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William Cowper
Longman Annotated Texts
General Editors:
Published Titles:
Edited by
James Sambrook
~ 1 Routledge
~~ Taylor & Francis Group
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in
any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field arc constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional
practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge
in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments
described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their
own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional
responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or
editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a
matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any usc or operation of
any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Acknowledgements viii
Abbreviations ix
Chronology x
Editorial procedure xii
Introduction I
THE TASK 55
Book I: The Sofa 57
Book II: The Time-Piece 83
Book III: The Garden II I
Book IV: The Winter Evening 140
v
vi Contents
EARLY POEMS
Verses written at Bath, in 1748, on finding
the Heel of a Shoe 229
'Delia, th'unkindest girl on earth' 231
Song: 'No more shall hapless Celia's ears' 232
An Epistle to Robert Lloyd, Esqr. 234
'Doom'd, as I am, in solitude to waste' 237
Hatred and Vengeance, my Eternal Portion 238
OLNEY HYMNS
Walking with God 241
Lovest Thou Me? 243
Praise for the Fountain opened 244
Jehovah our Righteousness 246
I will Praise the Lord at all Times 247
Light Shining out of Darkness. 248
POEMS (1782)
The Progress of Error (lines 369-416) 251
Truth (lines 131-64) 253
Expostulation (lines 272-389) 254
Hope (lines 663-771) 260
Conversation (lines 505-604) 265
Retirement (lines 365-480) 268
Verses supposed to be written by
Alexander Selkirk 272
Boadicea, an Ode 275
LATER POEMS
The Diverting History of John Gilpin 278
The Colubriad 287
On the Loss of the Royal George 289
Epitaph on an Hare 292
Sweet Meat has Sour Sauce 295
On the Death of Mrs Throckmorton's Bulfinch 297
On the Receipt of my Mother's Picture out
of Norfolk 301
Yardley Oak 306
Contents "ii
To Mary
The Cast-away
TRANSLATIO]\" OF HOMER
Iliad I, 1-8 320
Iliad XII, 336-97 321
Odyssey VII, 134-62 324
Bibliography 326
The text of 'On the Loss of the Royal George' and variants in
'Verses supposed to be written by Alexander Selkirk' in Cowper's
letters to William Unwin (Add MSS 24154-55) are published by
permission of the Manuscript Collections of the British Library.
Variants in 'Hatred and Vengeance' and 'On the Receipt of my
Mother's Picture' in the Throckmorton manuscripts (Warwickshire
County Record Office CR 1998) are published by permission of
Mrs C. McLaren-Throckmorton. The texts of 'Yardley Oak' and
'To Mary' and a variant in 'Light Shining out of Darkness' are
published by permission of the Trustees of the Cowper and Ne\\-ton
Museum, Olney. The text of 'The Cast-away' ([The Norfolk Mss.],
n.d., Neilson Campell Hannay Collection of William Cowper, Box
1, Folder 1) is published by permission of the Manuscripts Division,
Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton
University Libraries.
I have drawn upon the helpful services of staff in the following
institutions in addition to those named above: the Bodleian Library,
Oxford, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, the
Department of Manuscripts of the Huntington Library, San
Marino, the John Rylands Library of the University of Manchester,
and the University of Southampton Library. I am particularly
indebted to Paul Foster, Bill Hutchings, and Danny Karlin for their
assistance and criticism.
V111
Abbreviations
ix
Chronology
x
Chronology xi
XlI
Introduction
I
2 Introduaion
The sword of the Spirit seemed to guard the tree of life from my touch
and to flame against me in every avenue by which I attempted to
approach it. I particularly remember the barren fig tree was to me a
theme of inconceivable misery, and I applied it to myself with a strong
persuasion upon my mind that when Our Saviour pronounced a curse
upon it He had me in His eye and pointed that curse directly at me.
('Adelphi', Letters I, 26)
As one could infer from this account, Morley Unwin and his
daughter were less touched by Evangelical enthusiasm (and, one
might add, by strong affection for Cowper) than his wife and son
were.
In February 1767 Cowper completed a prose account of the
events leading up to his conversion. It was not uncommon for
Evangelical converts to print such confessional narratives in the
hope of bringing their readers to Christ, but Cowper either never
intended, or shrank from, publication of this remarkably candid
description of madness, attempted suicide, and the rest. He showed
it only to a few friends and relations: it was first published in 1816,
sixteen years after his death (see Letters I, xxiii-xxix, 5-48).
lntroduaion 7
sound', 'Glorious things of thee are spoken, Zion, city of our God',
'How sweet the name of Jesus sounds', and 'Nay, I cannot let thee
go'.
Composing hymns for congregational worship was a new
undertaking for Cowper, though he had earlier written hymns as
acts of private devotion. Thus, two were composed soon after his
conversion at St Albans (see Letters I, 47-8), 'Walking with God'
was also private, written in December 1767 and prompted by Mary
Unwin's illness (see headnote, p. 241 below); 'Lovest Thou Me?'
(p. 243 below) was printed in 1768 and so it also may antedate
Newton's scheme. These four were included in Olney Hymns and
are not out of place there, because all Cowper's hymns have a
private rather than a public tone; they are more concerned with the
believer's self-examination than with imparting doctrine to a
congregation. They are the work of a devout layman, not a pastor.
All Cowper's hymns turn upon the sinner's sea~ch for grace in
Christ's redeeming love. Man's virtue alone cannot save him:
indeed, in 'Jehovah our Righteousness' (p.246 below) the poet
catches himself in sin even, indeed most of all, at the self-
applauding moment when he sings of his own salvation. The
crucifixion is central, whether luridly in the foreground ('Praise for
the Fountain opened', p.244 below), or part of the natural
background ('I will Praise the Lord at all Times', p.247 below).
Both are as experiential as the other hymns, but 'Praise for the
Fountain opened' is somewhat more dogmatic in its assertion of
Cowper's omnipresent belief in the Calvinist doctrine of election.
'Light Shining out of Darkness' (p. 248 below), unusually for a
Cowper hymn, is not in the first person singular but is no less
personal for all that. The poet stands in awe before the power and
inscrutability of God and confidently exhorts the faithful to courage,
while the images in his hymn unfold themselves as steadily and
progressively as God's purposes (line 17). According to a later
friend, Samuel Greatheed, this was Cowper's last hymn, written
very shortly before the breakdown in January 1773.
In March 1770 Cowper lost his last remaining close relation
when his brother John died. John Cowper, like his father, was a
moderate, easy-going Anglican clergyman and no 'enthusiast', but
as he was 'dying he experienced the kind of Evangelical conversion
that William had undergone six years earlier. This event brought
the two brothers close together; it became the subject of a
supplement that Cowper now added to the 1767 narrative of his
own conversion. With this addition, the whole work was now given
the title Adelphi, i.e. 'Brothers' (see Letters I, 49-61).
Introduaion 9
sympathy with any animal in pain was both a Christian duty of love
towards God's creatures and one of the pleasures of the man of
feeling; but for Cowper this sympathy arose also perhaps from self-
identification with a helpless creature tormented by an implacable,
all-powerful enemy. Furthermore, his care for and amusement at
the antics of his pet hares and caged birds, his spaniels, Beau and
Marquis, and his bulldog Mungo, were an easy and comforting
diversion when he found human company too emotionally demand-
ing.
Other therapeutic recreations after the return to Orchard Side in
1774 were gardening (a key theme in The Task) and carpentry.
Cocooned in his tiny circle of friends and isolated by recurrent
gloom, he hardly ever ventured more than a few miles from Olney.
He walked with Mary in the featureless countryside and when he
began to read again he sought imaginative freedom in travel-books.
He was fascinated particularly by Captain Cook's voyages in the
Pacific ocean. In a letter of 6 October 1783 he wrote of one of these
voyage narratives:
My thoughts are clad in a sober livery, for the most part as grave as that
of a Bishop's Servants. They tum too upon spiritual subjects, but the
Introduction 13
tallest fellow and the loudest amongst them all, is he who is continually
crying with a loud voice, Actum est de te, periisti. (Letters I, 509-10)
Indeed I wonder that a sportive thought should ever knock at the door of
my intellects, and still more that it should gain admittance. It is as if
harlequin should intrude himself into the gloomy chamber where a
corpse is deposited in state. His antic gesticulations would be
Introduaion 15
unseasonable at any rate, but more especially so if they should distort the
features of the mournful attendants into laughter. But the mind long
wearied with the sameness of a dull, dreary prospect, will gladly fix its
eyes on any thing that may make a little variety in its contemplations,
though it were but a kitten playing with her tail. (Letters I, 367)
6 Moral satires
Immediately he finished Antithelyphthora Cowper began, at Mary
Unwin's suggestion, a second extended satire in heroic couplets,
entitled 'The Progress of Error', in which Madan's tract was to be
exposed as only one of many current erroneous uses of pulpit and
press. Before the end of January he completed a complementary
poem called 'Truth', in which he expounds Calvinist doctrine and,
by the way, satirizes error and hypocrisy (see p. 253 below), Next he
wrote a satirical verse dialogue, 'Table Talk', intended to stand as
an introduction to the two poems already written and, it soon
became apparent, a longer series of moral satires. The two speakers
in 'Table Talk', who perhaps represent Cowper as a young man and
Cowper at fifty, discuss the place and function of poetry in a corrupt
society. The older, more serious voice has the longer speeches by a
ratio of more than seven lines to one; he affirms the mature
Cowper's aesthetic as well as moral standards; he denounces
contemporary irreligion and political corruption. This is the voice
that speaks even more sternly in the fourth moral satire,
16 Introduaion
Title: Hellé
Translator: L. Onerva
Language: Finnish
Kirj.
Marcelle Tinayre
Suomentanut
L. Onerva
Michelet: nainen.
I.
Olin kahdeksan vuotias, kun tätini alkoi puhua veljellensä, miten hän
oli suunnitellut minun kasvatukseni. Eikö sopisi lähettää minut
täyshoitolaan, — jos luostari kovin kammoksutti setääni, — koska
herra de Riveyrac oli liiaksi kiinni työssään ja neiti Angélie liian
sairaloinen voidakseen ohjata opintojani?
— Olen, setä.
— Kenties…
Hän hymyili.
— Kuitenkin, oma Helléni, minä vanhennun enkä tule
saavuttamaan ikää, jonka eli Kentauri, Akhilleuksen kasvattaja, joka
minun pitäisi ottaa suojeluspyhimyksekseni. Minä vapisen
ajatellessani, että sinä jäisit tänne yksin. Tämän seudun ihmiset ovat
raakalaisia. He eivät ymmärrä mitään järjestyksestä eivätkä
kauneudesta, mutta heissä on karkeaa sievistelemisen halua, joka
olisi sinulle yhtä epämiellyttävää kuin heidän hellyytensä. Täytyy
lähteä pois, rakas tyttöseni. Sinun täytyy oppia tuntemaan elämää ja
ihmisiä voidaksesi valita itsellesi toverin. Tiedän, pienokaiseni, ettet
tahdo myötäjäisilläsi kartuttaa jonkun kaupustelijan korkoja. On
luultavaa, että menet naimisiin köyhän miehen kanssa. Sitäpaitsi on
hänen oltava sinun arvoisesi.
Minä vastasin:
Babette nousi:
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