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17 views3 pages

Assignment

Uploaded by

juiceless.9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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5.

0 Orifices and Nozzles

5.1 Describe the flow through a sharp-edged orifice

Reference:

White, F. M. (2008). "Fluid Mechanics." McGraw-Hill.

A sharp-edged orifice is a small opening in a plate or wall through which fluid flows. The flow
through a sharp-edged orifice is characterized by the contraction of the fluid stream as it passes
through the orifice, followed by expansion downstream. This contraction and expansion result in
changes in fluid velocity and pressure. The flow rate through a sharp-edged orifice can be
calculated using the Bernoulli equation or empirical equations derived from experimental data.

5.2 Compare the principles of operations of the pitot tube and the venturimeter

Reference:

Çengel, Y. A., & Cimbala, J. M. (2013). "Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications."
McGraw-Hill.

● Pitot Tube: The pitot tube measures the stagnation pressure of a fluid stream. It consists
of a tube facing the fluid flow, with a small opening (impact port) aligned with the flow.
The stagnation pressure, measured by the pitot tube, is the sum of the dynamic pressure
(due to fluid velocity) and the static pressure (due to fluid elevation).

● Venturi Meter: The venturi meter is used to measure the flow rate of a fluid in a pipe. It
consists of a converging section, a throat, and a diverging section. As the fluid passes
through the converging section, its velocity increases, causing a decrease in pressure
(according to Bernoulli's principle). The pressure difference between the converging
section and the throat is measured and used to determine the flow rate.

5.3 Estimate flow measurements such as pressure and volumes through the orifices of
2.1 and 2.2

Reference:

"Crane Technical Paper 410: Flow of Fluids through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe." Crane Co.

To estimate flow measurements through orifices, equations based on fluid dynamics principles
and empirical data can be used. These equations typically involve factors such as the size of
the orifice, fluid properties, and upstream conditions. The exact equations depend on the type of
orifice and the characteristics of the fluid flow.
5.4 Measure flow through 2.1 and 2.2 and compare with the estimates of 2.3

Reference:

Miller, R. W. (2001). "Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook." McGraw-Hill.

Experimental measurements of flow through orifices can be conducted using flow meters or
pressure sensors. The measured flow rates can then be compared with the estimates obtained
from theoretical calculations or empirical equations. Any discrepancies between the measured
and estimated values can provide insights into the accuracy of the estimation methods.

5.5 Estimate the forces caused by flow around a pipe bend

Reference:

Ruban, A. I. (2000). "Fluid Dynamics for Physicists." Cambridge University Press.

Estimating forces caused by flow around a pipe bend involves considering factors such as fluid
velocity, pressure distribution, and the geometry of the bend. Empirical correlations and
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations can be used to estimate these forces
accurately.

5.6 Determine the force on a solid body in a flowing fluid

Reference:

Fox, R. W., & McDonald, A. T. (2011). "Introduction to Fluid Mechanics." John Wiley & Sons.

The force on a solid body in a flowing fluid is influenced by factors such as the fluid velocity,
density, viscosity, and the shape and orientation of the body. This force can be determined using
principles of fluid mechanics, such as Bernoulli's equation, momentum conservation, and the
drag force equation.

5.7 Measure the force on a solid body in a flowing fluid and compare with the values
found in 2.6

Reference:

Çengel, Y. A., & Cimbala, J. M. (2018). "Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications."
McGraw-Hill.

Experimental setups using force sensors or load cells can measure the force on a solid body in
a flowing fluid. These measured forces can then be compared with the values predicted by
theoretical calculations or computational models (as described in 5.6), allowing for validation
and refinement of the theoretical approach.

5.8 Determine the force of flow through a nozzle and the reaction of a jet

Reference:

Çengel, Y. A., & Cimbala, J. M. (2014). "Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications."
McGraw-Hill.

The force of flow through a nozzle and the reaction of a jet can be determined using principles
of fluid mechanics, such as conservation of momentum. The force exerted by the fluid on the
nozzle (thrust force) and the reaction force exerted by the nozzle on the fluid (jet force) can be
calculated based on the velocity and mass flow rate of the fluid.

5.9 Measure force through a nozzle and jet reactions and compare with the values
derived in 2.8

Reference:

Bansal, R. K. (2010). "A Textbook of Fluid Mechanics." Laxmi Publications.

Experimental setups with force measurement devices can be used to measure the force through
a nozzle and the reaction of a jet. These measured forces can then be compared with the
values predicted by theoretical calculations (as described in 5.8), allowing for validation and
refinement of the theoretical approach.

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