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İnci Oya Coşkun · Alan Lew ·
Norain Othman · Gökçe Yüksek ·
Semra Günay Aktaş Editors
Heritage Tourism
Beyond Borders
and Civilizations
Proceedings of the Tourism Outlook
Conference 2018
Heritage Tourism Beyond Borders and Civilizations
İnci Oya Coşkun Alan Lew
• •
Norain Othman Gökçe Yüksek

• •
Semra Günay Aktaş

Editors
Heritage Tourism Beyond

Borders and Civilizations
Proceedings of the Tourism Outlook
Conference 2018
123
Editors
İnci Oya Coşkun Alan Lew
Faculty of Tourism Department of Geography,
Anadolu University Planning and Recreation
Tepebaşı, Eskisehir, Turkey Northern Arizona University
Flagstaff, AZ, USA
Norain Othman
Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management Gökçe Yüksek
Universiti Teknologi MARA Faculty of Tourism
Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia Anadolu University
Tepebaşı, Eskisehir, Turkey
Semra Günay Aktaş
Faculty of Tourism
Anadolu University
Tepebaşı, Eskisehir, Turkey
ISBN 978-981-15-5369-1 ISBN 978-981-15-5370-7 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5370-7
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
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or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
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Singapore
Preface
Heritage, both tangible and intangible, is one of the fastest-growing and most vital
segments of the contemporary tourism industry. This emphasis has increased
steadily since UNESCO initiated the World Heritage List in 1972, and a wide range
of heritage phenomena have evolved since then to attract recognition and value. In
addition to its support in heritage conservation and the promotion of varied forms of
culture, heritage tourism is important due to its socio-economic impacts.
Communities benefit from this type of tourism because it raises their awareness
of the social and economic value of their local natural and cultural heritage. For
tourists, heritage sites provide personal encounters with traditions, history, culture,
and natural resources and a chance to listen and learn their distinctive stories.
The UNESCO World Heritage Centre defines heritage as “our legacy from the
past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations. Our
cultural and natural heritages are irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration”.
When recognized, natural and cultural heritage sites, including scenic landscapes
and revitalized historic towns, are prized tourism assets that distinguish one place
from another. These resources are often unique and fragile by nature; therefore, it is
essential for tourism authorities and academicians to study how communities can
benefit from them as attractions, while protecting and preserving them in a sus-
tainable manner.
The papers in this volume explore heritage tourism in four main aspects: People,
Food, Planning, and Roads. They were selected from the successful 11th Tourism
Outlook Conference, held in Eskişehir, Turkey, October 2–5, 2018, and reflect the
range of topics covered at that meeting. The conference was organized by the
Anadolu University (ANAU) along with international collaborators. The Eskişehir
conference focused on the challenge of understanding and preserving cultural and
natural heritage, and seeking a better awareness of their values. Eskişehir was a
perfect venue to address these issues due to its location in Anatolia, the ancient
peninsula with a rich and diverse cultural and natural heritage due to its being a
crossroad between Asia and Europe.
The editors of this volume appreciate the efforts of the conference organizers and
sponsors, which included:
v
vi Preface
• Anadolu University, Faculty of Tourism, Turkey

• Universiti Teknologi Mara, Shah Alam (UiTM), Faculty of Hotel and
Tourism Management, Malaysia
• Northern Arizona University (NAU), Department of Geography, Planning
and Recreation, USA
• International Geographical Union (IGU), Commission on the Geography of
Tourism, Leisure and Global Change
• Tourism Geographies journal, Routledge, UK
The selected chapters provide a platform for tourism scholars, tourism industry
practitioners, public and private tourism decision-makers, and others interested in
heritage tourism to share, exchange and debate ideas and knowledge. The authors
and researchers who contributed to this book present a wide range of perspectives
on heritage and its relationship to tourism. They, and the editors of this volume,
appreciate this opportunity to contribute their knowledge to the world.
Tepebaşı, Turkey İnci Oya Coşkun

Flagstaff, USA Alan Lew
Puncak Alam, Malaysia Norain Othman
Tepebaşı, Turkey Gökçe Yüksek
Tepebaşı, Turkey Semra Günay Aktaş
Contents
Heritage Tourism and People

Myths and Legends in Destination Tourism Marketing: The Story
of Hero and Leander—Canakkale, Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Mustafa Boz
Locals’ Motivations for Recreational Visits to Urban Cultural
Heritage Sites: The Seyh Edebali Tomb, Bilecik, Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Ayşe Okuyucu and Mehmet Somuncu
The Gamification of Museum Attractions: The Perspective
of Visitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Majd Tayara and Hakan Yilmaz
Effects of Participation on Place Attachment in Diaspora Tourism
of Circassians Living in Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Ufuk Çevik and Semra Günay Aktaş
Tour Guides as Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism Interpreters:
The Case of the Odunpazari Historical Urban Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Merve Kalyoncu and Gökçe Yüksek
Cultural Heritage of Ottoman Anatolia Through the Eyes of Female
Travelers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Azade Özlem Çalık, Gülsel Çiftçi, and Duygu Yetgin
Heritage Tourism and Food

Gastronomy Tourism in the Eyes of the Local People:
The Bergama Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Berrin Güzel and Ceren İşçi
An Evaluation of Chefs’ Views on the Culinary Arts and Design
Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Sema Ekincek and Semra Günay Aktaş
vii
viii Contents
The Potential of Amasya Cuisine for Gastronomy Tourism . . . . . . . . . . 115

Önder Yayla and Şeyda Yayla
Gastrotourism According to the 24 Solar Terms Regimen . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Deniz Orhun and M. Kutsi Akilli
Heritage Tourism Planning

The Role of Industry Museums in Promoting Industrial Heritage
Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Kudret Gül and Melike Gül
Tourism Management Planning Approach in Cultural Heritage
Sites: Principles for Istanbul’s Historic Peninsula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Ayşe Nur Canbolat and Dilek Erbey
Architecture’s Role in New Tourism Trends: Cases from Poland
and Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Adam Siniecki and Ayşe Nilay Evcil
Evaluation of Rural Culture in Ödemiş-Lübbey Using Creative
Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Seval Durmuş and Gözde Emekli
The Evolution of Heritage Tourism Destinations in Protected
Rural Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Barış Seyhan and Antonio Paolo Russo
Anadolu University Aviation Park as Part of a Cultural
Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Semra Günay Aktaş, Önder Yayla, and Sema Ekincek
Heritage Roads
Sustaining Cultural Routes: The Case of the Phrygian Way . . . . . . . . . 243
Kübra Aşan and Medet Yolal
Management of Sustainable Tourism and Cultural Heritage
for the Ancient Hittite Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Nevin Turgut Gültekin and T. N. N. Özbek Çetin
Cultural Route Management Through Collaborative Efforts . . . . . . . . . 267
Burcin Kalabay Hatipoglu, Yasemin Keskin, and Seyma Yetgil
Heritage Tourism and People
Myths and Legends in Destination
Tourism Marketing: The Story of Hero
and Leander—Canakkale, Turkey
Mustafa Boz
Introduction
Today, tourism is seen as a key driver of socioeconomic development through the

creation of jobs and enterprises, export revenues, and infrastructure development by
many countries and destinations. In recent decades, tourism has continually expanded
and diversified to become one of the largest and fastest-growing economic sectors
in the world (UNWTO 2017). As new destinations enter the international tourism
market and tourist preferences change over time, competition among countries and
destinations increases. The increasingly competitive environment and the growing
similarity of products and services cause tourists to look for something exotic and
different (Pérez-Aranda et al. 2015). Instead of lying on the beach or at the pool as
part of an all-inclusive package tour, more tourists want to see and experience new
cultures, encounter and engage with local people, and have authentic experiences
(ITB 2018). Tourists now desire innovative and memorable experiences during their
holidays (Oh et al. 2007). During their travels, tourists “are in a quest for psycholog-
ical rewards such as inspiration, authenticity, belonging to a meaningful community,
value and meaning in general” (Pérez-Aranda et al. 2015).
In this context, cultural tourism is gaining importance in responding to the new
tourist demands and in increasing the competitive power and branding of tourist des-
tinations. Tourist destinations are searching for differentiation to improve their attrac-
tiveness. Enriching experiences in local culture are highly valued. European Com-
missioner for Education, Culture, Youth and Sport Tibor Navracsics (2018) states
that a destination’s culture, history, and traditions can generate economic growth,
employment, and social cohesion. According to the findings of the Tourism and
Culture Survey 2015 by UNWTO (2018), international cultural tourist arrivals are
M. Boz (B)
Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
e-mail: [email protected]
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 3

İ. O. Coşkun et al. (eds.), Heritage Tourism Beyond Borders and Civilizations,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5370-7_1
4 M. Boz
growing steadily compared to overall tourist arrivals. Forty percent of international

tourist arrivals are categorized as “cultural tourists.”
The European Union (2018) declared 2018 the European Year of Cultural Her-
itage. Their aim was to encourage more people to discover and engage with Europe’s
cultural heritage, and to reinforce a sense of belonging to a common European space.
The slogan was “Our Heritage: Where the Past Meets the Future.” UNWTO and
UNESCO (2017) agreed on the “Muscat Declaration on Tourism and Culture: Fos-
tering Sustainable Development” by recalling previous conventions and conferences,
reaffirmed their commitment to:
1. Strengthen the synergies between tourism and culture and advance the contribu-
tion of cultural tourism to the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development and the
17 Sustainable Development Goals
2. Enhance the role of tourism and culture in peace-building and heritage protection,
especially in conflict-affected areas
3. Promote responsible and sustainable tourism management of cultural heritage
4. Encourage a creative and innovative approach for sustainable urban development
through cultural tourism
5. Explore the inter-links between culture and nature in sustainable tourism
Cultural tourism includes mainly cultural heritage (tangible and intangible her-
itage) and contemporary culture (film, performing arts, design, fashion, exhibitions,
new media, and others) (UNWTO 2018).
Intangible heritage assets attract more tourists year by year. People like to learn
and feel the stories and the emotions behind tangible heritage assets. As Kearney
(2009, p. 210) puts it, intangible heritage gives meaning to the tangible. All tangible
heritage products have intangible values associated with them (Park 2010, p. 116).
Any tangible cultural heritage asset must be supported by intangible value, and any
intangible cultural heritage asset must rely on the tangible to be better visualized
(Yuan 2008, p. 8). Travelers’ enjoyment of intangible heritage assets is generally
part of the cultural tourism experience, which can also be manifested in combination
with other types of tourism (ecotourism, educational tourism, rural tourism, etc.)
(UNWTO 2012).
An important part of intangible cultural assets are myths and legends. Myths
and legends can play an important role as a memorable tourism product. As they
are unique/authentic, they can be used in tourism branding of a destination. The
events and characters that play a part in the history of a place are important sources
of themes around which tourists can construct stories and narratives with tourism
potential (Pérez-Aranda et al. 2015). Examples include the legend of King Arthur,
the legend of Robin Hood of Nottingham, the myth of Atlantis, the Count Dracula
legend of Transylvania, the legend of the Trojan Horse of Troy, the legend of the
Gordian knot of Phrygia, the Loch Ness Monster of Inverness, and many others.
Myths and Legends in Destination Tourism Marketing … 5
Methodology
The main purpose of this conceptual study is to reveal the importance of cultural
heritage tourism. In the first part of the study, the concept of cultural heritage is
explained, and legends and myths from intangible cultural heritage types are identi-
fied. In the second part, the story of Hero and Leander is examined as a case study.
In conclusion, a festival program is proposed to foster the development and branding
of Canakkale tourism.
Myths and Legends as Cultural Heritage
Heritage may be described as physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group

or society that are inherited from past generations and can be passed down to future
generations (Pearce 2000; Arbach 2019). Heritage refers to everything that has been
handed down from the past. Although not all heritage is uniformly desirable, it is
widely viewed as a precious and irreplaceable resource, essential to the personal and
collective identity of communities and necessary for self-respect (Lowenthal 2005),
pride, and cultural and natural richness. UNESCO (2018) categorizes heritage mainly
as cultural and natural heritage. Heritage can be classified as in Table 1.
Some special places are both cultural and natural heritage sites. In 1992, UNESCO
decided that places that show the relationship between people and their environ-
ment could also be cultural landscapes (SAHO 2017). Intangible cultural heritage is
defined as “the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills—as well as
the instruments, objects, artifacts and cultural assets associated therewith—that com-
munities, groups and, in some cases, individuals, recognize as part of their cultural
heritage” (UNWTO 2012). A community’s inherited culture (tangible and intangi-
ble) should provide a community with a competitive advantage and uniqueness, one
that differentiates it from all other communities (George 2010).
Myths and legends are important elements of intangible cultural heritage. All
cultures have stories that have been passed down from generation to generation.
Some are known as legends, while others are known as myths. The Cambridge
Dictionary (2018) defines “myth” as “an ancient story or set of stories, especially
explaining the early history of a group of people or about natural events and facts.”
It defines “legend” as “a very old story or set of stories from ancient times, or
the stories, not always true, that people tell about a famous event or person.” A
legend is presumed to have some basis in historical fact and tends to mention real
people or events. Historical fact morphs into a legend when the truth about real
people or events has been so exaggerated that they have taken on a romanticized,
“larger than life” quality. For example, a widely known folktale of an excellent
marksman who is forced to shoot an apple, hazelnut, or some other object from his
son’s head has become associated with the Swiss hero William Tell (Encyclopedia
Britannica, 2018). In contrast, a myth is a type of symbolic storytelling that was never
6 M. Boz
Table 1 Classification of Heritage Elements

Cultural heritage Tangible cultural Movable cultural Paintings, sculptures,
heritage heritage coins, manuscripts
Immovable cultural Monuments,
heritage archaeological sites, and
so on
Underwater cultural Shipwrecks, underwater
heritage ruins, and cities
Intangible cultural Traditional Arts and handicrafts
heritage craftsmanship (e.g., authentic
handicraft souvenirs,
paintings)
Gastronomy and Wine and gastronomic
culinary heritage routes, food festivals,
complimentary activities
from cooking workshops
to collecting and
processing local forest
fruits and medicinal
herbs
Social practices, rituals, Displays of century-old
and festive events customs, pilgrimage
routes, festivals
Music and the Cultural expressions
performing arts such as music, theater,
plays, puppet shows,
dancing and singing, and
other celebrating,
traditional instruments
combined with folklore
Oral traditions and Transmission of cultural
expressions understanding through
language learning and
storytelling (e.g., tales,
legends, myths, epics,
stories, poems, prayers,
chants, and other
elements)
Knowledge and Land use, traditional
practices concerning farming and fishing
nature and the universe practices, historical
agricultural and
eco-friendly traditional
practices, ancient
astronomy, folk
medicine, and
indigenous beliefs about
land use
Natural heritage Natural sites with cultural landscapes, Rare natural formations,
cultural aspects physical, biological or like unique rock shapes,
geological formations habitats, and species of
animals and plants
Source designed by the author, based on Kurin (2004), UNWTO (2012), UNESCO (2018), SAHO (2017)
based on fact. Throughout time, myths have sought to explain difficult concepts
(such as the origin of the universe) with the help of common story devices, such
as personification and allegories (Diffen.com 2017). The myths are based on an
extraordinary number of gods, goddesses, demigods, and heroes that feature in the
legends of classical mythology, such as King Midas and his donkey ears, titans and
titanesses, the Egyptian myth of Ra, and the Mesopotamian myth of Marduk.
Myths and legends have grown in importance in the promotion of tourist desti-
nations. The utilization of enticing tales can increase the desirability of destinations
and add value to the tourists’ experience (Razak and Romle 2016). The uniqueness,
authenticity, and attractiveness of myths and legends as tourism products enhance
and ease the marketing and branding of destinations.
Myths and Legends in Destination Marketing
Many host destinations around the world have started offering intangible resources
such as myths and legends as cultural tourist products. These include Moai (Easter
Island, Chile), Tutankhamun (Valley of the Kings, Egypt), Robin Hood (Notting-
hamshire, England), the Golem (Prague, Czech Republic), Ramayana (Angkor Wat,
Cambodia), the Trojan horse (Canakkale, Turkey), Jure Grando, the vampire from
Kringa (Istria, Croatia), and many others. Three interesting examples are briefly
reviewed below.
Dracula, Romania—Count Dracula is one of the most famous fictional characters
of all time. The novel Dracula, by Irish novelist Bram Stoker, was published in 1897.
The name “Dracula” comes from the nickname of a ruler from Romanian history
called Vlad the Impaler (Mellan 2013; Candrea et al. 2016). The historical truth
related to the life of Vlad the Impaler, prince of Wallachia, favors the exploitation
of the Dracula myth in the Romanian tourism context. However, the location of
Dracula’s castle is debatable. Dracula tourism is stimulated by the novel, plays,
musicals, and more than 200 films that have either exploited the nineteenth-century
Dracula story or the vampire myth (Hovi 2014; Candrea et al. 2016). Dracula tourism
started to grow in Romania slowly during the 1970s, and the socialist state’s reaction
towards it was tolerant but not encouraging.
In 2000, the Romanian Ministry of Tourism took an official position. It declared
that Romania should regard the Dracula story as an opportunity to attract tourists
(Candrea et al. 2016). Today, Romanian tour operators base most of their Transyl-
vania packages and tours around Dracula and offer some special experiences around
Halloween (Mellan 2013). Romania is the only country in the world that can claim to
be Dracula’s “home.” This could be considered a competitive advantage for Romania
as a tourist destination (Cosma 2008).
Count Dracula is transforming into a perfect instrument to promote the destination
and increase the influx of tourists (Stoleriu & Ibanescu 2014). International tourists
8 M. Boz
ranked Dracula’s Castle the second most attractive tourism asset in Romania. Cat-
egorizing those tourists by origin, Dracula’s Castle was ranked first by Americans,
third by Austrians, fourth by Brits, and fifth by Italians (Candrea et al. 2016).
Santa Claus, Turkey—also named Saint Nicholas (Nicolaos, Nick), delivers
presents to children at Christmas. His historical journey is even longer and more
fantastic than his annual, one-night circumnavigation of the globe. Santa Claus is
known around the world; he is “Father Christmas” or “Old Man Christmas” in Eng-
land, “Père Nöel” in France, “Sveti Nikola” in Macedonia, and “Ded Moroz” in
Russia. Finland’s tourism office welcomes children and adults coming to meet Santa
Claus and cross the magical Arctic Circle every day at the Santa Claus Village in Lap-
land (Visitfinland 2018). In the U.S. state of Indiana, a little town named Santa Claus
is inundated every year with more than 20,000 letters addressed to Santa Claus. And
a group of volunteers—known locally as Santa’s Elves—answer each one (Gabbatt
2017).
According to legend, Nicolaos was a bishop in Myra in Turkey around the year
300. Nicolaos was the son of a wealthy family but spent his fortune on good deeds.
Nicolaos also worked miracles. The story goes that he once brought three schoolboys
back to life (Skagen-tourist.dk 2018). St. Nicholas is the saint not only of children
but also of sailors. St. Nicholas was exiled from Myra and later put in prison during
the persecution by Emperor Diocletian. He died on December 6, in either 345 or 352.
In 1087, his bones were stolen from Turkey by some Italian merchant sailors. The
bones are now kept in the Basilica di San Nicola in the Italian port of Bari (Handwerk
2017; whychristmas.com 2018; Nicholas Center 2018). The church of St. Nicholas in
Demre is a popular destination for pilgrims as St. Nicholas’s final resting place, and
archaeological excavations have been taking place there for 20 years (BBC 2017).
Loch Ness Monster, Scotland—Some people believe that a huge marine creature
by the name of Nessie lives in Loch Ness, Scotland. It is widely thought that the
monster is a myth. The story of Nessie dates back to ancient times. Nessie was first
mentioned in 565 in a biography of the Irish monk Saint Columba. In 1933 the
Loch Ness monster’s legend began to grow, after a road was built alongside Loch
Ness. Within months, several people came forward claiming to have seen a giant
beast lurking near the water (Ailes 2013; Tikkanen 2017; Hughes 2018). Many of
these alleged encounters seemed inspired by Scottish folklore, which abounds with
mythical water creatures (Tikkanen 2017).
More than 1,000 sightings have been reported, and as the legend gathered popu-
larity, Nessie became the subject of a host of documentaries and feature films. The
Scooby Doo cartoon gang tried to solve the mystery in 2004. Ted Danson starred
in the 1996 family drama Loch Ness. In 2003, the BBC conducted the largest-ever
search for Nessie, using 600 sonar beams and satellite tracking to explore the loch—
but nothing was found. The Loch Ness monster is now officially the UK’s greatest
unexplained mystery; the legend of the beast is known far and wide (Morton, 2008;
Ailes 2013; Hughes 2018). Morton (2008) admits, “It’s a persuasive idea, but the
truth is that Nessie is a vital and complex icon. We need her, or him, or them, as a
guarantor of national identity and distinctiveness.”
The Loch Ness Monster is at the center of a campaign to inspire international

visitors to book a trip to Inverness and Loch Ness out of the tourist season. Joss
Croft, Visit Britain’s director of marketing, says, “The Loch Ness and Inverness area
is a fantastic destination to be enjoyed all year round. We want to inspire visitors
to book a trip and come and visit right now so the economic benefits of tourism
are spread throughout more of the year.” The figures from Visit Britain show that
there were more than 260,000 international visits to Inverness in 2014, and 2.7 million
visits to Scotland (Visit Scotland 2016). Interest in the Loch Ness Monster is believed
to generate nearly $80 million annually for Scotland’s economy (Tikkanen 2017).
Case Study: The Story of Hero and Leander
The story of Hero and Leander is a folktale/myth throughout Europe, Egypt, and
India. Hero was a priestess of Aphrodite who dwelled in a tower in Sestos on the
European side of the Hellespont (today’s Dardanelles). Leander was a young man
from Abydos, on the Asian side of the strait. At the festival of Adonis, she met
Leander, and they fell in love. He would swim every night across the Hellespont to
be with her. Hero would light a lamp at the top of her tower to guide his way. They
made love through the summer nights. Winter came and the sea grew stormy. One
stormy winter night, the waves tossed Leander in the sea and the breezes blew out
Hero’s light; Leander lost his way and was drowned. When Hero saw his dead body,
she threw herself over the edge of the tower to her death to be with him.
This folktale/myth has been remembered through time, both on account of its pow-
erful themes of love, passion, and death, and on account of its setting (Minchin 2016,
p. 276). The story of Hero and Leander has been the subject of numerous works of
literature and the arts. Some examples are given below (Byron 1821; Norwood 1950;
Waters 1967; Lenihan 1969; Tjarks 1981; Golahny 1990; Johnson 2009; Spiegel-
man 2009; Encyclopedia Britannica 2016; BBC 2016; Minchin 2016; Cambridge
Dictionary 2018; Harrow 2016; Sagona et al. 2016; Witte 2016).
• The earliest sources for this story are Roman (Vergil and Ovid). But the myth
dates back earlier.
• An epic poem of 342 lines on the subject of Hero and Leander was written by
Musaeus. The name is not clear but is accepted as Musaeus by many researchers.
He probably wrote the poem sometime in the late fifth or early sixth century AD.
• Christopher Marlowe (1564–1593), Elizabethan poet and Shakespeare’s most
important predecessor in English drama, wrote an unfinished poem titled “Hero
and Leander” (1598) that was completed by George Chapman. This version was
often reprinted in the first half of the 17th century.
• Sir Walter Raleigh (1552–1618), adventurer, courtier to Elizabeth I, navigator,
author and poet, alludes to the story in his poem “The Ocean’s Love to Cynthia.”
10 M. Boz
• Francisco Gómez de Quevedo (1580–1645), Spanish writer, poet, and master

satirist of Spain’s golden age, mentions Leander in “En crespa tempestad del oro
undoso.”
• John Keats (1795–1821), one of the greatest English romantic lyric poets, wrote
a sonnet, “On an Engraved Gem of Leander,” that narrates this myth.
• Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805), a leading German dramatist, poet, and literary
theorist, wrote the ballad “Hero und Leander” based on the legend. The ballad is
260 lines, and most of it concerns the night of the storm that was fatal for Leander.
• Lord Byron (1788–1824), the British romantic poet and satirist whose poetry and
personality captured the imagination of Europe, wrote the poem “Written after
Swimming from Sestos to Abydos.” He was moved to emulate Leander’s feat of
swimming the “broad Hellespont” in 1810. Lord Byron wrote to Francis Hodgson
and said, “I plume myself on this achievement more than I could possibly do on
any kind of glory, political, poetical, or rhetorical.”
Aside from poems, many other literary and artistic works are associated with this
legend. For example:
• Shakespeare mentions this story in the opening scene of Two Gentlemen of Verona.
• The story in Milorad Pavic’s novel Inner Side of the Wind parallels the myth.
• Robert Schumann’s piano work “Fantastestucke Op. 12 in der Nacht” contained
the story of Hero and Leander.
• Georg Friedrich Handel’s solo cantata in Italian, “Ero e Leandro,” is based on the
folktale.
• Franz Grillparzer produced a five-act tragedy based on the story in 1831.
• Victor Herbert wrote a long and ambitious symphonic poem titled Hero and
Leander.
Conclusion and Proposal
The legend of Hero and Leander can be regarded as an important tourism product
in Canakkale. However, few steps have been taken to develop this product. There is
only an annual swim event on the Hellespont each August 30, from the European
shore (Eceabat) of the Dardanelles to the Asian shore (Canakkale), in memory of
Byron. The strait is closed to all boat traffic during the swim. An international festival
could be organized every year in memory of Hero and Leander. A festival program
may be recommended as follows:
Hero and Leander culture and sports festival template program:
1. Day: Arrival of guests to Canakkale
Dinner,
Musical performance: Georg Friedrich Handel’s solo Italian cantata “Ero e
Leandro”
Robert Schumann’s piano work “Fantasiestucke Op. 12 In Der Nacht”
2. Day: Canakkale culture tour: Full day—Troy, Alexandria Troas, Apollon

Smintheion, Assos, Gallipoli
3. Day: Swimming the Hellespont (Dardanelles) from Sestos (Eceabat) to Abidos
(Canakkale)
Lunch, swimming award ceremony
Dinner
Poetry concert: Poems on Hero and Leander
Theater performance: The opening scene of Two Gentlemen of Verona, in
which Shakespeare depicts the legend of Hero and Leander.
As part of the festival, poetry, story, and painting contests can be organized.
Artifacts can be exhibited during the festival. Such a festival, which would encom-
pass culture, arts, and sports and become an annual tradition, has the potential to
make a significant contribution to the socio-cultural and economic development of
Canakkale. It would contribute to the recognition of Canakkale as a cultural tourism
destination. In addition to this legend, Canakkale has many other cultural, historical,
and mythological assets, such as Homer’s Troy, Aristotle’s Assos, Zeus’s Mount Ida,
and the battlefields of Gallipoli. It is the basis for an unprecedented epic holiday.
As an important part of cultural heritage, myths and legends can play an important
role in the promotion of destinations’ tourism marketing. All cultures have myths
and legends that have been handed down from generation to generation. Remote
rural areas in particular can benefit from this opportunity. This intangible cultural
heritage can be organized and promoted as cultural tourism products. Tourism and
cultural heritage support and strengthen each other. The tourism industry can play
an important role in preserving cultural heritage by contributing to the increase
of tourism income for the local people and the country. As with everything, there
are pros and cons to developing cultural heritage as a tourism product. If it is not
managed well, the cultural heritage may deteriorate and lose its originality. It must
be planned, evaluated, and applied in a sustainable manner. The local community
must also benefit and take initiative in developing and marketing cultural heritage as
a tourism product.
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Locals’ Motivations for Recreational
Visits to Urban Cultural Heritage Sites:
The Seyh Edebali Tomb, Bilecik, Turkey
Ayşe Okuyucu and Mehmet Somuncu
Introduction
Heritage and cultural tourism are among the oldest types of travel (Ramires et al.
2018, p. 49). Cultural heritage artefacts, attractions, and activities provide an impor-
tant motivation for travel and tourism (Richards 2018, p. 12). The cultural heritage
issue is discussed in various dimensions in the context of tourism. Some of the major
research themes that emerged included motivations for visiting cultural heritage sites,
cultural consumption, and the impact of tourism on cultural heritage (Pizam 1978;
Egresi and Kara 2018). The cultural capital, protection of the cultural heritage and
visitor management are other research themes that emerged (Jimura 2011; Altunel
and Erkurt 2015). However, motivation was an important topic in early studies of
cultural heritage tourism (Richards 2018, p. 12). Relaxation, escape, knowledge and
experience, family togetherness, learning and curiosity, and fun and adventure are
major cultural tourism motivations (Özel and Kozak 2012). Heritage and cultural
tourists’ motivations are also linked to tourist satisfaction and loyalty. Motivation is
also linked with the identity of locals (Richards 2018, p. 12). Locals in the tourism
industry are considered to be anyone who is impacted by development positively or
negatively (Aas et al. 2005). Thus tourists are distinguished from locals. Tourists and
locals have different visions and expectations of the same place (Rye 2011, p. 265).
In addition, locals are often studied as service providers and impact receivers rather
than recreational and social users of a heritage site (Su and Wall 2017, p. 16). How-
ever, locals use the tourist sites for recreational purposes. Therefore, the motivations
of locals are as important as those of tourists. However, the literature is extremely
A. Okuyucu (B)
The Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
M. Somuncu
The Faculty of Languages, History and Geography, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 15

İ. O. Coşkun et al. (eds.), Heritage Tourism Beyond Borders and Civilizations,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5370-7_2
16 A. Okuyucu and M. Somuncu
limited on locals’ motivations for using heritage areas, especially in non-Western

countries. Moreover, little tourism research has been done that studies locals as
recreational users of cultural and heritage sites in Turkey. For this reason, this study
sought to evaluate locals’ motivations for recreational use of urban cultural heritage
sites. This study focuses on the Seyh Edebali Tomb in Bilecik, Turkey, which is an
urban cultural heritage site used by both heritage tourists and locals for touristic and
recreational purposes. The Seyh Edebali Tomb was chosen because it is a place that
is used by both tourists and local residents.
Literature Review
Let us examine some of the major research themes that emerge from the literature
about cultural heritage. The literature on the development of world tourism has
examined the effects of tourism on locals, because locals are directly affected by the
various pressures created by tourism development (Su and Wall 2017, p. 16). There
are many ways to classify the impacts of tourism (Pitkänen and Vepsäläinen 2008,
p. 2). However, economic, environmental, and socio-cultural effects are discussed
more intensively in the literature. There is a relationship between cultural tourism
and economics. Cultural and heritage attractions create income streams. The income
derived from tourism also supports the preservation of cultural heritage (Richards
2018, p. 14). Heritage conservation and environmental impacts are high priorities in
the literature. Wear and tear, war, graffiti, litter, and pollution are indicated as major
problems (Timothy and Boyd 2006, p. 4). Tourists’ perceptions of a heritage site
and understanding their motivations, expectations, and behaviour are also important
topics in the literature (Poria et al. 2005; Özel and Kozak 2012; Ramires et al. 2018;
Murdy et al. 2018). Motivation is also linked with tourists’ satisfaction and intention
to return (Chang et al. 2014). As can be seen here, the heritage areas are mostly
evaluated from a tourist perspective. In the literature, the relationship between locals
and tourists is also studied. Murphy (1985) and Mathieson and Wall (1982) noted
the many factors affecting their relationship. These factors include the frequency of
encounters, the extent to which they share a common space, the socio-demographic
variables of the locals, how long they have lived in the area, the numbers and activities
involved, the stage of tourism development, personal benefits from tourism, and
seasonality (Bayno and Jani 2016; Zhang et al. 2016; Almeida-García et al. 2016).
However, it should not be forgotten that locals are also recreational or touristic users
of heritage areas. Not all local residents receive, or only receive, economic benefits
from tourism. Heritage areas are seen as a place of relaxation—quiet, natural, green
areas that serve as a venue for community reinforcement (Zhang et al. 2016, p. 416).
Local residents are also potential users of tourism and heritage resources (Su and
Wall 2017, p. 34).
Locals’ Motivations for Recreational Visits to Urban Cultural Heritage Sites … 17
Methodology
Study Site
The Seyh Edebali Tomb is located in Turkey’s Bilecik province. Bilecik is the place
where the Ottoman Empire was founded. Bilecik is located 200 km from Istanbul and
316 km from Ankara (Fig. 1). Bilecik is also close to other developed cities such as
Adapazari, Eskisehir, and Bursa. The Seyh Edebali Tomb is located in the city centre
of Bilecik and is the most visited destination there, for both visitors coming from other
cities and for locals. Seyh Edebali (1208–1326) was the head of the Ahi organisation.
He contributed greatly to establishing and developing the Ottoman Empire. Seyh
Edebali was also the father-in-law of Osman Bey, founder of the Ottoman Empire. He
studied the commentary on the Koran, the Prophet Muhammad’s sayings/deeds, and
Islamic law. He also corresponded with famous scholars such as Mevlana Celaleddin-
i Rumi and Hacı Bektasi Veli. He had a dervish lodge in Bilecik. He hosted Osman
Bey in this dervish lodge many times. For this reason, Seyh Edebali is known as a
founding father of the Ottoman Empire. Seyh Edebali interpreted a dream of Osman
Bey. According to him, this dream heralded the establishment of a great empire. His
prediction came true. The Ottoman Empire governed territory across three continents
for 600 years. Seyh Edebali died in 1326 in Bilecik. When he died, he was 120 years
Fig. 1 Location of the Seyh Edebali Tomb

old. The Seyh Edebali Tomb was built by Osman Ghazi (Yeniakit 2018). It is visited
by many people every year. The tomb was visited by almost 1 million people in 2017.
Local people also use this place for recreational and social purposes. The city’s
population is 65,548 as of 2017 (TSI 2018). Most residents of Bilecik earned their
livelihoods in the agriculture sector until the early 1990s. Bilecik was one of the
development priority provinces between 1985 and 1990. Therefore, investment has
increased since the 1990s. However, the military and administrative functions in the
city have increased over time. The city population has increased since 2007 after
the establishment of Bilecik Seyh Edebali University. As a result of these develop-
ments, the rural population in Bilecik has decreased, and a structure that emphasised
employees in the service sector has emerged (Özgür 1994, p. 182).
The increase in urbanisation in Bilecik caused changes in society’s behaviour and
expectations. Bilecik residents’ recreational needs and expectations have increased.
However, the recreational opportunities and facilities in the city of Bilecik have not
developed enough. The number of cafés, restaurants, and stores has increased in
recent years. In addition, the municipality has created various indoor-and-outdoor,
active-and-passive recreational areas. Pelitözü Pond Park, the Urban Forest, and the
Seyh Edebali Tomb and its surroundings are the main outdoor recreation areas in the
city. Because the Seyh Edebali Tomb is located in the city centre, it is more accessible
than the others. There are not enough district parks, neighbourhood parks, and pocket
parks (mini-parks) in Bilecik city. The Seyh Edebali Tomb and the surrounding area
are thus important for families because they provide space for outdoor recreation,
and because the surroundings of the tomb are wooded and calm. Previously, the tomb
and its surroundings were visited primarily for religious reasons. The tomb is still
visited for religious reasons, such as to pray, to vow, and attend Islamic memorial
services. However, such visits are now made mostly on remembrance days.
Data Collection
In this study, a qualitative approach to data collection has been used. This study is
based on data from 10 qualitative single interviews. The in-depth interviews were
conducted at Seyh Edebali Tomb. The interviewees were residents of Bilecik. Four
key questions formed the basic structure of the interviews; they are listed in Table 1.
There are also several sub-questions about the motivations for visiting. For example,
Table 1 Base questions for interviews

Respondents Interview questions
Local residents Why are you visiting this tomb? What is your main reason for visiting?
What kind of activities do you engage in at the tomb and its surroundings?
What do you know about Seyh Edebali? What do you know about the Seyh
Edebali Tomb?
Do you have any suggestions for improving the tomb and its surroundings?
when locals were asked about their motivations for visiting the tomb, the related sub-
questions were ‘Who do you come with the tomb with? How long do you spend time
here? Why?’ The interviews took place 15–18 August 2018. The primary criterion
for the selection of respondents was that they visited the Seyh Edebali Tomb for
recreational purposes. Potential respondents were first asked whether they had resided
in Bilecik for at least a year. The research objective was then explained, and they
were invited to participate. In order to obtain knowledge about the locals’ motivations
for visiting, semi-structured qualitative interviews were employed. More general
questions such as ‘Why do you visit the Seyh Edebali Tomb and the surrounding
area?’ were asked. This question was to ascertain visitors’ motivations. Research
questions were read to the participants, and answers were written by the researchers.
Only three participants’ interviews were audio-recorded. Each interview lasted about
30–40 min.
Data Analysis
The interviews were transcribed and then analysed by the two researchers to illumi-
nate the locals’ motivations. The data collected from interviews were qualitatively
analysed. The recorded interviews were transcribed into Microsoft Word. Content
analysis was carried out with Microsoft Word software in order to explore the patterns
in answers and group them into broader categories of motivation. The coding was
carried out based on previous literature reviews on motivations for cultural heritage
site use (Zhang et al. 2016; Su and Wall, 2017). This method also helps facilitate the
understanding of the motivations.
Results
Demographic Profile of Respondents
The sample for the semi-structured interviews consisted of 10 residents (Table 2)—
six females and four males. More than half (seven respondents) are middle-aged
people, and the oldest respondent is 65 years old, while only five of the total sample
are above 40 years of age; the youngest is 19 years old. Three of the respondents
are private-sector employees, two are employers, and two are students. All of the
respondents live in the city centre of Bilecik, but the majority (eight respondents)
reached the tomb using their own car.
Table 2 In-depth interview participants by nationality, age, and gender

Abbreviations Age Gender Occupation
R1_65_M 65 Male Employer
R2_42_F 42 Female Private sector employee
R3_48_M 48 Male Public employee
R4_35_F 35 Female Employer
R5_19_F 19 Female Student
R6_43_F 43 Female Housewife
R7_48_F 48 Female Retired
R8_44_M 44 Male Private sector employee
R9_37_F 37 Female Private sector employee
R_10_24_M 24 Male Student
Locals and Their Motivations for Visiting the Tomb
Many local residents visit the tomb almost daily, especially in summer. Table 3
presents the main motivations the respondents gave for visiting. Nine main reasons
emerged from the study results. The nine themes support the previous literature on
motivation (Zhang et al. 2016; Su and Wall 2017). Seven of the respondents stated
that they visited the tomb in order to see the natural and cultural landscape (Fig. 2).
Of the 10 respondents, seven came to the tomb to enjoy time with family and friends.
Figure 3 shows that many local residents came to the tomb to chat with friends
and enjoy free time with family at these simple facilities, such as the tea garden.
The interview results also revealed that worship is a popular reason for their visits.
Figures 4 and 5 show that many locals came to the tomb to pray. Locals can pray both
inside and outside the tomb. The major motivational themes were evaluated in the
Table 3 Respondents’ main motivations for visiting the Seyh Edebali Tomb
Motivations of Respondent Frequency %
Viewing the natural and cultural landscape 7 15.2
Enjoying time with family and friends 6 13.0
Fresh air 6 13.0
Worship 5 10.9
Food 5 10.9
Experiencing the culture and history of the Ottoman Empire 5 10.9
Affordability 4 8.7
Outdoor spaces and green areas 4 8.7
Relaxation 4 8.7
Total 46 100
Fig. 2 View of natural and cultural landscape at the tomb
following sections. The answers of the respondents have been cited and interpreted
for each theme.
Viewing the Natural and Cultural Landscape
For locals, the natural and cultural landscape at the Seyh Edebali Tomb, including
the greenery, the tomb, the historical structures, and the mystical atmosphere, is an
important reason to visit. One respondent remarked:
I come here because the landscape of this place impresses me. The tomb and historical
structures are quite impressive. When you look down from the tomb, the vegetation and
mountainous landscape provide a different atmosphere here (R9_37_F).
Another respondent confirms this:

It’s the landscape that interests me. There are green and wooded areas. There are also his-
torical and religious buildings. It is a quiet place, and you have many opportunities to think
here. You can drink your tea and watch the landscape. Trees and tombs can inspire lots of
thought (R7_48_F).
Fig. 3 A family tea garden around the tomb
Enjoying Time with Family and Friends
Crompton (1977; cited by Vuuren and Slabbert 2011) identified seven socio-
psychological factors. One of them is strengthening family ties. Travel or recreational
activities create an opportunity to strengthen family ties. While traveling or visiting
a recreational place, family and friends can engage in activities together. Six partic-
ipants said that enjoying time with family and friends was an important motivator.
As one respondent commented:
The area surrounding the Seyh Edebali Tomb is a comfortable place for families. Children
have fun outdoors. They play games and run around freely. There is some equipment for
games as well, such as table football. Children love playing games with them (R6_43_F).
Along the same lines, another female respondent said:

You can sit and chat with your friend, and on the other hand, you can take photos or videos of
your children. I think this place is family-oriented, because it is quiet. While your children
are playing, you can relax and eat something here. Children can also enjoy nature in the
meantime. These days, kids are just spending time indoors. They should spend time outdoors,
and they should also appreciate the nature (R9_37_F).
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with Unrelated Content
They left the laboratory and made their way to the elevator that would
lift them high into the Relay Station where the machine shop was
located. As they entered the elevator, Don shook his head.
"What's the matter?"
"Well, Friend Farrell is on the beam again. If he feels that we're close
to the answer, I'll bet a hat that we're hanging right on the edge. Also,
that kind of work would kill me dead. He likes to stick on one thing
until the bitter end, no matter how long it takes. I couldn't do it."
"I know. About three hours of this and you're wanting another job to
clear your mind. Then you could tackle that one for about three hours
and take back on the first."
"Trying to do that to Farrell would kill both him and the jobs," said
Don. "But you and I can keep two or three projects going strong. Oh
well, Wes is worth a million."
"He's the best we've got," agreed Walt. "Just because he has a
peculiar slant on life is no sign he's not brilliant."
"It's you and I that have the cockeyed slant on life," grinned Don.
"And frankly, I'm proud of it." He swung the elevator door aside and
they walked down the corridor. "This isn't going to be much to see,
but we'll take a look."
The machine shop, to the man, was clustered around the one cabinet
under construction. They moved aside to permit the entry of
Channing and Franks.
"Hm-m-m," said Don. "Looks like a refrigerator and incinerator
combined."
It did. It stood five feet tall, three feet square, and was sealed in front
by a heavy door. There was a place intended for the tube that Farrell
was tinkering with in the blister, and the lines to supply the power
were coiled behind the cabinet.
"Partly wired?" asked Don.
"Just the power circuits," answered Walton. "We'll have this finished
in a couple of days more. The other one is completed except for Wes
Farrell's section."
Channing nodded, and said: "Keep it going." He turned to Walt and
after the passage of a knowing glance, the pair left. "Walt, this waiting
is getting on my nerves. I want to go down to Joe's and drink myself
into a stupor which will last until they get something cogent to work
on."
"I'm with you, but what will Arden say?"
"I'm going to get Arden. Self-protection. She'd cut my feet off at the
knees if I went off on a tear without her."
"I have gathered that," grinned Walt. "You're afraid of her."
"Yeah," drawled Don. "After all—she's the cook."
"I'm waiting."
"Waiting for what?"
"If and when. If you two go on as you have for another year without
one of you turning up with a black eye, I may be tempted to go forth
and track me down a dame of my own."
The cabinet stood in the north end of Venus Equilateral but it was not
alone. It may even be the record for all times; certainly no other
cabinet three by three by five ever had twenty-seven men all standing
in a circle awaiting developments. The cabinet at the south end of
Venus Equilateral was no less popular, though the number of
watchers was less by one. Here, then, were winner and runner-up of
inanimate popularity for the ages. The communicator system set in
the walls of the two rooms carried sounds from the north room to the
south, and those sounds in the south room could be heard in the
north room. Channing grinned boyishly at Arden.
"This, my love, is a device which may make it quite possible for me to
send you back to mother."
Arden smiled serenely. "No dice," she said, "Mother went back to
grandmother last week. When is this thing going to cook?"
"Directly."
"What are we waiting for?"
"Walt."
"I'm ready," came Walt's voice through the speaker.
"About time, slowpoke."
"Really, it was not his fault," objected Wes. "I wanted to check the
scanner-synchronization."
"He's precious," chortled Arden in Don's ear. "He wouldn't think of
letting Walt—the big bum—take the blame for anything that wasn't
Walt's fault."
"That's a good line," grinned Don. "Walt's faults. After we set this
thing aside as a finished project, we'll set that 'Walt's faults' to music.
Ready, Walt?"
"Right. I am now slipping the block into the cabinet. The door is
closed. Have you got the preliminary synchronizing signal in tick?"
Channing called: "Wait a minute, I'm lagging a whole cycle."
"Cut your synchronization input and let the thing catch up."
"O. K. Um-m-m—Now, Walt."
"Has anyone any last words to say?" asked Walt.
No answer.
"Then since no one has any objections at this time, I assume that
everything may be run off. Silence, people, we are going on the air!"
"There was a very faint odor of corn in Walt's last remark," said Don.
"I think the corn was on his breath," said Arden.
"Done!" announced Walt. "Don, crack the door so that the rest of us
can laugh if it don't work."
Channing swaggered over and opened the door. He reached inside
and took out the—object.
He held it up.
"Walt," said he, "what are you giving me?"
"Huh?"
"I presume that you shipped me one of the cubes?"
"Right."
"Well, what we got at this end would positively scare the right arm off
of a surrealist sculptor."
"Hang on to it—I'll be up."
"Hang on to it?" laughed Don. "I'm afraid to."
It was three miles from one end of Venus Equilateral to the other and
Walt made it in six minutes from the time he stepped into the little
runaway car to the time he came into the north-end laboratory and
looked over Channing's shoulder at the—thing—that stood on the
table.
"Um," he said. "Sort of distorted, isn't it?"
"Quite," said Don. "This is glass. It was once a three-inch cube of
precision, polish, and beauty. It is now a combination of a circular
stairway with round corners and a sort of accordion pleat. Hell's
bells!"
"Be not discouraged," gurgled Walt. "No matter what it looks like, we
did transmit matter."
Arden tapped Don on the shoulder. "May I say it now?"
"You do—!"
"Then I won't say it doesn't matter."
"I'm ignoring your crude remark. Walt, we did accomplish something.
It wasn't too good. Now let's figure out why this thing seems to have
been run over with a fourth dimensional caterpillar-tread truck."
"Well, I can hazard a guess. The synchronizing circuits were not
clamped perfectly. That gives the accordion-pleat effect. The starting
of the trace was not made at the same place each time due to
slippage. We'll have to beef up the synchronization impulse. The
circular staircase effect was probably due to phase distortion."
"Could be," said Don. "That means we have to beef up the
transmission band so it'll carry a higher frequency."
"A lower impedance with corrective elements?"
"Might work. Those will have to be matched closely. We're not
transmitting on a line, you know. It's sheer transmission-tube stuff
from here to there. Well, gang, we've had our fun. Now let's widen the
transmission band and beef up the sync. Then we'll try number two."
Number two was tried the following afternoon. Again, everybody

stood around and watched over Don's shoulder as he removed the
cube from the cabinet.
"Nice," he said, doing a little war dance.
Franks came in puffing, took the cube from Don's fingers and
inspected it. "Not too bad," he said.
"Perfect."
"Not by a jug full. The index of refraction is higher at this edge than at
the other. See? Walt held the cube before a newspaper and they
squinted through the glass block.
"Seems to be. Now why?"
"Second harmonic distortion, if present, would tend to thin out one
side and thicken up the other side. A sine-wave transmission would
result in even thicknesses, but if second harmonic distortion is
present, the broad loops at the top create a condition where the
average from zero to top is higher than the average from zero to the
other peak. Follow?"
"That would indicate that the distortion was coming in at this end. If
both were even, they would cancel."
"Right. Your scanning at one end is regular—at the other end it is
irregular, resulting in non-homogeneity."
"The corners aren't really sharp," objected Arden.
"That's an easy one. The wave-front isn't sharp either. Instead of
clipping sharply at the end of the trace, the signal tapers off. That
means higher frequency response is needed."
"We need a term. Audio for sonics; radio for electronics, video for
television signals—"
"Mateo," said Arden.
"Um—sounds sort of silly," grinned Walt.
"That's because it's strange. Mateo it is," said Don. "Our mateo
amplifier needs higher frequency response in order to follow the
square wave-front. Might put a clipper circuit in there, too."
"I think a clipper and sharpener will do more than the higher
frequency," said Farrell. He was plying a vernier caliper, and he
added: "I'm certain of that second harmonic stuff now. The dimension
is cockeyed on this side. Tell you what, Don. I'm going to have the
index of refraction measured within an inch of its life. Then we'll check
the thing and apply some high-powered math and see if we can come
up with the percentage of distortion."
"Go ahead. Meanwhile, we'll apply the harmonic analyzer to this thing
and see what we find. If we square up the edges and make her
homogeneous, we'll be in business."
"The space lines will hate you to pieces," said Arden.
"Nope. I doubt that we could send anything very large. It might be
more bother to run a huge job than the money it costs to send it by
spacer. But we have a market for small stuff that is hard to handle in
space because of its size."
"I see no reason why Keg Johnson wouldn't go for a hunk of it,"
offered Wes Farrell.
"I've mentioned it to Keg; the last time I was in Canalopsis," said Walt.
"He wasn't too worried—providing he could buy a hunk."
"Interplanet is pretty progressive," mused Don. "There'll be no reason
why we can't make some real handy loose change out of this. Well,
let's try again tomorrow."
"O. K. Let's break this up. Will we need any more blocks from Terran
Electric?"
It was less than a month later that a newspaper reporter caught the
advanced patent notice and swallowed hard. He did a double take,
shook his head, and then read the names on the patent application
and decided that someone was not fooling. He took leave and made
the run to Venus Equilateral to interview the officials. He returned not
only with a story, but with a sample glass block that he had seen run
through the machine.
The news pushed one hatchet murder, a bank robbery, a football
upset, and three political harangues all the way back to page seven.
In terms more glowing than scientifically accurate, the matter
transmitter screamed in three-inch headlines, trailed down across the
page in smaller type, and was embellished with pictures, diagrams,
and a description of the apparatus. The latter had been furnished by
Walt Franks, and had been rewritten by the reporter because Walt's
description was too dry.
The following morning Venus Equilateral had nine rush telegrams.
Three were from cranks who wanted to go to Sirius and set up a
restorer there to take people; four were from superstitious nuts who
called Channing's attention to the fact that he was overstepping the
rights given to him by his Creator; one was from a gentleman who
had a number of ideas, all of which were based on the idea of getting
something for nothing, and none of which were legal; and the last one
was a rather curt note from Terran Electric, pointing out that this
device came under the realm of the power-transmission tube and its
developments and that they wanted a legal discussion.
"Have they got a leg to stand on?" asked Walt.
"I doubt it."
"Then to the devil with them," snapped Walt. "We'll tell 'em to go jump
in the lake."
"Nope. We're going in to Terra and slip them the slug. If we clip them
now, they'll have nothing to go on. If we wait until they get started,
they'll have a fighting chance. Besides, I think that all they want to do
is to have the facts brought out. Are we or are we not under the terms
of that contract?"
"Are we?"
"We're as safe as Sol. And I know it. That contract pertained to the
use of the Solar beam only, plus certain other concessions pertaining
to the use of the power-transmission tubes and other basic effects as
utilized in communications."
"Why can't we tell 'em that?"
"It's got to be told in a court of law," said Don. "Kingman's mind runs
to legal procedure like Blackstone."
"We'll take the gadgets?"
"Right. What are you using for power?"
"What other? Solar beams, of course. We don't bother about running
stuff around any more. We plug it in the 115-volt line, it energizes the
little fellows just long enough to make them self-sustaining from Sol.
All the 115-volt line does is to act as a starting circuit."
"You and Farrell had better dream up a couple of power supplies,
then. We can't use the Solar beam on Terra."
"I know. We're a little ahead of you on that. Wes and one of the
Thomas boys cooked up a beam-transducer power supply that will
get its juice from any standard 115-volt, sixty-cycle line socket. We've
two of them—and they run the things easily."
"Good. I'll 'gram Terran Electric and let 'em know we're on our way for
the legal tangle. You load up the Relay Girl and we'll be on our way.
Stock up the usual supply of bars, blocks, gadgets, and traps. Might
include a bar magnet. When we show that it is still magnetized, we'll
gain a point for sure."
"If we take a magnet, we'd better take the fluxmeter to show that the
magnetic field hasn't dropped."
"Right. Take anything you can think of for a good show. We can knock
them dead!"
Mark Kingman put his assistant legal counsel on the witness stand.
"You will state the intent of the contract signed between Terran
Electric and Venus Equilateral."
"The contract holds the following intent: Use of the power-
transmission tubes for communications purposes shall fall under the
jurisdiction of Venus Equilateral. For power transmission, the tubes
and associated equipment is under the control of Terran Electric. In
the matter of the Solar beam tubes, the contract is as follows: Venus
Equilateral holds the control of the Solar beam in space, on man-
made bodies in space, and upon those natural bodies in space where
Venus Equilateral requires the Solar power to maintain subsidiary
relay stations."
"Please clarify the latter," said Kingman. "Unless it is your intent to
imply that Terra, Mars, and Mercury fall under the classification of
'places where Venus Equilateral requires power.'"
"Their control on natural celestial objects extends only to their own
installations and requirements. Basically, aside from their own power
requirements, Venus Equilateral is not authorized to sell power. In
short, the contract implies that the use of the sub-etheric phenomena
is divided so that Venus Equilateral may use this region for
communications, while Terran Electric uses the sub-ether for power.
In space, however, Venus Equilateral holds the rights to the Solar
beam."
Frank Tinkin, head legal man of Venus Equilateral, turned to Don and
said: "We should have this in a technical court."
Don took his attention from the long discussion of the contract and
asked: "Why not change?"
"Judges hate people who ask for change of court. It is bad for the
requestee—and is only done when the judge is open to the question
or disinterested—and also when the suspicion of dislike is less
dangerous than the judge himself."
"Well, this should be in a technical court."
"Want to chance it?'
"I think so. This is more than likely to turn up with differential
equations, physics experts, and perhaps a demonstration of atom-
smashing."
Kingman finished his examination and turned away. The judge
nodded sourly at Tinkin. "Cross-examination?"
Tinkin faced the witness, nodded, and then faced the court.
"The witness' statements regarding the contract are true. However,
Judge Hamilton, I will attempt to show that this case is highly
technical in nature and as such falls under the jurisdiction of the
Technical Court. May I proceed?"
"Counsel for the plaintiff assures me that this is not truly a technical
case," snapped Hamilton. "However if you can definitely prove that
the case in point hinges on purely technical matters, what you say
may be instrumental in having this hearing changed. Proceed."
"Thank you." Tinkin turned to the witness. "Exactly what is the point in
question?"
"The point in question," said the witness, "is whether or not the matter
transmitter falls under Terran Electric's contract or Venus Equilateral's
contract."
"Isn't the question really a matter of whether the basic effect is
technically communication or power transmission?"
"Objection!" barked Kingman. "The counsel is leading the witness."
"Objection permitted—strike the question from the record."
"I was merely trying to bring out the technical aspect of the case,"
explained Tinkin. "I'll rephrase the question. Is it not true that the
contract between Terran Electric and Venus Equilateral is based upon
a certain technology?"
"Certainly."
"Then if the case is based on technical aspects—?"
"Objection!" marked Kingman. "More than half of all manufacturing
contracts are based upon technical background. I quote the case of
Hines versus Ingall in which the subject matter was the development
of a new type of calculating machine. This case was heard in a legal
court and disposed of in the same."
"Objection permitted."
"No further examination," said Tinkin. He sat down and turned to Don.
"We're in trouble, Hamilton does not like us."
"Well, we still have the whip hand."
"Right, but before we get done we'll have trouble with Hamilton."
"Before we get done, Kingman will have trouble with us," said Don.
Terran Electric's lawyer called Wes Farrell to the stand. "Mr. Farrell,
you are employed by Venus Equilateral?"
"Yes."
"In what capacity?"
"As an experimental physicist."
"And as such, you were involved in some phases of the device under
discussion?"
"I was," said Farrell.
"Does the device make use of the Solar beam?"
"It does but—"
"Thank you," interrupted Kingman.
"I'm not through," snapped Farrell. "The Solar beam is not integral."
"It is used, though."
"It may be removed. If necessary, we can have hand-generators
supplied to generate the operating power."
"I see," said Kingman sourly. "The device itself is entirely new and
basic?"
"Not entirely. The main components are developments of existing
parts, specialized to fit the requirements."
"They are based on specifically what?"
"Certain effects noted in the power-transmission tubes plus certain
effects noted in the Solar beam tubes."
"And which of these effects is more contributory?"
"Both are about equally responsible. One will be useless without the
other."
Kingman turned to the judge. "I intend to show that the use of these
effects is stated in the contract."
"Proceed."
"Was there any time during the development of the device any
question of jurisdiction?"
"None whatever," said Farrell. "We knew how we stood."
"The statement is hearsay and prejudiced," stated Kingman.
"Strike it from the record," snapped Hamilton.
"It stands at 'none whatever,'" said Kingman.
The secretary nodded.
"Since absolutely no attention was paid to the terms of the contract,
doesn't that imply that a certain ignorance of the terms might
prevail?"
"Objection!" shouted Tinkin. "Counsel's question implies legal
carelessness on the part of his opponent."
"How can you be aware of the ramifications of a contract that you do
not read?" stormed Kingman.
"Objection overruled."
"May I take exception?" requested Tinkin.
"Exception noted. Counsel, will you rephrase your question so that no
lack of foresight is implied?"
"Certainly," smiled Kingman. "How were you certain that you were
within your rights?"
"If this plan had been open to any question, my superiors would not
have permitted me—"
"That will not serve!" snapped Kingman. "You are making an
implication—your testimony is biased."
"Naturally," barked Farrell. "No one but an idiot would claim to have
no opinion."
"Does that include the court?" asked Kingman suavely.
"Naturally not," retorted Farrell. "I was speaking of interested parties."
"Let it pass. In other words, Dr. Farrell, you were never sure that you
were within your rights?"
"I object!" exploded Tinkin. "Counsel is questioning a witness whose
business is not legal matters on a subject which is legal in every
phase."
"Objection sustained," said Hamilton wearily. The matter was
dropped, but Kingman had gained his point. The item may never
appear in the records, but it was present in the judge's mind.
"Dr. Farrell," said Kingman, "since you have no legal training,
precisely what has been your education and background?"
"I hold a few degrees in physics, one in mathematics, and also in
physical chemistry." Farrell turned to the judge. "Judge Hamilton, may
I explain my position here?"
"You may."
"I have spent thirteen years studying physics and allied sciences. I
believe that I stand fairly high among my fellows. Since no man may
be capable in many arts, I believe that I have not been lax in not
seeking degrees in law."
"No objection," said Kingman. "Dr. Farrell, in order that the process
be properly outlined in the record, I am going to ask you to explain it
in brief. How does your matter transmitter work?"
Farrell nodded, and took time to think. Tinkin whispered in Don's ear:
"The stinker! He knows Hamilton hates anything more complex than a
can opener!"
"What can we do?"
"Hope that our demonstration blasts them loose. That's our best bet,
plus fighting for every inch."
Farrell moistened his lips and said: "Utilizing certain effects noted with
earlier experimentation, we have achieved the following effects. The
matter to be transmitted is placed in situ, where it is scanned by an
atom-scanner. This tube removes the substance, atom by atom,
converting the atoms to energy. This energy is then reconverted into
atoms and stored in a matter bank as matter again. The energy of
disintegration is utilized in reintegration at the matter bank with but
small losses. Since some atoms have higher energy than others, the
matter bank's composition will depend upon the scanned substance."
"The matter bank is composed of the same elements as the matter
for transmission?" asked Kingman.
"No. Some elements release more energy than others. It is desirable
that the energy-transfer be slightly negative. That is to say that
additional energy must be used in order to make the thing work."
"Why?
"All power lines and other devices are developed for delivering
energy, not receiving it. It is less disastrous to take energy from a
power line than to try and drive it back in—and the energy must be
dissipated somehow."
"Then the matter bank is not the same material."
"No," said Farrell. "The substance of the matter bank is
nonhomogeneous. Instantaneously, it will be whatever element is
necessary to maintain the fine balance of energy—and it is in
constant change."
"Proceed," said Kingman.
"In passing from the disintegrator tube to reintegrator tube, the energy
impresses its characteristic signal on a sub-ether transmission
system. Radio might work, except that the signal is unbelievably
complex. Wired communications—"
"Objection to the term," said Kingman.
"Sustained."
"Wired ... transfer? ... might work, but probably would not due to this
same high complexity in transmitted signal. At any rate, upon
reception, the signal is used to influence, or modulate, the energy
passing from a disintegrator tube to a reintegrator tube in the
receiver. But this time the tube is tearing down the matter bank and
restoring the object. Follow?"
"I believe so. Does the Court understand?"
"This Court can follow the technical terms."
"Now, Dr. Farrell, the matter transmitter does actually transmit over a
power-transmission tube?"
"Yes. Of the type developed by us for communications."
"But it is a power tube?"
"Yes."
"Then are you certain that you are sending no energy?"
"I object!" shouted Tinkin. "The question has no answer!"
"Hasn't it?" queried Kingman. "My worthy opponent, all questions
have an answer."
"Objection overruled," snapped Hamilton sourly. "Let the witness
answer."
"It is impossible to send communications without sending some
energy. It is the intent to which the energy is put that determines the
classification."
"Explain further."
"You must send energy when you communicate with a light-blinker,"
grinned Farrell, "The receiving party receives the energy, but couldn't
possibly read a newspaper with it. The beams at Venus Equilateral
send out several million watts—and by the time they get to Luna, they
require amplifications bordering on the million-times before they are
usable. The intent is clear—we are not supplying power, we are
sending intelligence."
"I contend," said Kingman to the judge, "that the contract states
clearly that developments of this device are to be used for
communications only when operated by Venus Equilateral. I further
contend that the transmission of matter does not constitute a
communication, but rather a transfer of energy."
"I object," said Tinkin. "If this statement was objectionable to the
learned counsel before, it is equally objectionable to me now."
"Previously," said Kingman suavely, "counsel was trying to influence a
witness. I am merely trying to explain my point."
Hamilton cleared his throat. "Counsel is merely attempting to
influence the Court; the same privilege will be available to his
opponent at the proper time. That is why we have courts."
Tinkin sat down.
"I maintain that the concept of communication precludes matter
transmission," stormed Kingman. "Matter transmission becomes a
problem for the transportation companies and the power companies.
Matter, your honor, is energy. They are transmitting energy!"
He stalked over to Tinkin and smiled affably. "Cross-examination?" he
offered.
"No questions," said Tinkin.
Hamilton rapped on the bench. "Court is adjourned for ten minutes!"
"Looking for something?" asked Don. Arden turned from the window
and faced him.
"I was trying to see Niagara Falls," she smiled. "I've heard that you
could see 'em from Buffalo."
"You can," laughed her husband, "but not from this part of Buffalo.
What do you want to see Niagara Falls for, anyway? Just a lot of
water falling over a cliff at two pints to the quart."
"If you recall, chum, we went to Mars, not Niagara. There wasn't two
pints of water on the whole planet, let alone a thing like Niagara."
Don nodded. "At the risk of offending a lot of Buffalonians, I'm
beginning to dislike the place."
"It isn't the people," said Arden. "It's the position we're in. Bad, huh?"
"Not going too good at all. Kingman slips in a sly dig every now and
then. Frankly, I am getting worried. He's got a few points that really hit
very close to home. If he can sell the judge on a couple more of them,
we'll be under the sod."
"You won't be out entirely, will you?"
"Not entirely. He'll have to use the beams of Venus Equilateral to
operate, but he'll be collecting all the real gravy. We'll just be leasing
our beams to him."
"Well, don't go down without a fight, chum."
"I won't. I really hate to see Kingman get ahead of this, though." Don
stretched, took another look out across the city of Buffalo, and then
said: "We'd best be getting back. We'll be late ... he said ten minutes."
They went down the staircase slowly, and at the courtroom door they
met Keg Johnson. The latter smiled wearily. "Not too good?"
"Nope."
"Don, if you lose, then what?"
"Appeal, I guess."
"That isn't too good. Judges do not reverse lower courts unless a real
miscarriage of justice takes place."
"I know, but that's our only chance."
"What would you advise me to do?"
"Meaning?" asked Don.
"Interplanet. We'll be run right out of business if this thing goes over
to Kingman and that bunch."
"I know."
"Look, Don, have you tried living matter?"
"Plants go through with no ill effects. Microscopic life does, too.
Animals we have tried usually die because of internal disorders—but
they move while being scanned, and their bodies come out looking
rather ugly. An anaesthetized mouse went through all right—lived for
several hours. Died because the breathing-function made a
microscopic rift in the lungs, and the beating heart didn't quite meet
true. We must speed up the scanning-time to a matter of micro-
seconds and then we can send living bodies with no harm."
"That would clean out the space lines," said Keg. "I think I'll offer that
bird a slice of Interplanet for an interest, if he wins. We've got to have
it, Don."
"I know, Keg. No hard feelings."
"Of course," said Keg wistfully. "We'll be across a barrel if you win,
too. But the barrel will be less painful with you holding the handles
than if Terran Electric holds them. The same offer goes for you, too."
"O.K.," nodded Channing. He turned and entered the courtroom.
Tinkin called Don Channing to the stand as his first witness. Don
explained the function of Venus Equilateral, the job of interplanetary
communications, and their work along other lines of endeavor. Then
Tinkin said to the judge:
"I have here a glass cube, three inches on a side. This cube was
transmitted from Venus Equilateral to the Lunar Station. I offer it as
Exhibit A. It was a test-sample, and as you see, it emerged from the
test absolutely perfect."
The judge took the cube, examined it with some interest, and then set
it down on the desk.
"Now," said Tinkin, "if you do not object, I should like to present a
demonstration of the matter transmitter. May I?"
Hamilton brightened slightly. "Permission is granted."
"Thank you." Tinkin made motions and the technicians came in with
the two cabinets.
"This isn't good," said Kingman's assistant to the lawyer. "The old
goat looks interested."
"Don't worry," said Kingman. "This'll take a long time, and by the time
they get done, Hamilton will be ready to throw them out. Besides, it
will make a good arguing point for my final blast. And, brother, I've got
a talking-point that will scream for itself."
"But suppose they convince—"
"Look," smiled Kingman, "this is really no argument as to whether
matter or intelligence is carried. Believe me, that has nothing to do
with it. I'm keeping this one under the wraps until shooting-time so
they won't be able to get an argument against it. We're a cinch. That's
why I kept it in a legal court instead of a technical court. The Techs
would award it to Channing on a technical basis, but the legal boys
have got to follow my argument."
"How about an appeal?"
"The record of this court is still a very heavy argument. Look, they're
about to start."
The racket and hubbub died, and Tinkin faced the judge. "These are
plainly labeled. They are matter transmitter and matter receiver. We
have here a set of metal bars. They are made of copper, steel,
aluminum, some complex alloys, and the brother to that glass cube
you have before you. We will transmit this set of objects from here to
there. Have you any suggestions?"
"A matter of control and identity. What have you for control?"
"Nothing that is outside of our hands," smiled Tinkin. "Would you care
to send something of your own? Your gavel? Inkwell? Marked coin?
Anything?"
"I'd offer my glasses except for the fact that I can not see without
them," said Judge Hamilton.
"We wouldn't break them or damage them a bit."
"I know—that much faith I have—but I'd not see the experiment."
"A good point. Anything else?"
"My watch. It is unique enough for me." He handed over the watch,
which was quite sizable.
Tinkin inspected the watch and smiled. "Very old, isn't it? A real
collector's item, I daresay."
Hamilton beamed. "There are nine of them in the Solar System," he
said. "And I know where the other eight are."
"O.K., we'll put it on the top. I'll have to stop it, because the
movement of the balance wheel would cause a rift during
transmission."
"How about the spring tension?"
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