Where can

Chemistry CHEMISTRY Analytical chemist

take me? Biotechnologist
Chemical engineer
Healthcare scientist
Agrochemicals
Clinical biochemistry
Metallurgical
Forensic scientist
Petrochemicals
Nanotechnologist
Pharmaceuticals
Pharmacologist
Plastics and Polymers
Research scientist (physical
Toiletries
sciences)
Scientific laboratory
technician
Before Toxicologist

Takeoff
 What to
expect?
❑ Basic Skills: Conversion, Diagram Interpretation
❑ Fundamental Concepts
❑ Periodic Table
❑ Analysis of Simple Experimental Set-ups
❑ Laws and Principles
❑ Problem Solving
❑ Analysis
Before
Takeoff
 What to
study? • Basic Concepts (scientific notation, precision and
accuracy, units, matter)
• Atomic Theories, Periodic Table (trends, elements,
configuration)
• Acids and Bases
• Theory of Gases
• Stoichiometry and Reactions
• Solutions and Colligative Properties
• Thermodynamics
Before • Organic chemistry
Takeoff
Ready for the Crash Course?
Significant Figures and
Fundamental Concepts
Scientific Notation
The following are the rules used to determine the number of significant
figures:

• Non-zero digits are always significant.

• Zero is significant when it is between two non-zero digits.
• Only the final zero or trailing zero in the decimal portion of a number is
significant. Zeros between the decimal point and the non-zero digits
serve only as placeholders. They do not involve measurement decisions;
thus they are NOT significant.
Accuracy vs. Precision Fundamental Concepts
Properties of Matter Fundamental Concepts

• Intensive: DOES NOT depend on

amount
• Extensive: depends on amount
Units and Conversion Fundamental Concepts

International System of Units (SI)

• Mass: kilogram (kg)

• Length: meter (m)
• Time: second (s)
• Amount of
Substance: mole (mol)
• Temperature: Kelvin (K)
• Luminous
Intensity: candela (cd)
• Electric current: Ampere (A)
The Microscope Fundamental Concepts
 Significant Figures and Scientific
QUESTION Notation

1. 0.00567 has how many significant figures?

A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
2. If the same number is expressed in scientific notation, how
many significant figures are there?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
 Significant Figures and Scientific
ANSWER Notation

1. 0.00567 has how many significant figures?

A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
2. If the same number is expressed in scientific notation, how
many significant figures are there?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
 QUESTION Properties of Matter

Which of the following properties is different from the other

properties?

A. Density
B. Specific heat
C. Mass
D. Color
 ANSWER Properties of Matter

Which of the following properties is different from the other

properties?

A. Density
B. Specific heat
C. Mass
D. Color
 QUESTION Units and Conversion

At what value are Fahrenheit and Celsius units equal?

A. -20 degrees
B. 0 degrees
C. 20 degrees
D. -40 degrees
 ANSWER Units and Conversion

At what value are Fahrenheit and Celsius units equal?

A. -20 degrees
B. 0 degrees
C. 20 degrees
D. -40 degrees
Atomic Theories The Atom

Dalton’s Atomic Theory debunked

• All matter is consisted of

indivisible particles called atoms :
proton, electron
• Atoms of an element are identical
in mass and properties and has
different from other elemental
atom properties : isotopes,
radioactivity
Quantum Atomic Theory The Atom

• Electrons behave both as particle and wave.

• Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle: the exact position and momentum
of an electron is IMPOSSIBLE to determine at the same time.
• Pauli’s Exclusion Principle: two electrons may not occupy same
quantum state. Each orbital may be occupied by maximum of two
electrons with different spin.
• Hund’s Rule: when several orbitals of equal energy are available,
electrons enter singly with parallel spins (minimizes repulsion)
Quantum Atomic Theory The Atom
Quantum Numbers The Atom

Quantum numbers: set of numbers to describe electron’s orbital

Name Symbol Orbital Meaning Range of Values Example
Principal : Shell (main energy
n n≥1 n = 1, 2, 3, ….
Primary level)
Azimuthal :
Subshell (orbital) for n=3:
Angular l 0 ≤ l ≤ n-1
S=0, p=1, d=2, f=3 L = 0, 1, 2 (s, p, d)
Momentum
Magnetic :
For l = 1 (p-orbital)
Projection of Orientation of -l ≤ ml ≤ +l
ml ml = -1, 0, +1
Angular subshell shape
px, py, pz
Momentum
½ = clockwise
Spin ms Spin of electron
-½ = counter-clockwise
Electronic Configuration The Atom

Noble Gas Configuration

• Octet rule (of thumb): Atoms tend
to combine in a way that they
each have eight electrons in their
valence shells, giving them the
same electronic configuration as
a noble gas (applicable to the
main-group elements, except
helium).
 QUESTION Quantum Numbers

Which of the following set of quantum number is impossible?

Format: n, l, ml, ms

A. 2, 2, 1, -½
B. 2, 1, 0, ½
C. 4, 2, -1, ½
D. 3, 0, 0, ½
 ANSWER Quantum Numbers

Which of the following set of quantum number is impossible?

Format: n, l, ml, ms

A. 2, 2, 1, -½
B. 2, 1, 0, ½
C. 4, 2, -1, ½
D. 3, 0, 0, ½
 QUESTION Electronic Configuration

What is the correct electron configuration of Chloride ion?

Atomic number of Cl = 17.

A. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

B. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
C. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
D. 1s2 2s2 2p5 3s2 3p5
E. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 4s1
 ANSWER Electronic Configuration

What is the correct electron configuration of Chloride ion?

Atomic number of Cl = 17.

A. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

B. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
C. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
D. 1s2 2s2 2p5 3s2 3p5
E. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 4s1
 QUESTION Quantum Numbers

Which of the following orbitals is not allowed?

A. 5f
B. 2s
C. 2d
D. 3p
E. 1s
 ANSWER Quantum Numbers

Which of the following orbitals is not allowed?

A. 5f
B. 2s
C. 2d
D. 3p
E. 1s
Structure of the Periodic Table The Periodic Table
Trends Across the Periodic Table The Periodic Table
Trends Across the Periodic Table The Periodic Table
• atomic radius: radius of atoms
• ionization energy: energy
required to remove an electron
from a neutral atom in its
gaseous phase
• electron affinity: ability of an
atom to accept an electron;
quantitative measurement of
energy change that occurs when
electron is added to a neutral gas
atom.
• electronegativity: atom’s ability
to attract and bind with electrons
• metallicity: how readily an atom
can lose an electron
Atomic Number, Mass Number
The Periodic Table
and Atomic Mass
Amount of Substance Stoichiometry

• Molecular Mass: the mass of a

molecule (mM) of a chemical
compound is the sum of the
atomic masses of the constituting
elements.
• Amount of Substance (mole): the
mass m of a portion related to the
Molar Mass M of the substance.
• Avogadro’s Number: An amount
of substance n = 1 mol contains
always the same number of
particles: Avogadro´s Number N:
1 mol » N = 6x1023 particles
 QUESTION The Periodic Table

Element Infinitium has 9 protons and 12 neutrons. Its atomic

number is __________ which is equal to the
________________.

A. 9, number of protons
B. 12, number of neutrons
C. 9, number of electrons
D. 21, sum of protons and neutrons
E. 12 number of electrons
 ANSWER The Periodic Table

Element Infinitium has 9 protons and 12 neutrons. Its atomic

number is __________ which is equal to the
________________.

A. 9, number of protons
B. 12, number of neutrons
C. 9, number of electrons
D. 21, sum of protons and neutrons
E. 12 number of electrons
 QUESTION The Periodic Table

Element Infinitium has 9 protons and 12 neutrons. Its mass

number is __________ which is equal to the
________________.

A. 9, number of protons
B. 12, number of neutrons
C. 9, number of electrons
D. 21, sum of protons and neutrons
E. 12 number of electrons
 ANSWER The Periodic Table

Element Infinitium has 9 protons and 12 neutrons. Its mass

number is __________ which is equal to the
________________.

A. 9, number of protons
B. 12, number of neutrons
C. 9, number of electrons
D. 21, sum of protons and neutrons
E. 12 number of electrons
 QUESTION Trends Across the Periodic Table

Consider the elements of Group II A, which of the following is

correct according to increasing atomic size?

A. H, Li, Na
B. Mg, Ca, Sr
C. Ca, Ba, Sr
D. Na, Li, K
 ANSWER Trends Across the Periodic Table

Consider the elements of Group II A, which of the following is

correct according to increasing atomic size?

A. H, Li, Na
B. Mg, Ca, Sr
C. Ca, Ba, Sr
D. Na, Li, K
 QUESTION Trends Across the Periodic Table

Which of the following elements has the lowest

electronegativity?

A. Fluorine
B. Iodine
C. Barium
D. Aluminum
E. Carbon
 ANSWER Trends Across the Periodic Table

Which of the following elements has the lowest

electronegativity?

A. Fluorine
B. Iodine
C. Barium
D. Aluminum
E. Carbon
 QUESTION Trends Across the Periodic Table

Within a given period of the periodic table, the element with

the highest ionization energy is:

A. Noble gas
B. Transition Metal
C. Alkali Metal
D. Halogen
E. Metalloid
 ANSWER Trends Across the Periodic Table

Within a given period of the periodic table, the element with

the highest ionization energy is:

A. Noble gas
B. Transition Metal
C. Alkali Metal
D. Halogen
E. Metalloid
Intermolecular Forces of Attraction Chemical Bonds
Intermolecular Forces of Attraction Chemical Bonds

• Hydrogen bonds: attractive

interaction of a hydrogen atom
with an electronegative atom (N,
O, F) that comes from another
molecule or chemical group.
Intermolecular Forces of Attraction Chemical Bonds

• Dipole–dipole interactions:
electrostatic interactions of
permanent dipoles in molecules
(asymmetrical polar bonds; e. g.
H2O, HCl, HF). Attractive force
between positive part of molecule
and negative part of neighbored
molecule
Intermolecular Forces of Attraction Chemical Bonds

• London dispersion forces (LDF):

also called Van-der-Waals forces;
weak intermolecular interactions
arising from induced
instantaneous polarization by
random fluctuation of the electron
density. The LDF between
molecules increases with surface:
ex: pentane 2-methyl butane 2,2-
dimethyl propane
VSEPR: Electron Group Geometry
Chemical Bonds
and Molecular Group Geometry
 QUESTION VSEPR

Determine the molecular shape of the following compounds:

I. PF3
II. SbF5
III. COCl2
 ANSWER VSEPR

Determine the molecular shape of the following compounds:

I. PF3 - Trigonal pyramidal

II. SbF5 - Trigonal bipyramidal
III. COCl2 - Trigonal planar
Theories Acids and Bases

• Arrhenius
• Acids: Produce H+ when in water
• Base: Produce OH- when in water
• Bronsted Lowry Theory
• Acid: Proton (H+) donor
• Base: Proton (H+) acceptor
• Amphoteric
• Conjugate acid-base pairs
• Lewis Theory
• Acid: electron pair acceptor
• Base: electron pair donor
pH and pOH Acids and Bases

• Water Equilibrium
• Pure water contains very small amounts of hydronium and hydroxide
ions. These small amounts result in the autoionization of water
• Dissociation of water results in one mole H+ and one mole OH-, thus
their concentrations are the same ( [H+] = [OH-] = 1 x 107)
• Kw = [H+][OH-]
• pH Scale
• pH = -log[H+]
• pOH = -log[OH-]
• pH + pOH = 14
Strength Acids and Bases

• STRONG ACIDS
• Completely dissociate thus, have very large values of Ka
• The conjugate base of strong acids are very weak bases.
• Ex: HNO3, H2SO4, HI, HBR, HCl, HClO3, HClO4
• WEAK ACIDS
• Remain largely undissociated and have relatively small values of Ka
• STRONG BASES
• Quantitatively converted into hydroxide ion in aqueous solution.
• Ex. NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2
• WEAK BASES
• partially react with water to produce hydroxide ions.
Rules for Predicting the pH of Aqueous
Acids and Bases
Solutions

• In General: Aqueous solutions of covalent oxides are acidic

• Neutral Ions: All Group 1A and 2A cations
Anions which are conjugates of strong acids
• Acids: Uncharged strong or weak acids
Metal cations other than those of Groups 1A and 2A
Cationic conjugates of nitrogen bases
The two anions HSO4- and H2PO4
• Bases: All anions not listed above Uncharged nitrogen bases
 QUESTION Acids and Bases

Which of the following compounds acts as an acid in this

reaction? 4 LiH + AlCl3 → LiAlH4 + 3 LiCl

I. LiH II. AlCl3 III. LiAlH4 IV. LiCl

A. I, III
B. II, IV
C. I, IV
D. II, III
 ANSWER Acids and Bases

Which of the following compounds acts as an acid in this

reaction? 4 LiH + AlCl3 → LiAlH4 + 3 LiCl

I. LiH II. AlCl3 III. LiAlH4 IV. LiCl

A. I, III
B. II, IV
C. I, IV
D. II, III
 QUESTION Acids and Bases

Which of the theories was applied in here?

4 LiH + AlCl3 → LiAlH4 + 3 LiCl

A. Lewis
B. Bronsted-Lowry
C. Arrhenius
 ANSWER Acids and Bases

Which of the theories was applied in here?

4 LiH + AlCl3 → LiAlH4 + 3 LiCl

A. Lewis
B. Bronsted-Lowry
C. Arrhenius
 QUESTION Acids and Bases

Upon investigation of a HClO4 solution, it was found out that it

has a pH of 2. What is the value of the concentration of H+
ions in the solution?

A. 0.001 M
B. 1 x 1012 M
C. 0.01 M
D. 1 x 1010 M
 ANSWER Acids and Bases

Upon investigation of a HClO4 solution, it was found out that it

has a pH of 2. What is the value of the concentration of H+
ions in the solution?

A. 0.001 M
B. 1 x 1012 M
C. 0.01 M
D. 1 x 1010 M
 QUESTION Acids and Bases

What is the value of the concentration of OH- ions in the

solution? What is the pOH of the solution?

A. 1 x 10-12 M, 2
B. 0.001 M, 2
C. 1 x 10-12 M, 12
D. 0.001 M, 12
 ANSWER Acids and Bases

What is the value of the concentration of OH- ions in the

solution? What is the pOH of the solution?

A. 1 x 10-12 M, 2
B. 0.001 M, 2
C. 1 x 10-12 M, 12
D. 0.001 M, 12
Chemical Reactions Stoichiometry
Molecular and Empirical Formula Stoichiometry

Steps:

1. Assume 100g of sample

2. Calculate moles of elements in 100g
3. Write tentative formula based on number of moles
4. Divide all mole numbers by smallest mole number
5. Write the new formula.
Chemical Reactions Stoichiometry

• Balance reactions
• Limiting reactant is consumed
entirely
• Excess reactant is in excess
Types of Reactions Chemical Reactions

• Synthesis: elements are joined to form compounds

• Decomposition: a compound breaks into parts
• Single Replacement: an element replaces another element in a
compound
• Double Displacement: elements from two compounds ‘switch’ places
• Combustion: the formation of by products such as CO2 and water
• Redox Reactions:
• Oxidation (LEORA): Lose Electrons, Oxidized, Reducing Agent
• Reduction (GEROA): Gain Electrons, Reduced, Oxidizing Agent
Equilibrium Chemical Reactions

• Presence of backward and forward reaction

• At equilibrium, no observable MACROSCOPIC change occurs however
the forward and backward reactions still occur simultaneously
• Le Chatelier’s Principle states that when a disturbance in a system in
equilibrium occurs, the system adjusts to restore the state of
equilibrium.
Reactions Chemical Reactions

• Activation energy
• The minimum amount of energy reactants should possess in order for
the reaction to proceed
• May be overcome via easier reactions with the use of catalysts
• Arrhenius equation
• Reaction constant depends on temperature and activation energy
• Reaction rates
• A model of how fast a reaction proceeds
• Depends on reaction constant and concentration/pressure
 QUESTION Stoichiometry

In the production of methanol, the following reactions

schemes are followed.
CO2 + 3H2 ↔ CH3OH + H2O ∆H298K = -49.6 kJ/mol
CO + 2H2 ↔ CH3OH ∆H298K = -90.8 kJ/mol
There are 12 moles of H2(g), present in the system while there
are 2 moles of CO2 and 4 moles of CO. Which of the following
is the limiting reagent?
A. Hydrogen gas
B. Carbon monoxide
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Methanol
 ANSWER Stoichiometry

In the production of methanol, the following reactions

schemes are followed.
CO2 + 3H2 ↔ CH3OH + H2O ∆H298K = -49.6 kJ/mol
CO + 2H2 ↔ CH3OH ∆H298K = -90.8 kJ/mol
There are 12 moles of H2(g), present in the system while there
are 2 moles of CO2 and 4 moles of CO. Which of the following
is the limiting reagent?
A. Hydrogen gas
B. Carbon monoxide
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Methanol
 QUESTION Stoichiometry

Vitamin C is essential for preventing scurvy. Combustion of a

0.2 g sample of this compound yields 0.2998 g of carbon
dioxide and 0.0819 g of water. What is the empirical formula
of Vitamin C?
 ANSWER Stoichiometry

Vitamin C is essential for preventing scurvy. Combustion of a

0.2 g sample of this compound yields 0.2998 g of carbon
dioxide and 0.0819 g of water. What is the empirical formula
of Vitamin C?

Empirical formula: C3H4O3

 QUESTION Stoichiometry

Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to form methanol is an

exothermic reaction, meaning that heat is expelled from the
system as the reaction proceeds.
CO2 + 3H2 ↔ CH3OH + H2O ∆H298K = -49.6 kJ/mol
Which effect would result due to the addition of heat?
A. Production of more carbon dioxide
B. Production of more methanol
C. Lower energy requirement
D. No effect since the reaction is already in equilibrium
 ANSWER Stoichiometry

Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to form methanol is an

exothermic reaction, meaning that heat is expelled from the
system as the reaction proceeds.
CO2 + 3H2 ↔ CH3OH + H2O ∆H298K = -49.6 kJ/mol
Which effect would result due to the addition of heat?
A. Production of more carbon dioxide
B. Production of more methanol
C. Lower energy requirement
D. No effect since the reaction is already in equilibrium
 QUESTION Stoichiometry

In the production of methanol, the following reactions schemes are

followed.
CO2 + 3H2 ↔ CH3OH + H2O ∆H298K = -49.6 kJ/mol
CO + 2H2 ↔ CH3OH ∆H298K = -90.8 kJ/mol
There are 12 moles of H2(g), present in the system while there are
3 moles of CO2 and 3 moles of CO. Which of the following is in
excess if 6 moles of hydrogen react with the carbon monoxide?
A. Hydrogen gas
B. Carbon monoxide
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Methanol
 ANSWER Stoichiometry

In the production of methanol, the following reactions schemes are

followed.
CO2 + 3H2 ↔ CH3OH + H2O ∆H298K = -49.6 kJ/mol
CO + 2H2 ↔ CH3OH ∆H298K = -90.8 kJ/mol
There are 12 moles of H2(g), present in the system while there are
3 moles of CO2 and 3 moles of CO. Which of the following is in
excess if 6 moles of hydrogen react with the carbon monoxide?
A. Hydrogen gas
B. Carbon monoxide
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Methanol
Gas Laws Gases
Ideal Gas Law Gases
 QUESTION Gases

What is the temperature of 50g of oxygen gas in atmospheric

pressure contained in a 0.05 cubic meter container?
Molecular weight of oxygen gas: 32 g/mol
R = 0.0821 L∙atm/mol∙K

A. 390 K
B. 390 C
C. 195 K
D. 195 C
 ANSWER Gases

What is the temperature of 50g of oxygen gas in atmospheric

pressure contained in a 0.05 cubic meter container?
Molecular weight of oxygen gas: 32 g/mol
R = 0.0821 L∙atm/mol∙K

A. 390 K
B. 390 C
C. 195 K
D. 195 C
 QUESTION Gases

A container contains 5 moles of Argon at room temperature

(25oC) and atmospheric pressure (1 atm). If the gas is heated
to a temperature thrice the initial temperature, by what factor
should the pressure change for the system to maintain it’s
volume?

A. -1/3
B. -3
C. 1/3
D. 3
 ANSWER Gases

A container contains 5 moles of Argon at room temperature

(25oC) and atmospheric pressure (1 atm). If the gas is heated
to a temperature thrice the initial temperature, by what factor
should the pressure change for the system to maintain it’s
volume?

A. -1/3
B. -3
C. 1/3
D. 3
Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds Solubility

• Almost all salts of the Group 1A (alkali metals) and of NH4+ are soluble
in water.
• All nitrates are soluble in water.
• Most chlorides, bromides and iodides are soluble, the exceptions are
those of Ag+ and Hg22+
• Most sulfates are soluble, the major exceptions being those of barium,
lead, mercury, bismuth and tin. Calcium sulfate is sparingly soluble.
• Most carbonates, oxides, hydroxides, phosphates and sulfides are
insoluble. Exceptions are the alkali metals (rule 1). Calcium and barium
hydroxides are fairly soluble.
 QUESTION Solubility

Which of the following metals when mixed with sulfate, will

not dissolve in water?
I. Sr2+ II. Hg2+ III. Pb2+ IV. Ba2+

A. I, II, IV only
B. I, III, IV only
C. III, IV only
D. I, II, III, IV
 ANSWER Solubility

Which of the following metals when mixed with sulfate, will

not dissolve in water?
I. Sr2+ II. Hg2+ III. Pb2+ IV. Ba2+

A. I, II, IV only
B. I, III, IV only
C. III, IV only
D. I, II, III, IV
System vs. Surroundings Thermodynamics

• “Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it can only be transformed

from one form to another.”
• System vs Surroundings
• system + surroundings = universe
• Values are hard to obtain, thus reference states to which values are set
arbitrarily
• Reversible and irreversible reactions
• Egg and ice analogy
Terms Thermodynamics

• Internal Energy: total heat content of system

• Heat (q)
• (+) heat INTO system
• (-) heat OUT of system
• Work
• (+) work done TO system
• (-) work done BY system
• Entropy: overall entropy is always positive
• Spontaneity: ΔG = ΔH – TΔS
• If positive, spontaneous. If negative, non-spontaneous.
 QUESTION Thermodynamics

A movable constant pressure piston contains 3 moles of air

with temperature of 25C. The piston is then heated up to
80oC. What is the value of the change in internal energy?
Assume ideal gas. R = 8.314 J/mol∙K
Molecular weight of air: 29 g/mol.
Heat capacity of air (constant pressure): 29 J/mol∙K
Heat capacity of air (constant volume): 20.8 J/mol∙K
A. 140.14 kJ
B. 138.77 kJ
C. 1.37 kJ
D. 14.1 kJ
 ANSWER Thermodynamics

A movable constant pressure piston contains 3 moles of air

with temperature of 25C. The piston is then heated up to
80oC. What is the value of the change in internal energy?
Assume ideal gas. R = 8.314 J/mol∙K
Molecular weight of air: 29 g/mol.
Heat capacity of air (constant pressure): 29 J/mol∙K
Heat capacity of air (constant volume): 20.8 J/mol∙K
A. 140.14 kJ
B. 138.77 kJ
C. 1.37 kJ
D. 14.1 kJ
 QUESTION Thermodynamics

50g of boiling water (100oC) is contained inside a calorimeter.

A 83.5g strip of copper with temperature 25oC is then put in
the calorimeter for cooling. What is the final temperature of
the system?
Specific heats: water: 4.184J/g∙K; copper: 0.385 J/g∙K

A. 20oC
B. 28oC
C. 53oC
D. 90oC
 ANSWER Thermodynamics

50g of boiling water (100oC) is contained inside a calorimeter.

A 83.5g strip of copper with temperature 25oC is then put in
the calorimeter for cooling. What is the final temperature of
the system?
Specific heats: water: 4.184J/g∙K; copper: 0.385 J/g∙K

A. 20oC
B. 28oC
C. 53oC
D. 90oC
Functional Groups Organic Chemistry
 Organic Chemistry

• alkanes = CnH2n+2
• alkenes = CnH2n
• alkynes = CnH2n-2
 QUESTION Organic Chemistry

Which of the following functional groups are present in the

thiamine, the compound shown below?

A. ketone, imine, amine

B. alcohol, sulfide, amine
C. alcohol, imine, amide
D. ketone, sulfide, amide
 ANSWER Organic Chemistry

Which of the following functional groups are present in the

thiamine, the compound shown below?

A. ketone, imine, amine

B. alcohol, sulfide, amine
C. alcohol, imine, amide
D. ketone, sulfide, amide