ r )x
Where r is the growth percentage.
In Exponential Decay, the quantity decreases very
rapidly at first, and then slowly. The rate of change
decreases over time. The rate of change becomes
slower as time passes. The rapid growth meant to be
an “exponential decrease”. The formula to define the
exponential growth is:
y = a ( 1- r )x
Where r is the decay percentage.

Examples of exponential functions

1. y = 0.5 × 2x

2. y = -3 × 0.4x

3. y = ex

4. y = 10x
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Logarithmic function
The inverse of the exponential function with base a is
called logarithmic function. It is denoted by logbx. If we
have an exponential function y=ax, then logarithmic
function is given by x=logay.
Since, domain and range of the exponential function
with base a are ℝ and ℝ+ respectively, the domain of its
inverse logax is ℝ+ and the range is ℝ.
We have defined the natural exponential function f by
the means of equation f(x)=ex. The logarithmic
function with base e is called natural logarithmic
function. ln x is used as an abbreviation for logex and
refer to it as the natural logarithm of x.
Thus, the natural logarithmic and natural exponential
functions are inverse of each other.
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Euler’s number
Since we have y=ax, we have x=logay. There is a special
type of exponential function ex, where e is limiting value
1 𝑛
lim (1 + ) . This limiting value is known as Euler’s
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
number as it is introduced by Euler for the base of a
logarithmic function.
Euler’s number is denoted by e and is defined by
1 𝑛
e= lim (1 + ) .
𝑛→∞ 𝑛

The value of e lies between 2 and 3 and is

approximately 2.718282. The first few digits of e are
given here though:
e = 2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757247093699959574966967627724076630353

This value is frequently used to model physical and

economic phenomena, mathematically, where it is
convenient to write e.
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Conclusion
Binomial Theorem is a quick way of expanding a
binomial expression with (that are raised to) large
powers. This theorem is a really important topic
(section) in algebra and has application in
Permutations and Combinations, Probability, Matrices,
and Mathematical Induction. In real life, the binomial
theorem can also be used in the prediction of upcoming
disasters. This can be life-saving and is essential for our
daily life. We can prevent the lives of a number of
people from disasters like tsunamis, cyclones, etc. It
allows engineers, to calculate the magnitudes of the
projects and thus delivering accurate estimates of not
only the costs but also time required to construct them.
The binomial theorem is one of the most used formulas
used in mathematics. It has one of the most important
uses in statistics, which is used to solve problems in
data science.
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References
 https://byjus.com/jee/binomial-theorem/
 https://www.basic-
mathematics.com/exponential-function.html
 https://kullabs.com/class-12/mathematics-
1/binomial-theorem/exponential-and-
logarithmic-function-and-seriesexpansion-of-
exax-and-log1+x
 Basic mathematics book
 Foundation of mathematics book