Department of Computer Science

College of Computer Science & Information Systems

Parallel and Distributed Systems

Course Code: 456CSS-3
Characterization of Distributed Systems

Instructor: Shah Murtaza Rashid Al Masud

1
Distributed System Definition

A distributed system is one in which

hardware or software components
located at networked computers
communicate and coordinate their
actions only by passing messages.
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻮزع ھﻮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺬي ﺗﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻓﯿﮫ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻷﺟﮭﺰة أو‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋﻠﻰ أﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ وﺗﻨﺴﯿﻖ‬
.‫أﻋﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻤﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬

2
(A)

The Internet (Internet Mapping Project, color coded by ISPs)

3
 Parallel v.s. Distributed Systems
Parallel Systems Distributed Systems

Memory Tightly coupled shared memory Distributed memory

UMA, NUMA Message passing, RPC, and/or used
of distributed shared memory
Control Global clock control No global clock control
SIMD, MIMD Synchronization algorithms needed

Processor Order of Tbps Order of Gbps

interconnection Bus, mesh, tree, mesh of tree, and Ethernet(bus), token ring and SCI
hypercube (-related) network (ring), myrinet(switching network)
Main focus Performance Performance(cost and scalability)
Scientific computing Reliability/availability
Information/resource sharing

4
Milestones in Distributed Computing
Systems
1945-1950s Loading monitor
1950s-1960s Batch system
1960s Multiprogramming
1960s-1970s Time sharing systems Multics, IBM360
1969-1973 WAN and LAN ARPAnet, Ethernet
1960s-early1980s Minicomputers PDP, VAX
Early 1980s Workstations Alto
1980s – present Workstation/Server models Sprite, V-system
1990s Clusters Beowulf
Late 1990s Grid computing Globus, Legion

5
 ‫أﺳﺒﺎب أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﺔ‬
Reasons for Distributed Computing Systems
• Inherently distributed applications ‫اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﺔ ﺑﻄﺒﯿﻌﺘﮭﺎ‬

– Distributed DB, worldwide airline reservation, banking system

• Information sharing among distributed users
‫ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﯿﻦ‬
– CSCW or groupware
• Resource sharing ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻮارد‬
– Sharing DB/expensive hardware and controlling remote lab.
devices
‫ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ أﻓﻀﻞ‬/ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ أداء‬
• Better cost-performance ratio / Performance
– Emergence of Gbit network and high-speed/cheap MPUs
– Effective for coarse-grained or embarrassingly parallel applications
‫ رﺧﯿﺼﺔ‬/ ‫ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬MPU ‫ ووﺣﺪات‬Gbit ‫ظﮭﻮر ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬
• Reliability ‫ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ذات اﻟﺤﺒﯿﺒﺎت اﻟﺨﺸﻨﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻮازﯾﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺤﺮج‬-
– Non-stopping (availability) and voting features.
.‫ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ )اﻟﺘﻮﻓﺮ( وﻣﯿﺰات اﻟﺘﺼﻮﯾﺖ‬
• Scalability
– Loosely coupled connection and hot plug-in
‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻜﻢ واﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬
• Flexibility
– Reconfigure the system to meet users’ requirements
‫أﻋﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻟﯿﻠﺒﻲ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ‬ 6
 Network vs. Distributed Operating
Systems
Features Network OS Distributed OS

SSI NO YES
(Single System Image) Ssh, sftp, no view of remote Process migration, NFS,
memory DSM (Distr. Shared memory)
Autonomy High Low
Local OS at each computer A single system-wide OS
No global job coordination Global job coordination
Fault Tolerance Unavailability grows as faulty Unavailability remains little
machines increase. even if fault machines
increase.

7
Characteristics of Distributed System

• Concurrency
• concurrent programs execution – share
resource
• No global clock
• programs coordinate actions by exchanging
messages
• Independent failures
• when some systems fail, others may not know
‫اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻦ‬
‫ ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﻮارد‬- ‫• ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻨﺔ‬
‫• ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫• ﺗﻨﺴﻖ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻹﺟﺮاءات ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬

‫• اﻹﺧﻔﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‬ 8
‫ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﯾﻌﺮف اﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻵﺧﺮ‬، ‫• ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﺸﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬
Examples of distributed systems:
‫ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ واﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ‬
Familiar and widely used computer networks

• The Internet
• Intranet
• Mobile computing

9
 Internet Apps: Their Protocols
and Transport Protocols
Internet Application Underlying
Application layer protocol transport protocol

e-mail smtp [RFC 821] TCP

remote terminal access telnet [RFC 854] TCP
Web http [RFC 2068] TCP
file transfer ftp [RFC 959] TCP
streaming multimedia proprietary TCP or UDP
(e.g. RealNetworks)
remote file server NFS TCP or UDP
Internet telephony proprietary typically UDP
(e.g., Skype)
TCP=Transmission Control Protocol Implemented via network
UDP=User Datagram Protocol “sockets”. Basic primitive that
allows machines to send
messages to each other 10
Portable and handheld devices in a
distributed system

Internet

Host intranet WAP

Wireless LAN gatew ay Home intranet

Mobile
phone
Printer Laptop
Camera Host site

11
Resource sharing and the web
Resource sharing is the primary motivation
of distributed computing
‫ﺗﻘﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻮارد ھﻮ اﻟﺪاﻓﻊ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﺔ‬

• Resources types
– Hardware, e.g. printer, scanner, camera
– Data, e.g. file, database, web page
– More specific functionality, e.g. search
‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﻮارد‬
engine, file
‫ ﻛﺎﻣﯿﺮا‬، ‫ ﻣﺎﺳﺢ ﺿﻮﺋﻲ‬، ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل طﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬، ‫ اﻷﺟﮭﺰة‬-

‫ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ وﯾﺐ‬، ‫ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬، ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻣﻠﻒ‬، ‫–اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ ﻣﻠﻒ‬، ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻣﺤﺮك ﺑﺤﺚ‬، ‫ وظﺎﺋﻒ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪًا‬-
12
Challenges: Distributed Systems Design Goals
‫ ھﻞ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ واﻷﺟﮭﺰة؟‬- ‫ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‬
– Heterogeneity – can the system handle different types of
PCs and devices? ‫ وإﺳﻘﺎط اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ؟‬، ‫ ھﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻣﺮن ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاﺟﮭﺔ أﻋﻄﺎل وﻓﺸﻞ اﻟﻤﻀﯿﻒ‬- ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺎﻧﺔ‬
– Robustness – is the system resilient to host crashes and
failures, and to the network dropping messages?
‫ ھﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮة داﺋﻤًﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻼء؟‬- ‫اﻟﺘﻮﻓﺮ‬
– Availability – are data, services always there for clients?
‫ ھﻞ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم إﺧﻔﺎء أﻋﻤﺎﻟﮫ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ؟‬- ‫اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﯿﺔ‬
– Transparency – can the system hide its internal workings
from the users? ‫ ھﻞ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺨﺎدم اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪة ﻋﻤﻼء ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ واﺣﺪ؟‬- ‫اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻦ‬

– Concurrency – can the server handle multiple clients

simultaneously?
– Efficiency – is it fast enough?
– Scalability – can it handle 100 million nodes?
(nodes=clients and/or servers)
– Security – can the system withstand hacker attacks?
– Openness – is the system extensible?
‫ ھﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺳﻌﺔ؟‬- ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎح‬
13
 Heterogeneity
‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت‬
• Networks ‫ إﻟﺦ‬، ‫ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ رﻣﺰﯾﺔ‬، ‫ إﯾﺜﺮﻧﺖ‬-
‫• أﺟﺰاء اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ‬
– Ethernet, token ring, etc ‫ ﺻﻐﯿﺮ إﻧﺪﯾﺎن‬/ ‫ إﻧﺪﯾﺎن ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬-
‫• أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬
Windows ‫ و‬Unix ‫ واﺟﮭﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬-
• Computer hardware ‫• ﻟﻐﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻼت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﮭﯿﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬-
– big endian / little endian ‫• ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﻮرﯾﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯿﻦ‬
‫ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ‬-
• Operating systems
– different API of Unix and Windows
• Programming languages
– different representations for data structures
• Implementations from different developers
– no application standards
14
Heterogeneity… continued
• Middleware
– applies to a software layer that provides a
programming abstraction as well as masking
the heterogeneity of the underlying networks,
hardware, OSs and programming languages
‫اﻟﻮﺳﯿﻄﺔ‬

‫ ﯾﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ طﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺗﺠﺮﯾﺪًا ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ‬-

‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ إﺧﻔﺎء ﻋﺪم ﺗﺠﺎﻧﺲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت واﻷﺟﮭﺰة وأﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ وﻟﻐﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬

15
 Openness

• Openness of a computer system

-- is the characteristic that determines whether the system
can be extended and re-implemented in various way.
e.g. Unix
• Openness of distributed systems
-- is determined by the degree to witch new resource
sharing services can be added and be made available for
a variety of client programs.
‫ ھﻮ اﻟﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪد ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻨﻈﺎم أم ﻻ‬- ‫اﻧﻔﺘﺎح ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ‬
e.g. Web
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﯾﻮﻧﻜﺲ‬.‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺪﯾﺪھﺎ وإﻋﺎدة ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬھﺎ ﺑﻄﺮق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪه ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل درﺟﺔ ﺟﺬب اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة‬- ‫• اﻧﻔﺘﺎح اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﺔ‬

.‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ وإﺗﺎﺣﺘﮭﺎ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‬

16
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﻮﯾﺐ‬
Security
‫ﺳﺮﯾﺔ‬
• Confidentiality ‫ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ‬-
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻟﻸﻓﺮاد ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﺮح‬
‫ ﻓﻲ‬ACL ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬، ‫ﻟﮭﻢ‬
– protection against disclosure to Unix ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻠﻔﺎت‬
‫• ﻧﺰاھﺔ‬
unauthorized individuals, ، ‫ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ أو اﻟﻔﺴﺎد‬-
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﺧﺘﺒﺎري‬
e.g. ACL in Unix File System ‫• اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﺮ‬
‫ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬-
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ‬، ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻮارد‬
• Integrity ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺤﺮﻣﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬

– protection against alteration or corruption,

e.g. checksum
• Availability
– protection against interference with the
means to access the resources,
e.g. Denial of service 17
 ‫ﯾﻮﺻﻒ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺑﺄﻧﮫ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ‬
Scalability ‫ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺘﻈﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ھﻨﺎك زﯾﺎدة ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮارد وﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ‬-

• A system is described as scalable

– if will remain effective when there is a significant increase
in the number of resources and the number of users
‫ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬:‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﺜﺎل ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺳﻊ‬
• A scalable example system: the Internet ‫• ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺎت اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬

• design challenges O (n) ‫ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺨﻮادم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬، ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬، ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﺎدﯾﺔ‬
(‫ )ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل‬O ‫ ﻟﯿﺲ أﺳﻮأ ﻣﻦ‬DNS ، ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬، ‫ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻷداء‬-

– The cost of physical resources, e.g., servers support users at most O(n)
– The performance loss, e.g., DNS no worse than O(logn)
– Prevent software resources running out, e.g., IP address
– Avoid performance bottlenecks, e.g., partitioning name table of DNS,
IP ‫ ﻋﻨﻮان‬، ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬، ‫ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻮارد اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﺎد‬
cache and replication ‫ وذاﻛﺮة اﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ واﻟﻨﺴﺦ‬، DNS ‫ ﺟﺪول اﺳﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ‬، ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬، ‫ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎت اﻷداء‬-
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ‬

Date Computers Web servers Percentage

1993, July 1,776,000 130 0.008
1995, July 6,642,000 23,500 0.4
1997, July 19,540,000 1,203,096 6
1999, July 56,218,000 6,598,697 18
12
Failure handling
• Detecting
– e.g. checksum for corrupted data
– Sometimes impossible so suspect, e.g. a remote
crashed server in the Internet
• Masking
– e.g. Retransmit message, standby server
• Tolerating
– e.g. a web browser cannot contact a web server ‫ﻛﺸﻒ‬
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﺧﺘﺒﺎري ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬-

• Recovery
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺧﺎدم ﺗﺤﻄﻤﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬، ‫ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﯿﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﯿﺎن ﻣﺸﻜﻮك ﻓﯿﮫ‬-
‫• ﻗﻨﺎع‬
‫ ﺧﺎدم اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪاد‬، ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل أﻋﺪ إرﺳﺎل اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬-
‫• اﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ‬
– e.g. Roll back ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻤﺘﺼﻔﺢ اﻟﻮﯾﺐ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺨﺎدم اﻟﻮﯾﺐ‬-
‫• اﺳﺘﻌﺎدة‬
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺘﺮاﺟﻊ‬-
• Redundancy ‫• وﻓﺮة‬
DNS ‫ ﺟﺪول اﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺴﻮخ ﻟـ‬، IP ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻣﺴﺎر‬-
– e.g. IP route, replicated name table of DNS 19
Concurrency

• Correctness
– ensure the operations on shared resource
correct in a concurrent environment
e.g. records bids for an auction
• Performance
– Ensure the high performance of concurrent
operations ‫ﺻﻮاب‬

‫ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﯿﺌﺔ‬-

‫ﻣﺘﺰاﻣﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻄﺎءات اﻟﺴﺠﻼت ﻟﻠﻤﺰاد‬

‫• أداء‬

‫ ﺿﻤﺎن اﻷداء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻨﺔ‬-

20
Transparency ‫ﺷﻔﺎﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬

‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ واﻟﺒﻌﯿﺪة‬-

• Access transparency ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل واﺟﮭﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم رﺳﻮﻣﯿﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪات‬،

– using identical operations to access local and remote

resources, e.g. a graphical user interface with folders
‫ﺷﻔﺎﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬
• Location transparency
URL ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬، ‫ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﯿﮭﺎ دون ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﮭﺎ‬-
– resources to be accessed without knowledge of their
location, e.g. URL ‫ﺷﻔﺎﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻦ‬

• Concurrency transparency
‫ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﮭﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ دون ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ‬-

– several processed operate concurrently using shared

resources without interference with between them
• Replication transparency ‫ﺷﻔﺎﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺦ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ‬

‫ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮارد ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻤﻮﺛﻮﻗﯿﺔ واﻷداء دون ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺦ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬-
، ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ أو ﻣﺒﺮﻣﺠﻲ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬
– multiple instances of resources to be used to increase
reliability and performance without knowledge of the
replicas by users or application programmers,
21
e.g. real course(http://vod.yf.pku.edu.cn/)
Transparency … continued
‫ﻓﺸﻞ اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﯿﺔ‬

• Failure transparency ‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن واﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻹﻧﺠﺎز ﻣﮭﺎﻣﮭﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺸﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻷﺟﮭﺰة‬-
‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬، ‫واﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ‬

– users and applications to complete their tasks despite the

failure of hardware and software components, e.g., email ‫ﺷﻔﺎﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ‬
• Mobility transparency ‫ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﻮارد واﻟﻌﻤﻼء داﺧﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم دون اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬-
‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﮭﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل‬، ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ واﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ‬
– movement of resources and clients within a system
without affecting the operation of users and programs, e.g.,
mobile phone ‫ﺷﻔﺎﻓﯿﺔ اﻷداء‬
• Performance transparency ‫ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﻋﺎدة ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻷداء ﻣﻊ اﺧﺘﻼف‬-
‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎل‬
– allows the system to be reconfigured to improve
performance as loads vary ‫ﺗﺤﺠﯿﻢ اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﯿﺔ‬

• Scaling transparency ‫ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم واﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ دون ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﯿﺔ‬-
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم أو ﺧﻮارزﻣﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ‬

– allows the system and applications to expand in scale

without change to the system structure or the application
algorithms 22
The End

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