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Numset3 2023

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13 views1 page

Numset3 2023

Uploaded by

Andrei
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Michaelmas Term 2023-24

Numbers and Sets: Examples Sheet 3 of 4


1. Prove carefully, using the least upper bound axiom, that there is a real number x satisfying
x3 = 2. Prove also that such an x must be irrational.
√ √
2. Prove that 2 + 3 is irrational and algebraic.

3. Suppose that the real number x is a root of a monic integer polynomial, i.e. we have xn +
an−1 xn−1 + an−2 xn−2 + . . . + a0 = 0, for some integers an−1 , . . . , a0 . Prove that x is either integer
or irrational.

4. Let (xn )∞ ∞
n=1 and (yn )n=1 be sequences of reals. Show that if xn → 0 and yn → 0, then xn yn → 0.
By considering xn − c and yn − d, prove carefully that if xn → c and yn → d, then xn yn → cd.

5. Let (xn )∞ ∞
n=1 be a sequence of reals. Show that if (xn )n=1 is convergent, then we must have
∞
xn − xn−1 → 0. If xn − xn−1 → 0, must (xn )n=1 be convergent?

6. Which of the following sequences (xn )∞n=1 converge?


3n n100
√ √
(i) xn = n+3 (ii) xn = 2n (iii) xn = n + 1 − n (iv) xn = (n!)1/n

7. Which of the following series converge?


(i) ∞ 1
(ii) ∞ n!
(iii) ∞ √ 1
P P P
n=1 1+n2 n=1 nn n=1 n2 +n

8. Define a sequence (xn )∞n=1 by setting x1 = 1 and xn+1 =


x√
n
1+ xn
for all n ≥ 1. Show that
∞
(xn )n=1 converges, and determine its limit.

9. A real number x = 0.x1 x2 x3 . . . is called repetitive if its decimal expansion contains arbitrarily
long blocks that are the same, i.e. if for every k there exist distinct m and n such that xm =
xn , xm+1 = xn+1 , . . . , xm+k = xn+k . Prove that the square of a repetitive number is repetitive.

10. Show that if ∞


P P∞ 2
n=1 xn is a convergent series of reals, with all xn positive, then n=1 xn is also
convergent. What happens if we do not insist that the xn are positive?

11. If ∞
P P∞ 3
n=1 xn is a convergent series of reals, must n=1 xn be convergent?
p√
100
√ p√
100
√
12. Show that 3+ 2+ 3 − 2 is irrational.

13. If ∞
P P∞ xn
n=1 xn is a convergent series of reals, must n=1 n be convergent?

+
. be reals such that ∞
P
14. Let x1 , x2 , . . P n=1 |xn | is convergent. Show that if for every positive
∞
integer
P k we have n=1 xkn = 0 then xn = 0 for all n. What happens if we drop the restriction
that ∞ n=1 |xn | is convergent?

[email protected] 4th November 2023

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