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ON-LINE DSP

CLASSES

LESSION -1
Classification of Signals

Signal Processing involves various operations with Electrical Signals. These are
obtained by transforming a physical process into an electrical process by means of a
transducer. A signal thus produced, is analogous to the physical process. Often these Analog
Signals are Digitized for the ease of further processing in the machine world. Finally, the
outcome is reconverted back into the Analog form for the purpose of use in the Human
world.
This course on Digital Signal Processing deals with the basic operations involved in
the functions described above. The course material on DSP stands for both the principles
associated with Digital Signal Processing as well as Digital Signal Processor, which deal with
the hardware required in the operation.
The signals that are required to be operated upon are classified as follows –

Multi-Channel Signal is defined as those composite signals produced by a single source


which have to be ‘Picked up’ by multiple primary transducers. Few examples
a) Stereophonic Audio.
b) ECG and EEG
Multi-Dimensional Signal is defined as one that is described by more than one independent
variable. Often, one of the independent variables is ‘time t’. These can be represented as
F(x,y,t). Few examples
a) Monochrome video
b) Seismograph
Sometimes a composite signal can be both Multi-Channel and Multi-Dimensional, for
example, Colour Video. Such a signal is represented as

v (x , y ,t )=∑ I R (x , y ,t ) , I B ( x , y, t ) , I Y ( x, y ,t )

Classification of Systems
Electronic systems are classified as follows
1. Relaxed System is defined as one in which the Initial Condition is zero.
x(0) = 0
2. Static and Dynamic Systems (Causal Systems). A Static System is defined as one in
which the instantaneous output is a function of the instantaneous input only. (The
output is independent of any past or future inputs)
A Dynamic System is defined as one in which the instantaneous output is a function
of both the instantaneous input as well as the inputs applied in the past (Memory).
Such a Dynamic System is also called A Causal System.
3. Stable and Unstable System. A system is defined as a Stable System if and only if the
system produces a ‘Bounded Output’ for every ‘Bounded Input’.
4. Linear Time Invariant System (LTI). A system is defined as A Linear Time Invariant
System in which the response is Linear and it produces the same response
irrespective of the instant of time at which it is applied. This can be represented as
follows-
If
y ( (t ))=H [ a x 1 (t ) +b x 2 (t ) ]=aH x 1 (t ) + b H x 2( t )
Then
y ( (t ± k ) )=H [ a x 1( t ± k ) +b x 2 (t ± k ) ]=aH x 1 (t ±k ) + b H x 2( t ± k )

Representation of Discrete Time Signal


A Discrete Time Signal is represented as a function of the independent variable ‘n’,
where ‘n’ is an integer. I the context of a Sampled Signal ‘n’ is the Sample Number. With this
there are various forms in which a Discrete Time System can be represented, as follows
a) Set Representation: - The Discrete Time Signal is represented as the “Set of
Sample values” of a Sampled and Quantized Analog Signal

(where symbols ‘a’, ‘c’ etc are the quantizes sample values of an Analog
Signal and the arrow marks the Sample Number n = 0)
b) Function Representation: - The signal can also be represented as a function
as follows

c) Graph Representation

d) Table Representation or Window Representation


Signal Processing
Any mathematical operation on a signal is called Signal Processing. Some of the basic
operations on Digital Signals is shown below.
1. Addition & Subtraction

2. Multiplication

3. Time Folding
4. Time Shifting (Delay or Advance)
y ( n)=x (n−k ) where ‘k’ = 2

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