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Lecture 1

Lecture 1

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7 views

Lecture 1

Lecture 1

Uploaded by

ehdidb2019
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Statistical Methods

Dr. Asmaa Abdelraouf El-Toony


Chapter 1
Some Basic Concepts
What is statistics ?
Is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and
interpreting data to assist in making decisions and drawing conclusions.

Biostatistics: If the information is obtained from biological and


medical sciences, then we use the term biostatistics.
What is the types of data?
Data can be defined as a collection of facts or information from which
conclusions may be drawn.

Data

Qualitative Quantitative
Qualitative data: descriptive information (words: nationalities, occupations, …)

Quantitative data: is numerical information (numbers: weights, ages, …).

Quantitative data can also be Discrete or Continuous:


• Discrete data can only take certain values (like whole numbers)
• Continuous data can take any value (within a range)
Put simply: Discrete data is counted, Continuous data is measured
Example: What do we know about Arrow the Dog?

Qualitative:
•He is brown and black
•He has long hair
•He has lots of energy

Quantitative:
• Discrete:
o He has 4 legs
o He has 2 brothers
• Continuous:
o He weighs 25.5 kg
o He is 565 mm tall
Variable: it is a characteristic that takes on different values in different persons, places, or things.
For example: heart rate, the heights of adult males, the weights of insects, the ages of trees seen in a forest.
1) Quantitative Variable:
A quantitative variable is a characteristic that can be counted or measured. The values of a quantitative variable are numbers.

Examples:
(i) Family Size (ii) No. of patients
(iii) Weight (iv) height

(a) Discrete Variables:


There are jumps or gaps between the values.
Examples:

- Family size (x = 1, 2, 3, … )
- Number of patients (x = 0, 1, 2, 3, … )

(a) Continuous Variables:


There are no gaps between the values.
A continuous variable can have any value within a certain interval of values.
Examples:
- Height (140 < x < 190)
- Blood sugar level (10 < x < 15)
2) Qualitative Variable:
The values of a qualitative variable are words or attributes indicating to which category an element belong.
Examples: - Blood type
- Nationality
- Students Grades
- Educational level

(a) Nominal Qualitative Variables:


A nominal variable classifies the observations into various mutually exclusive and collectively
non-ranked categories.
Examples: Blood type (O, AB, A, B)
Nationality (Saudi, Egyptian, British, …)
Sex (male, female)

(b) Ordinal Qualitative Variables:


An ordinal variable classifies the observations into various mutually exclusive and collectively
ranked categories. The values of an ordinal variable are categories that can be ordered

Examples: Educational level (elementary, intermediate, …)

Students grade (A, B, C, D, F)


Populations and Samples

Population: It is the collection of all possible objects or measurements of interest.

Sample: Is a part of the population of interest


Types of statistics
I. Descriptive Statistics: are the methods of collecting, organizing, summarizing and analyzing the collected
data.

2. Inferential statistics: methods of drawing of inferences and conclusions about a body of data (population)
when only a part of the data (sample) is observed.

How to reach decisions about a large body of data by examine only a small part of the data.
Types of statistics

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