● Lab Safety

○ Safety shower, fire blanket, fire extinguisher, eye wash, lab sink, fume hood

● Metrics
○ GENERAL RULE:
■ if calculated number is more than 1000 write it in scientific notation
■ When calculating, you are looking for sig figs from the original equation numbers
■ REMEMBER to put units in your answer
■ Cancel out units in dimensional analysis
○ Density
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
■ 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 − 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙

■ Example
● Use the measurements in the table below to determine the density of the
object
Mass of object (g) 4.80 g

Initial Volume (water only, mL) 7.2 mL

Final Volume (water + object, mL) 9.3 mL

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 4.80 𝑔 4.80 𝑔
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 − 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
= 9.3 𝑚𝐿 − 7.2 𝑚𝐿
= 2.1 𝑚𝐿
= 2. 3 𝑔/𝑚𝐿
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙

● A sample of ethyl alcohol has a mass of 25.3 g. The density of ethyl alcohol
is 0.789 g/mL. Find the volume of this sample.
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 25.3 𝑔
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
=> 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
= 0.789 𝑔/𝑚𝐿
= 32. 1 𝑚𝐿
○ SI Units
■ Base Quantities and Units

Base Quantity Quantity Symbol SI Unit SI Unit Abbreviation

(found in equations) Name

Length l meter m

Mass m kilogram kg

Amount of Substance n mole mol

Time t second s

Temperature T Kelvin k
* Density Units: kg/m g/cm (<-solid) g/mL (<-liquid) kg/L
3 3

■ Derived Quantities and Units

● Def: all other quantities are combinations made by multiplying or dividing
base quantities and their units
Derived Quantity Units Quantity Symbol (found in SI Unit Abbreviation
combined equations)

Area M*M A m2

Volume M*M*M V m3(solid) cm3= mL

L(liquid)

Density g/M*M*M D g/ml or g/cm3

Velocity/speed m/hr v km/hr

Concentration g/volume M (Molarity) mol/L

Molar mass g/mol

○ SI Unit Prefixes

■ To Remember
● The Great Man king henry's daughter beth died drinking chocolate mIlk μntil
nine pm.
■ EASY WAY
● Steps
○ Subtract exponents
○ Move decimal that amount in the direction of the wanted unit
● Example (Base to Big/Small)
○ 0.150 m = ? cm
0 −2
○ 10 −> 10 , so 0 - (-2) = 2, centi is wanted unit So move decimal
2 places to the right (towards centi)
○ 0.150 m = 15.0 cm
● Example (Big to Small)
○ 0.150 km = ? cm
3 −2
○ 10 −> 10 , so 3 - (-2) = 5, so move decimal 5 places to the right
(towards centi)
○ 0.150 km = 15000 cm
 ● Example (Small to Big)
○ 384.0 mg = ? dg
−1 −3
○ 10 <− 10 , so (-1) - (-3) = 2, so move decimal 2 places to the
left (towards deci)
○ 384.0 mg = 3.840 dg
Conversion factors: FOR REFERENCE - know the basics

Distance 1 ft = 12 in
1 yd = 3 ft
1 mi = 5280 ft
1 mi = 1760 yd
1 yard = 0.9144 m
1 foot = 0.3048 m
1 inch = 2.54 sm*

Time 60 seconds= 1 minute*

60 minutes = 1 hour*
1440 minutes = 24 hours = 1 day*

Mass 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds

Volume 1 cm3 = 1 mL*

○ Dimensional Analysis (DA)

■ Def: going from one unit to another unit by multiplying conversion factors (aka
ratios) and canceling out the repeated units.
1. Single step DA
● Example
○ A person who is 5.75 feet tall is how many inches?
12 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
5. 75 𝑓𝑡 × 1 𝑓𝑡
= 69. 0 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
○ How many kg in 261 g?
1𝑘𝑔 −3
261 𝑔 × 3 = 261 × 10 𝑘𝑔 = 0. 261 𝑘𝑔
10 𝑔
2. Multi step DA
● Example
○ How many seconds are in 3 days?
24 ℎ𝑟𝑠 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
3 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 × 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
× 1 ℎ𝑟
× 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠
= 259200 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 300000 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
○ How many mg in 498.82 cg?
cg->mg
1 cg = 10-2 g
1 mg = 10-3 g
10-2-(-3)= 101
cg > mg
1 cg = 101 mg
1
10 𝑚𝑔
498. 82 𝑐𝑔 × 1 𝑐𝑔
= 4988. 2 𝑚𝑔
3. Double Unit DA
● Example
○ If my car is going 75 Km/hr, how many miles/sec is it going? (1 mi =
1.61 Km).
75 𝐾𝑚 1 𝑚𝑖 1 ℎ𝑟 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
1 ℎ𝑟
× 1.61 𝐾𝑚
× 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
× 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠
= 0. 17944 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐
4. Cubed Unit DA
 ● Example
○ 5.93 cm3 is how many m3 ?
3 1𝑚 1𝑚 1𝑚 −6 3
○ 5. 93 𝑐𝑚 × 100 𝑐𝑚
× 100 𝑐𝑚
× 100 𝑐𝑚
= 5. 93 × 10 𝑚

● Significant figures (Sig Figs)

○ Def: Significant figures (aka Sig Figs) include all known digits plus one estimated digit (the
more DIGITS, the more PRECISE; indicates level of precision)
○ Rules
■ All non-zero digits are significant
■ “Sandwiched” zeros are significant
■ Trailing zeros are significant if there is a decimal point
■ Leading Zeros are NOT significant
○ Adding and Subtracting
■ Adding or subtracting
● Round to least number of decimal points
● Example
○ 31.7 g + 6.9 g = 38.6 g
○ 1895 g - 322.1 g = 1572.9 g = 1573 g
■ Multiplying or Dividing
● Round to least number of sig figs
● Example
○ 4.20 cm ×15.04 cm × 19.55 cm = 1264.3375 = 1260 cm3
○ Examples

70,000. 5 sig figs

70,000.0 6 sig figs

70,000 1 sig figs

0.0077 2 sig figs

0.00770 3 sig figs

77,077 5 sig figs

70,780 4 sig figs

12 L 2 sig figs`

12 beakers 2 sig fig or

infinite

8.3010 *10 -3 5 sig figs

3.40 *10 6 3 sig figs

● Scientific Notation
○ Def: Scientific Notation involves multiplying a number between 1 and 10 by the power of ten
○ Rules
■ Adding or subtracting
● Make the exponents the same before adding or subtracting
● Example
○ 2.0*10 4 + 5.5*10 2=2.0*10 4 + 0.055*10 4=2.055*10 4=2.1*10 4
■ Multiplying or Dividing
● Multiplication
○ Multiply first factors
○ Add the exponents
○ Example
■ 2.5*10 17× 5.0*10 14
=(2.5×5.0)*10 17+14
=12.5*10 31
=1.25*10 32
● Division
○ Divide the first factors
○ Subtract the exponents
○ Example
17
2.5*10
■ 14
5.0*10
2.5 17−14
= 5.0 * 10
3
=0. 5 * 10
2
=5. 0 * 10
● Adjust if needed so number is between 1 - 10
■ Use scientific Notation when you write more than 3 zeros, or if it's needed to
represent correct number of sig figs
○ Examples

300,000,000 3 *10 8

0.000045 4.5 *10 -5

23,000 2.3 *104

105 1.05 *10 3

 ● Precision and Accuracy
○ Def: Precision is how close a set of data are to each other
○ Def: Accuracy is how close the measured value is to the true value
○ Lab equipment & precision
■ Graduated cylinder is more precise than beaker
■ Equipment with mm is more precise than cm
○ Examples
■ A measurement was taken three times. The correct measurement is 32.0 g. Circle
whether each set of measurements is accurate, precise, both, or neither
● 32.1 g, 32.2 g, 31.9 g (both)
● 38.2 g, 67.5 g, 98.0 g (neither)
● 78.5 g, 78.6 g, 78.7 g (precise)

■ Percent Error
● Def: indicates level of Accuracy
|𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒|
● 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
* 100
● Example
○ An experiment was taken of 10.4mL and the actual measurement
was 9.7 mL. Determine the percent error
|𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒| |10.4 𝑚𝐿− 9.7𝑚𝐿| 0.7
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
* 100 = 9.7 𝑚𝐿
* 100 = 9.7
* 100 = 7. 2 %

● Measurement
○ Def: A measurement consists of two parts, a number and a unit (SI)
○ Measured Numbers: numbers found by measuring with an instrument always has an
estimated digit (Round answer using sig figs)
○ Exact Numbers: counted objects were not measured and do not use sig fig rules (NO
Round answer using sig figs)
■ Conversion factors are exact numbers and are NOT used to determine sig fig
rounding
■ Example
● 12 pencils per box * 3 boxes = 36 pencils
○ Taking Measurements
■ 10 mm = 1 cm
9.5 cm

5.30 cm
or
53.0 mm

1.30 mL

56.0 mL

14.00 cm

12.45 mL

36.00 mL
● Classification of Matter
○ Matter: Anything that has mass
■ Pure substance: has constant composition
● Element: 1 type of atom (can be either atoms or molecules)
● Molecule: 2+ atoms chemically combined
● Compound: 2+ different types of elements combined in a fixed ratio (can
only be molecules)
■ Mixture: has variable composition

● Homogenous (aka solution): same; uniform

○ EX: wine, brass, air, ketchup, mustard, water with food coloring
○ Solution: made of a solute and solvent (H2O)
■ EX: salt water

● Heterogenous: different; not uniform - layers

○ EX: cereal in milk, ice in soda, pizza, density column, italian salad
dressing,
○ Suspension: mixtures of a liquid and solid that does not dissolve
■ EX: oil and vinegar, sand and water
○ Colloid: Mixtures of fine solids in a liquid medium
■ EX: Fog
○ Example:
■ Element

● Atoms of an element

● Molecules of an element
■ Compound

■ Mixture
● Mixture of elements

● Mixture of compounds
 ● Mixture of elements and compounds

○ Examples:
■ N2 Pure substance, an element
■ NaCl or KClPure substance, a compound
■ NO+H2O2 or HF + NO Mixture of Two compounds
■ N2+Br2 Mixture of Two elements
■ O2+NO2 Mixture of an Element and a Compound
● Physical properties & Chemical properties (haven’t learned yet)
○ Physical properties: a characteristic that can be observed without changing the
identity (nature) of the matter
■ Intrinsic: observation of a substance that are dependent on the composition
and do not change sample size
● Density, color, luster, malleable, ductility, water stability, melting and
boeing ponts, conductivity, odor
■ Extrinsic: depends on the number, type and condition of particles present in
sample
● Mass, volume, temp, pressure
○ Chemical properties: describe the behavior of a substance in the presence of
another substance
■ Bubbles in acid, flammability, forms chorides
● Physical change & Chemical change
○ A physical change: involves a change in one or more physical properties but no
change in composition
■ heating/cooling, changing a phase, dissolving, changing the volume/shape of
object, changes concentration, filtering, boiling
○ A chemical change (aka reaction): transforms of substance into one or more new
substances
■ Change in temperature (exothermic - gives off heat, endothermic - absorbs
heat), release of gas, formation of a solid (precipitate - solid that comes out
of a solution), change in color, change in odo, production of light
● Phases of Matter
○ Matter exist in three states (phases)
1. Solid: definite volume, definite shape. If you put solid water cubes in a cup, they will still be
cubed, not cup shaped. Usually, solids are denser than liquids (water is an exception).
Particles that are in solid state are “stuck together” because of intermolecular forces
(force/attraction between molecules). They have the lowest kinetic and potential energy of
any phase

2. Liquid: definite volumes, indefinite shape. If you pour liquid water into a cup, the liquid
water will be cup shaped. But it wont take up the whole cup, just the amount of water that
was originally there. Usually, these are less dense than solids. There are intermolecular
forces that keep the particles together, but they are trading places quickly. They have
medium kinetic and potential energy.

3. Gas: indefinite volume, indefinite shape. If you take gaseous water and put it into a room,
it will take up the whole room and be room shaped. These have the lowest density. These
particles have overcome their intermolecular forces and have a lot of energy. They move in
one straight line until they collide (elastically) with another particle and change direction
like a bouncy ball. They have the highest kinetic and potential energy.
● Heating and Cooling curve
○ Heating Curve: Temperature of a substance as heat is added over time
○ Freezing point of water is 0℃
○ Boiling point of water is 0℃
○ They are the same b/c
■ Within a phase, as heat is added, the temperature increases
■ Heat can cause a substance to change from solid to liquid & liquid to
gas
■ During a phase change the temperature is the same; NO CHANGE
○ Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the molecule
○ So, when the temperature increases the molecules move faster
○ Energy of movement is kinetic (movement) or potential (position) energy
■ In a phase change the distance between molecules changes
■ When molecules spread out, potential energy increases
■ Potential energy changes do NOT affect the temperature (or kinetic
energy)
● Energy Equation
○ q=mcΔT

q heat J

𝐽
q = (g)( 𝑔℃ )(℃)
cancel out and get J

m mass g

C (or s) Specific heat capacity 𝐽

𝑔℃

ΔT Change in temperature ℃
(Tfinal - Tinitial)

○ Memorize equations for each phase & See ws #1.13 for problems to solve