Cell Cycle

Created @November 28, 2024 10:19 PM

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Cell Cycle
refers to the ordered series of events that lead to cell division and the production of two daughter cells, each
containing chromosomes identical to those of the parent cell

Importance of Cell Division

keeps reproduction at a normal pace

cell division by reproduction

allows multicellular organisms to divide and merge from a single cell

allows cells to function

an integral part of the cell cycle

happens if we want to pass genetic material to offspring

cells divide and are either similar or different

what happens if it stops?

unicellular organism: dies immediately; multicellular: dies after a few days

important for healing and tissue repair, growth of organism

The Cell Cycle

Cell Theory

states that all living organisms are made up of cells which come from pre-existing cells

Why is it important?

Most diseases are relatd to abnormalities in cell division

cell division - process where cells are dividing into two daughter cells, the two are an exact copy from the DNA of
parent cell (ex. somatic cells)

Normally, cells in our bodies undergo autolysis or apoptosis

Phases
Interphase - initial stage of cell cycle, interval between divisions, 90% of cell cycle

G1 (4-5 hours): where cell growth occurs

“first gap”, where metabolism in cell is very high, it’s metabolically active

corresponds to the interval between the M phase and the initiation of DNA replication or S phase

organelles of cell are duplicated but not the DNMA

organelles - subcellular structures that perform specific functions

compacts in cytoplasm

first phase that occurs after M-phase

cell grows physically larger

there’s a sypnotic trap wherein cell does not proceed to G-1 phase but G0

phase wheree here is no active division, these cells are still metabolically but they do not grow further and
multiply

Cell Cycle 1
 ex. nerve and cardiac cells, highly specialized ones

cell monitors both its internal state and external environment to ensure that conditions are suitable before it
proceeds to the next phase

S-Phase (10-12 hours): DNA replication

DNA within nucleus is replicated to form sister chromatids

parent chromosomes are duplicated but that has to occur without errors and simultaneously for equal division
in both daughter cells

conditions to be met before G-2 Phase

each parent chromosome must be duplicated exactly once, without errors, and in a timely fashion to form
two side-by-side units called sister chromatids

centrosome which is an organelle present only in animal cells and plays a key role later during division, is
duplicated

G2 (4-6 hours): Prepares for mitotic or cell division

Synthesis of enzymes and proteins

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is produced in large amounts

held by high energy bonds (phosphoanhydride bonds)

cleavage of parts produce energy

phase of cellular growth, value of cell will be doubled, DNA is already replicated, teo centrosomes are formed,
nuclear envelope and the contents of nucleus are reorganized in preparation for mitosis

M-Phase (1 hour)

made up of mitosis and cytokinesis

needed for copying genetic material and separating of two daughter cells

phase where chromosomes become visible

Mitosis: nucleus divides

Prophase - chromosomes

over half of mitosis is this stage

centrioles contained in the centrosomes start migrating to the opposing pole of the cell while mitotic spindle
assembles between the two centrosomes

chromosome is held together by centromere and along their length by a protein a protein complex called
cohesion

sister chromatids → DNA → nucleotodes - must be in correct sequence

centrosomes - made up of two centrioles, perpendicular to each other

two during prophase

nucleolus disintegrates, chromatin condenses into chromosomes

formation of mitotic spindle

made up of protein (tubulin)

needs to attach to centromere hence why it’s mad of protein

Prometaphase - microtubules and kinetochore

kinetochore - in centromere (holds sister chromatids)

nuclear envelope breaks down

chromosomes form two kinetochores

kinetochore has mitotic spindles

made up of microtubules similar to biomolecules

Cell Cycle 2
 found in centromere

microtubules get larger

attaches to kinetochore of centrosomes

kinetochore: invades nuclear space

polar: push against each other to move centrosomes apart

period of chromosome movement

chromosomes undergo active movement towards the midline region of the cell that is perpendicular to the
axis of the spindle fibers called the metaphase plate

Metaphase

chromosomes move toward midline/center of the cell where each centromere aligned at the metaphase
plate

microtubules aid in their movement

phase of chromosome configuration

chromosome arms going outward

microtubules coconnect chromosomes to poles of mitotic spindle

Anaphase - chromosomes move towards opposite poles

cell elongates

shortest mitosis phase but most critical to chromosme distribution

centromere separate

chromatid linked to only one pole

kinetochore is shorter, polar ones lengthen due pushing of daughter chromatids against one another

spindle poles also move apart allowing both ends of the cell to have equivalent and complete copies of
chromosomes

Telophase / Cytokinesis

new nuclear envelope forms

chromosmes become chromatinb

cell continues to elongate

two sets of chromatids

DNA sequence should be the same

Myosin II and Actin are the responsible proteins

cytoplasm is divided in two by a contractile ring of actin and myosin filaments, which forms a cleavage
furrow and pinches the cell into two

cleavage furrow - space between, cell plate in plants (will later on become the middle lamella)

produces two idnetical nuclei

Cytokinesis:

daughter cells are identical

process of cytoplasmic division

begins during late anaphase and is amost complete by end of telophase

Cell Cycle 3