Railway Recruitment Board Junior Engineer Examination Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mechanics Well Illustrated Theory with Solved Examples and Practice Questions = Baer PUBLICATIONSEngineering Mechanics Contents UNIT TOPIC ‘Composition, Resolution and Equilibrium of Forces Friction — Laws of Motion Work and Energy Center of Gravity and Moment of nertia Impulseand MomentumCHAPTER Composition, Resolution and Equilibrium of Forces 1.1 Force Force is the action of one body on another, It may be defined as an action which changes or tends to change the state of est or of uniform motion of body. For representing the force acting on the body, the magnitude of the force, its point of action and direction a its action should be known. There are different types of forces such as gravitational, frictional, magnetic, inertia or those caused by mass and acceleration ‘According to Newton's second law of motion, we can write force as length time? (One Newton force is defined as that which gives an acceleration of 1 mis? to a body of mass of 1 kg in the direction of force. Thus, AN = 1kg x 1 mis? = 1 kg-mis? The action of one body and another, which changes or tends to change the state of rest or of uniform motion of body is called as force The three requisites for representing the force acting on the body are + Magnitude of force + Its point of action, and * Direction ofits action F=ma=massx 1.2 Effects of a Force A force may produce the following effects in a body, on which it acts 4. Itmay change the motion of a body i. if a body is at rest, the force may set it in motion. And if the body is already inmotion, the force may accelerate or retard it 2. Itmay retard the forces, already acting on a body, thus bringing it to rest or in equilibrium. 3. Itmay give tise to the internal stresses in the body, on which it acts. 1.3 Characteristics of a Force ‘To know the effect of force on a body, the following elements of force should be known 1. Magnitude (ie. 2N, 5 KN, 10KN ete.) 2. Direction or line of action 3. Sense or nature (push or pull). 4, Point of application.2 1.4 Mechanical Engineering RRB-JE MADE EASY Force Systems A force system is collection of forces acting on a body in one or more planes. According to the relative position of the lines of action of the forces, the forces may be classified as follows: 15 4. Collinear: The forces whose lines of action lie on the same line are known as collinear forces. 2. Concurrent: The forces, which meet atone point, are known as concurrent forces. Concurrent forces may or may not be collinear, 8. Coplanar: The forces whose line of action Iie on the same plane are known as coplanar forces. 4, Coplanar concurrent: The forces, which meet at one point and their line of action lie on the same plane, are known as coplanar concurrent forces. 5. Non-coplanar concurrent: The forces, which meet at one point but their lines of action do not lie on the same plane, are known as coplanar non-concurrent forces, 6. Coplanar non-concurrent: The forces, which do not meet at one point but their line of action lie on the same plane, are known as coplanar non-concurrent forces, 7. Non-coplanar non-concurrent: The forces, which do not meet at one point and their line of action do not ie on the same plane, are known as non-coplanar non-concurrent forces. Resultant Force A single force which produces same effect on the body as the system of forces is called as resultant force. Parallelogram Law of Forces This law is used for finding the resultant of two forces acting at a point. {two forces F, and F, are acting ata point and are represented in magnitude and direction by two sides of a parallelogram, then their resultant is represented by the diagonal of the parallelogram both in magnitude and direction, Consider a parallelogram OACBas shown in figure 1.1 where sides OA and OB represent the forces F, Facling at a point O. According to the parallelogram law of forces, the resultant Ris represented by a diagonal OC. Let @ be the angle between the forces F, and ind «tbe the angle made by Rwith force F, From the figure 1.1 we can write 2 © BC = OA=F, AC = OB =F, ZBOA = 6 = ZCAD and A ODC and AADCare right angle triangles. / Fromtriangle ADC, we can write o 6 Fa CD = ACsind = F, sino Figure 14 From triangle ODG, we can write OC? = OD? + CD? = (OA + AD)? + CD? RP = (F, + F, cos0)? + (F, sino)? = FP +26, cose + Fecos’e + Fe sin?o = FP + 2FF,cos0 + FE(cos?@+ siv?@) = FR + 2500s + FF R= FP +2FF,cose+ FP wMADE EASY Engineering Mechanics Composition, Resolution and 3 From triangle ODC, coO__ oo F, sine iw tana = £2 OD” OA+ AD” F+F, cose Thus Re (fi +2FFcos0+ Fasind F,+F,cose and lana = 1.7. Triangle Law of Forces This law states that Iftwo forces acting simultaneously on a body are represented in magnitude and direction by two sides of a triangle taken in order then their third side will represent the resultant of two forces in the direction and magnitude taken in opposite order. F, g iF R 6 ° o F o za Figure. 1.2 I three forces are acting on a body and they are represented by three sides of the triangle in magnitude n and direction, then the body will be in equilibrium condi 1.8 Polygon Law of Forces \When two more forces are acting on the body, the triangle law can be extended to polygon law. {fanumber coplanar concurrent forces acting simultaneously on a body are represented in magnitude and diteotion by the sides of a polygon, taken inorder, then their resultant can be represented by closing side of the polygon in magnitude and direction in the opposite order. Fy Figure.1.3, Consider the forces F,, F, and F, acting at a point O as shown in figure 1.3. As per the polygon law of forces the resultant force Ris as shown in figure 1.3, According to parallelogram law, then the resultant of F, and F, is represented by R, and resultant of R, and F, is represented by R,. The resultant Ris the resultant of F, and R,. This procedure can be extended to any number of forces acting at a point in a plane4 Mechanical Engineering RRB-JE MADE EASY 1.9 Composition of Forces Conversion of system of forces into an equivalent single force system is known as the composition of forces. The effect of single equivalent force will be same as the effect produced by number of forces action on a body. Let the forces F,, F, Fy. F;, ate acting on a body in a plane making angle a,c, ct, and c, with x-axis as shown in figure 1.4. Let R be the resultant force of all the forces acting at the point making an angle @ with horizontal as shown in figure. Resolving the forces along sraxis and y-axis, we get Figure 1.4 EF, = F, COS a, ~ F, 608 a ~ Fy COs ay + F, COS a, EF, = F, sina, + F, sin a, ~ Fy sin oy ~F, sin ot Component of R along x-axis = cos Component of Ralong y-axis = Rsind y R Roos = EF, sino and Rsin@==F, R? (sin? @ + cos? 8) = (ZF)? + (EF)? o__ene 6 x Figure 1.5 R= JF)? +05 ‘sure tan@ oy and ano = A body which is under co-planar system of concurrent forces is in equilibrium if R= 0 or EF,=0 and EF/=0 y F Fino 1.10 Resolution of Forces Replacing force Fy two forces along x and y axis acting on the same 0 Foose body is called resolution of forces. Resolution is the reverse process of a gueis composi Nn. Case I: A force Facting at a point ‘0’ making angle @ with horizontal as shown in figure 1.6, Then its components along x and yaxis are given by F, = Fcos @and F, = Fsin@ Case II: The resolution of force W when the body is on an inclined plane. The components of the body force Ware given by W, = Weos ® and W, = Wsin® where W, is normal component to inclined plane and W, is parallel component to inclined plane, Figure 1.7 1.11 Equilibrium of Forces I body is moving ata constant velocity or the body is at rest then the body is said to be in equilibrium in a state, I a number of forces are acting on the bady and its resultant comes out to be zero, then the body is said to be in equilibrium. Such a set of forces, whose resultant is zero, are called equilibrium forces,MADE EASY STUDENT'S ASSIGNMENT Q.1_ A string is wrapped on a wheel of moment of inertia 0.2 kg/m? and radius 10 ¢m and goes through a ight pulley to support a block of mass 2.0 kg as shown in figure. The acceleration of block is [ pee LJe6 (a) 0.79 mist (c) 0.99 mis? (b) 0.89 mis? (d) 1.99 mis® Q.2 Figure shows two blocks Aand 8, each having ‘a mass of 320 g connected by a light string passing over a smooth light pulley. The horizontal surface on which block A slides is smooth, The block Ais attached to a spring of spring constant 40 Nim. Initially spring is vertical and unstretched. The extension in the spring at the instant when block A breaks off is (Take g = 10 mis") sown “ ° @ 20m () 8om () Bem (@) 106m STUDENT'S. > answerkey / ,StQ5NTS 1.0) 2d) Engineering Mechanics Composition, Resolution and. 11 HINTS & SOLUTIONS / STUDENTS. I= 0.2kgm? Bow r= 08 | h, m= 2kg ED mng-T = me a 2 ' = m9 (mp = 2x98 = (eso 0.01 => a = 0.89 m/s? 2 (oO o4 “oa esim [I cl ecosd bn * Given: m= 0.82 kg, k= 40 Nim, h = 04 m, g= 10 mis? From FBD,kx cos0 = mg = cose = ke o4 omg = Gass 7 ee 04 _ 082x10 > O4+x — 40x Onsolving x = 01m=10cem