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Human Development Assignment

Test development

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Shafaqat Rahim
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18 views

Human Development Assignment

Test development

Uploaded by

Shafaqat Rahim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ASSIGNMENT#2

SUBJECT:

TOPIC:

SUBMITTED TO:

SUBMITTED BY:

PROGRAME:

SEMESTER:

DATE:

ASKARI INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION KOTLI AJK


Measures of Central Tendency:
Measures of Central Tendency are statistical tools used to summarize a set of
data by identifying a single value that represents the "center" or typical value of the
data set. The most common measures of central tendency are mean, median, and
mode.

1. Mean (Arithmetic Mean):


The mean is the average of all the values in a data set. It is calculated by
summing up all the values and dividing by the total number of values.

Formula:
A.M= Sum of all the values/ Total number of values
A.M= Sum(x)/n

Example 1:
Consider the data set: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10.
The mean is:
Mean = (2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10)/5
Mean= 30/5
Mean= 6

Example 2:
Consider the data set: 3, 5, 9, 7, 11,10,18.
The mean is:
Mean = (3 + 5 + 9 + 7 + 11+10+18)/7
Mean= 63/7
Mean= 9
Characteristics:
The mean is sensitive to extreme values (outliers). A very large or small value
can greatly affect the mean.
The mean is best used for data sets that are symmetrically distributed without
extreme values.

2. Median:
The median is the middle value when the data set is ordered from least to
greatest. If the data set has an odd number of observations, the median is the middle
number. If the data set has an even number of observations, the median is the average
of the two middle numbers.

Example (Odd Number of Values):


Consider the data set: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10.
Since there are 5 numbers, the median is the third number: 6.

Example (Odd Number of Values):


Consider the data set: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11.
Since there are 7 numbers, the median is the third number: 7.

Example (Even Number of Values):


Consider the data set: 2, 4, 6, 8.
Since there are 4 numbers, the median is the average of the two middle numbers:
Median = (4 + 6)/2
Median= 5
Example (Even Number of Values):
Consider the data set: 3, 5, 7, 9.
Since there are 4 numbers, the median is the average of the two middle numbers:
Median = (5 + 7)/2
Median= 6

Characteristics:
The median is not affected by extreme values or outliers.
The median is best used for skewed data distributions or when there are outliers.

3. Mode:
The mode is the value that appears most frequently in the data set. A data set
can have one mode (unimodal), more than one mode (bimodal, multimodal), or no
mode at all if no value repeats.

Example:
Consider the data set: 2, 4, 4, 6, 8.
The mode is 4, as it appears twice.

Characteristics:
The mode is the only measure of central tendency that can be used with
categorical data (e.g., colors, brands).
A data set may have multiple modes or no mode at all if no value occurs more
frequently than others.

4. Relationships Between the Mean, Median, and Mode:


Symmetrical Distribution:
In a perfectly symmetrical distribution, the mean, median, and mode is the same.
Skewed Distribution:
In a skewed distribution, the values differ:
Positively Skewed (right-skewed):
The mean is greater than the median, which is greater than the mode.
Negatively Skewed (left-skewed):
The mean is less than the median, which is less than the mode.

Choosing the Appropriate Measure:


Mean is best when the data is normally distributed without extreme values.
Median is preferred for skewed distributions or when there are outliers.
Mode is useful for categorical data and when you're interested in the most frequent
observation.

These measures provide valuable insights into the data, helping summarize and
understand its distribution.

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