UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
HMTH101 CALCULUS 1 — Nov 2020 TUTORIAL 2 and 3

Mr D.F. Mamutse

(Sequences and Functions)

1. Write
( the first
) five terms
( of each of) the following
( sequences. ) ( )
n
2n − 1 1 − (−1) (−1)n−1 (−1)n−1 x2n−1
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
3n + 2 n3 2 · 4 · 6 · · · 2n (2n − 1)!
( ) ( ) ( √ )
1 1 1 1 cos nx n
(v) + + + ··· + n (vi) 2 2
(vii) .
2 4 8 2 x +n n+1

2. Determine the general term of each sequence.

1 2 3 4 5
(i) , , , , ,....
2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1
(ii) , , , , , . . . .
2 12 30 56 90
1 3 5 7 9
(iii) 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 11 , . . . .
5 5 5 5 5
3. (i) Recursively define b0 = b1 = 1 and bn = 2bn−1 + bn−2 , n ≥ 2. Calculate b5 .
(ii) Recursively define a0 = 0, a1 = 1, a2 = 2 and an = an−1 − an−2 + an−3 for n ≥ 3. List the
first five terms.
(iii) Recursively define s0 = 1, s1 = −3 and sn = 6sn−1 − 9sn−2 for n ≥ 2, find s5 .
4. Using the definition of a limit, show that each of the following sequences cannot have the limit
shown:
2n − 1 1 n+1 1 n
(i) un = , (ii) un = , (iii) un = 2 , 1.
3n + 4 2 7n − 4 6 n +1
an A
5. If lim an = A and lim bn = B, prove that lim (an · bn ) = AB and lim = if lim bn =
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞ n→∞ bn B n→∞
B 6= 0.
6. Use the definition of a limit to verify each of the following limits.
2n − 1 2 4 − 2n 2 sin n
(i) lim = (ii) lim =− (iii) lim =0
n→∞ 3n + 2 3 n→∞ 3n + 2 3 n→∞ n
c
(iv) lim (5n − 2) = ∞ (v) lim p = 0, where c 6= 0, p > 0
n→∞ n→∞ n
(vi) lim (1 − 2n) = −∞ (vii) lim an = 0 where 0 < |a| < 1.
n→∞ n→∞

an − b n
7. Find lim , where a > 0 and b > 0 for the three cases:
n→∞ an + bn
(i) a > b (ii) a < b (iii) a = b.

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 8. Use the properties of limits to evaluate
 √ each of thefollowing limits.
4 − 2n − 3n 2 2
3n − 5n + 4 √
(i) lim (ii) lim (iii) lim ( n2 + n − n)
n→∞ 2n2 + n n→∞ 2n − 7 n→∞
4
n3 √ √
  
n(n + 2) 2n − 3
(iv) lim − 2 (v) lim ( n + 1 − n) (vi) lim
n→∞ n+1 n +1 n→∞ n→∞ 3n + 7
√ √
s
√ 3 (3 − n)( n + 2)
(vii) lim ( 4n2 + n + 5 − 2n) (viii) lim .
n→∞ n→∞ 8n − 4
 n
1
9. Let un = 1 + , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
n
(i) Show that 2 ≤ un ≤ 3 for all n.
(ii) Show that the sequence {un } is monotonic increasing.
(iii) Give reasons why the sequence {un } converges.
 
1 2
10. If un+1 = un + where u1 = 1,
2 un
√
(i) Show that un ≥ 2 for all n ≥ 2.
(ii) Show that the sequence is monotonic decreasing.
(iii) State why the sequence converges.
(iv) Find the limit.
√
11. (i) If a sequence {un } is recursively defined by un+1 = un + 1, u1 = 1, prove that
1 √
lim un = (1 + 5).
n→∞ 2
(ii) Show by induction that the sequence {un } is bounded above by 2.
(iii) Show by induction that {un } is monotonic increasing.
√
12. (i) Let {xn } be the sequence defined by x1 = 1, xn+1 = 3xn + 1 for all n ≥ 1. Prove that
{xn } is an increasing function for every n.
7 7
(ii) Show that the sequence has as an upper bound i.e. xn ≤ for all n.
2 2
2 2 √
13. Show that if an → l as n → ∞, then an+1 = an + 2 converges to 3 2.
3 3an
√ √
14. Let an = n + 1 − n. Show that an → 0 as n → ∞.
15. A sequence {un } is such that un+3 = 6un+2 − 5un+1 and u1 = 2, u2 = 6. Prove that
un = 5n−1 + 1.
16. A sequence {an } is such that a1 = 1, a2 = 3 and an+2 = 3an+1 − 2an . Prove that an = 2n − 1.
17. Define a sequence x1 , x2 , x3 , . . . by x1 = 5, x2 = 13 and xn+1 = 5xn −6xn−1 . Prove by induction
that xn = 2n + 3n .
√
18. Define a sequence {xn } recursively by x1 = 1 and xn+1 = 2 + xn .
(i) Show that {xn } is a monotone increasing sequence.

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 (ii) Show that the sequence is bounded above by 2.
(iii) State why the sequence converges.
(iv) Find the limit of the sequence.
19. Find the domain ofreach of the following functions.
1 x x3 − 8
(i) √ (ii) (iii) 2 (iv) ln(x3 − 3x2 − 4x + 12)
1−x 2 − x x − 4
p
(v) (3 − x)(2x + 4) ln(2x2 − 5x − 12) .
   
x−1 1 1 1
20. If f (x) = , show that f = −f (x) and f − =− .
x+1 x x f (x)
 
1 ab
21. If f (x) = , show that f (a) − f (b) = f .
x b−a
22. If f (x) = x2 − x, show that f (x + 1) = f (−x).
5x + 3
23. If y = f (x) = , show that x = f (y).
4x − 5
24. Determine whether or not each of the following correspondences is a function.
(i) x2 + y = 1 (ii) x2 y 2 = 5 (iii) x2 y = 4 (iv) {(1, 5), (2, 5), (5, 1)}.
25. For each of the following pairs of functions, calculate f ◦ g and g ◦ f .
(i) f (x) = sin(x + 3x2 ) and g(x) = cos(x2 − x).
2 2
(ii) f (x) = ex and g(x) = e−x .
(iii) f (x) = x(x + 1)(x + 2) and g(x) = (2x − 3)(x + 4).
26. Determine whether each of the pairs of the following functions are equal and if they are not
equal, give √
where they are √
equal.
(i) f (x) = x , g(x) = ( x)2 (ii) f (x) = x2 , g(x) = x|x|.
2

ax + b
27. Show that if ad − bc 6= 0, then the function f (x) = is one-to-one and find its inverse.
cx + d
stating the domains of both the function and its inverse. What happens if ad − bc = 0?
28. Show that these functions are a one-to-one correspondence. Find their inverses.
(i) f (x) = 2x + 3 (ii) g(x) = x3 − 2.
29. Let the function f : R → R be defined by f (x) = 2x − 1. Show that f is bijective and hence
find f −1 .
30. Show that if f : A → B is onto and g : B → C is onto, then the product function
(g ◦ f ) : A → C is onto.
√
31. Show that the function f (x) = ln(x+ x2 + 1) is an odd function and find the inverse function
of f (x).
32. Let 
 3x − 1, x<0
f (x) = 0, x=0
2x + 5, x > 0,


Evaluate (i) lim f (x) (ii) lim f (x) (iii) lim+ f (x) (iv) lim− f (x) (v) lim f (x).
x→2 x→−3 x→0 x→0 x→0

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 3x + |x|
33. If f (x) = . Evaluate (i) lim f (x) (ii) lim f (x).
7x − 5|x| x→∞ x→−∞

34. Use the theorems on limits √ to evaluate

√ each of the following limits.
x3 − 8 3+x− 3 8x2 + 4
(i) lim (ii) lim (iii) lim 2
(iv) lim (4x2 − x + 5)
x→0 x√− 2 x→0 x x→∞ 2x − x + 2
m
x→2
x+4−2 a0 + a1 x + · · · + am x (3x − 1)(2x + 3)
(v) lim (vi) lim n
(vii) lim
x→0 x x→∞ b0 + b 1 x + · · · + bn x x→∞ (5x − 3)(4x
√ + 5)
sin 3x 6x − sin 2x sin x 2x − 8 x + 8
(viii) lim (ix) lim (x) lim (xi) lim √ .
x→0 x x→0 2x + 3 sin 4x x→0 sin 2x x→4 x−2
35. Use the definition of a limit to prove that, lim (3x2 − 7x + 1) = 7
x→3

x2 − 4
 
2 1
36. Verify (i) lim =4 (ii) lim x cos = 0.
x→2 x − 2 x→0 x
37. Give the points of discontinuity of each of the following
 functions.
x 1
(i) f (x) = (ii) f (x) = x2 sin , f (0) = 0
(x − 2)(x − 4) x
p 1
(iii) f (x) = (x − 3)(6 − x), 3 ≤ x ≤ 6 (iv) f (x) = .
1 + 2 sin x
38. Given that the function f : R → R be defined by

 x2 − 4, x≥2
f (x) = 2ax + b, 0<x<2
 ex , x ≤ 0,
is continuous at all points in R. Find the values of a and b.
39. Find the values of a and b such that the function f will be continuous on R

 ax − 3, x<2
f (x) = 3 − x − 2x2 , 2≤x≤4
 bx + 7, x > 4.

40. Determine all values of the the constant A so that the following is continuous for all values of
x,  2
A x − A, x≥3
f (x) =
4, x < 3.
41. Determine all the values of the constants A and B so that the following is continuous for all
values of x, 
 Ax − B, x ≤ −1
f (x) = 2x2 + 3Ax + B, −1 < x ≤ 1
4, x > 1.


42. The function f : R → R is defined by


 sin x, x≤0
f (x) = ax + b, 0<x≤3
 x3 , x > 3.
Find all the values of a and b if f is continuous on R.

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43. Let f : R → R be the function defined by

 x2 , x≥2
f (x) = ax + b, 1<x<2
 2 − x, x ≤ 1,

where a and b are constants. If f is continuous on R, find the values a and b.