P Block G 13814

1 InestPaireffect

G 13 ns np 3 valence e 3 2 lower
stability of
G 14 ns 4
np 4 2 0.5 down
G 15 ns np 5 5 3 the group
G 16 ns np4 6 6
G 17
Y
ns nps 7
7 5
G 18 ns npt 8 a

P Block metals s Basic

non metals acidic
metalloids amphoteric

Firstmember shows anomalous behavior small size

high EN
absence
forms IT bonds of d orbitals

0 0

9 BFI AF
f
3ʳᵈ most abundant
É
has empty d orbital element in the
no
dorbitals
eartherest
orthoboric acid HBO
BoRonfamily
Borax NazBy07 10H20
Kernite NazBu07 4H20
Boronexists in Boron has unusually
many allotropic forms high mp
due to very strong crystalline lattice 2153K
 801 577 579 558 589
IE 1816 1979
2427 1820 1971
3659 2744 2962 2704 2877
B Al Ga In Tl
I
semimetal
extremelyhard
Black

I ii.IE iiiitii
M.P.ofGa 303K

Compounds in 1 0.5 More ionic

compounds in 3 0.5 More Covalent

B Al Ga In Tl
ᵗ 3
M M 1.66 0.56 0.34 1.26 71 is not
stable convert
Mt M 0.55 0.79 acid 0.18 0.34 to Tft
1.39 alkali

At exists only
aa exists as
as At3 Gat and Gast but
Gat is more stable in alkali
medium

Tet is more stable than Tlᵗ

Tet yet
ox agent
G 13 compounds é deficient lewis acid

A
IBF mm

lewis
LI
na
Lewisacid bare 6

Alll achieves
stability via dimer formation
In Trivalent state most
1221pm are covalent
of compounds
Al 79
Agg f undergo hydrolysis in
water
a
f 3C he Bond d
200pm 1207673
MOH y and MC
except for Boron
crysffll.lk BorEE9vey'unreactive Bfr Is No
Powdered Boron Reacts on heating
At no Ald H2
2E 302 203 s
Al Naon Natalonly H2
2E N ZEN S

B20 acidic Al HNO AO layer formed

Alz03 GazO Amphoteric
Renders it passive

EE
form trihalider 7 ig.Inon
a Allon
13
3
3 Galon

and te don't form hydroxides

amphoteric

Al has strong affinity of 02

2A 1 3,0219 Also 15 AH 1670 K

2P 2P
Tl 13 consits of Tet 15

acidity
BF BU CBBr BI
0HK
0
BackBonding
 2
BORAX Na By05104 y 8H20
9H 7
sp3
also called Tincal
5 BOB
white crystalline solid

HO
The 0 linkages

By
Sspa ByOs 0H47
Tetraborate ion

MazBD 7H20 4
5
acid
21g.gg
alkaline soln

MazBy0 10120 M9zBy0 2NaB0 203

mstadborate Boric anh

B m
95 98 Pure

Salt Borax Power

colored beads

CUO B20 Cu B2 Blue

Coo B20 Co Boz

or Green
Ni Brown
 weak monobasic acid
orthoboricals not a proton donor but on acceptor

H Blom 2h0 Blondy Hot

be
B
HBO HBO
o
g 3203
Boric anh
white crystalline solid
O O
B H slippery touch

pt sparingly soluble
in water

layer structure with

planar Boz units

seance
colorless
highly toxicgas simplest Borane
burns spontaneously

UBF 2 Batto 3 Lif 3AlF3

3liAlHy
2Nabley Is Batto 2NaI H2

BF GNAH s B2Ho 6Naf Industrial Prep

Good
B2Ho 302 8203 3720 AHc 1976 KJ mop
fuel
BH is é deficient electrophilic
 Banana Bond 3C 2é BORON is 2nd onlyto
carbon in the number

B
Mᵈh
tB
970 7120
of hydride
forms
that it

NREM
134pm lispm

1 BT
7B
Unsymmetrical cleavage with
symmetrical cleavage with compact Nuc
Bigger Nuc
3Ball 6NH 3 BH2 NH3271BHyT

B2Ho 2 Ñ 033 2BHz N cuz

E Muc B3NzHg Had
Bath 20 2BHz.CO Borazine Inorganic Benzene
more reactive than benzene
uses Boron fibres Bullet proof rests
light composite material for aircraft
B absorbs neutrons

Borax Boric acid heat resistant glass

glass wool
fibreglass
as
flax for soldering

Carney
Metalloid Metall
Non metals
Msi Ge Sn Pb
C C's stable teramics
Pbs
CM radioactive electronics 02
glass
cement

dmtosnthnitubE
k
M.P
aa.ir
upto Sn then
IE 2E2 IEz 2Ey
BP density
fEnfirst then

c si Ge Sn Pb

EN 2.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9

M.P 4373K 1693 1218 505 600

BP 3550 3123 2896 2024

density 3.51 2.34 5.32 7.26 11.34
 Elementffy
Si
at
ox agent
Pbt
More stable
4 4
Ge 4 4
Sn 21 4
Pb 2 4

Oxides MO 9 CO SIO Geo

CO2 Si02 Geoz Pb0 8h02

Moz g
acidic
102 502 Geo Geo
Sno Sno Pbo Pbo Amphoteric

CO Neutral

eeie.IE
e
Sn He
snog
Pb unaffected due to Pbo layer on its surface
m

I
covalent
Mxy Mostly Snfu Pbfy are ionic

PbFy doesn't exist b'loz weak Pb I bond can't compensate

excitation
for of 6s é
Gs the Except can other May are
easily
hydrolysed
ES
MI
 4
s p s
silony
4
4 a 6 124 side
Catenation c si Ge Sn Pb doesn't show catenation

diamond all C are sp

higher density than graphite
lev stable than graphite
Non conductor of electricity

Graphite all c are sp free e

conducting
layered structure slippery
and as lubricant

fullerenes Coo has 20 hexagons 12 pentagons

Coo is aromatic

colorless odorless insoluble in water

CO
C co incomplete combustion
02
HCOOH H2O CO
y
1019 commercial prep
chatting
2C Tuna
Fja
Carboxyhaemoglobin is
300 times more stable than
oxy haemoglobin
 Nitrogen family
Fluorapatite Cag POD Caf strong layer on teeth enamel

Non metals Metalloids Metal

T.it

mn nn
IE upto Sb then BP
upto Sb then
IE upto Sb then
Density

TI extra stability

common 0.5 3 3 5
x̅ All elements are polyatomic Qstate
Group0.5 5
Except N all show allotopy
Bist is more stable than Bist

inefficient small size

Anomalous Properties of N
Is high EN
absence
of d orbitals
N N bond is weaker than P P bond due to interelectronicrepulsion
catenation is weaker

Hydrides
Nit Pit Ash Sbt Bit
stability Basicity
M.P PH Asks SbH NHz
139.5 156.7 185 195.2
BP PH ASH NH Sblt Bitty
 185.5 210.6 238.5 254.6 290

Bondangle NH PH Ask Sbt

son.I.pe i on
Pure Porbitals
are used

Oxides and E205 Halides EX and EX

ED
8203 9600 EXP NF3 90 had 8
203
my go amphoppe aypynsppg.am
a man
Big Basic covalent

Preparation ofN2
Lab NHyll Nano N 2H20 NaCl
small amt of NO HNO3

NHy 620 Not 4H20 6203

BaLN Ba 3N2 Pure Nz

very
Nan Na Nz

NEN
Ny is
relatively inert high B E of
non polar
L.P.is bonding MO
in a

15
Isotopes µ

Lit Ng LizN 02 2019

0k
MgtNa Mg N
Manufacture of NHz
 Inert atmosphere
liq N2 is
refrigerant

formed in soil
MHz by decay of nitrogenous organic matter

NH2 NH 2H20 I 2N13 not 02

NHy2l0

2NHyU Ca 0h
2MHz 2h20 Calls
MHy250 2 Naon
2NH 2h20 N92s0y
amm salts SB
NHz
Haber's Process Not 3H I AH 46 KJmol
2MHz
favored at low T high P
700K 200atm
Iron oxide catalyst ALO K20 Promoter

colorless odour
gas with pungent
2Fell 3NHyOH Fe2032H20 s 3NHyU
Brown Ppt
Insoy 2NHyOH In OH NHy50y
white PPt

ggpgygygpggg.gg ppg
colorless

Oxides of Nitrogen
 I

N N 0 N N

N N
N O N 0 204

xp N
of fÑ0 06
XN
O
NTI Nos
N203 NO

strong acid agent

ox
HNOz
NaHs0y HNO Lab
NANO 12504

UNH 50
gar 410 No HNO NO

0H20
Ice's
 HMO attacks most metals except Au Pt

3Cu 8H NO die 3Cu NO 2ND 4420

4 HNO conc Cu NO 2ND 2120

In Zn NO N20 420
n N03s 2n Nos NO 420
HND

c 02 IE EI7 n

reckon NO recto

fs
no

Brown

white toxic unstable glows in dark

Phosphorous red non toxic stable
Black Most stable α B form

Put on Pit Nanjo

sod hypophosphite whitep RedP

p
H
white P
p
p_

Red P

CazP2 H2O Colon PHz

PHz
Caspat no Calls PHz
Non flammable HI Removes
when Pure but contains imp of Patty or Py impurities
 rotten fish smell
gas with
Colorless highly poisonous
explodes on contact with ox agents like HNO Cl Br rap

Slightly soluble in water

in solid state
PU exists as
PayIt PUT
3
p3d
Ag PA Ago PUs
240 PM
Sn PU snaut PCs
q p
1 202pm
u
to
PA hydrolyses in the presence
of moisture give no
it fumes in moisture

PU3t 3420 HPO 344

Oxodoff
one
04 o
10H
41 H OH
Ho
Phosphoric acid
Hypophosphorusacd orthophosphorous acid
H3POy
H3P02 Good H3PO
Red agent

OH

1
acid
01 Po Cyclotrimetaphosphoric
0
50 HPD
Pyrophosphoric acid p o

2H3POy7141207

9H
i
to
1
0
8
0
Ito
acid
Polymetaphosphoric
HPO3
n

4HPO 3H30 PH

HNO HzPOy
Agno Ag
 Group as 6
Oxygenfamily
2 6

O S Se Te Po

density

Farhus pptoethn
BP upto Te then

acidity H2O Has Hase Hate

thermal stability H2O Has Hase Hate
All hydrides except 120 are reducing agents and Red Power dow
the group
M.P BP of H2O are highest H bonding

420 Has Hase Hate

Bond
104 92 91 90
anger
 0 is obtained from air
Industrially

Ozone
Pale blue
30
i gs 203 AM 142 usmol

gas dark blue big violet black solid

conc 100 ppm headache nausea
ox 03
agent 9 0

when 03 reacts with KI I is

Pbs Pbsoy 02 released which can be titrated against
I 12 02 hypo soln This method is used
NO NO for estimation of 03
02
depletion of 03 layer in upperatmosphere

Germicide
uses
disinfectant
sterilising water
Bleaching oils ivory flour starchett
to prepare KMnOy

Sulphur Yellow Rhombic X stable at R T

Monoclinic B
Rhombie S Monoclinics
transitiontemp
1100k
shots's s
at
breaks into 52
s if
s
g
Ss crown shape
so
 like 02
S2 is paramagnetic

Imp Rx
so is formed as by product of roasting
res Fez 502
So is colorless gas with pungent smell highly soluble in 1120
NaOH SO NazSO 720
NAHSO
502

Fe re soy
Moist SO acts as a Red agent
Mnoi Mnt 504k

a 40
15 0
of
42503 H2SOy 425208 Peroxodisulphuricacid

Pyrosuphun.ca

Oleum 12520
 dogenfamily
F Caf Fluorspar insoluble fluorides
NazAef Cryolite
393 Pou cat Fluoroapatite

Sea water is mainly Nacl soln 2.5 by mass Iodides Bromides

F U Br I At

Size IE M.P density

BP
EA U F B I
BE 42 Bra 7 27 12
Bond length Fy U2 Br C Iz
E Fy 42 7 Br 7 Iz fOx.Power F27Cl27Br 7I
2 87 1.30 1.09 o.gg

F can displace Ct Bi I from their soln

42 Bi I

By I
ox.at Group Ox state 17
Colors
of halogens
other 0.5 1 1 3 5 7
Fy Yellow
Greenish yellow
it ilo Go cos
4
F
Bry Red liq only shows 1 0.5

Iz violet solid
 Properties HX
of
acidity HF HCI CHBV CHI
M.P HQ CHBR CHF CHI
BP HCl HBV CHF HF
RedPower HI HBr 7h4

F forms OF 0272 Fluoride

FEE.no
Pa s Puff
ingagents

emongfrom
spent nuclear
fuel

T.Greenshyellowgawthpungenasultoaigoour.tt
soluble in water

Red agent
in Mno Mno
c

Nace Nino 4250g MnCl2 NAHSO 42

knhou no ka mna a
gym
HU o
42 420 Deacon's Process

NaCl a Sms Naon at 42

Inode
 NHz Cly NHull Nz
excess

NH3 NO 44
You
10 Nace Naoce
a
71
14 Nace Maclos

Calon U Ca 00 call 420

Composition Powder Ca 04 Call ca oh 2 2120

of Bleaching
Hold no 10

EilTighthawar ox
bleaching
properties
colored substance 107 colorless substance

Écolorlesspungensmelliggal
no conc Aqua dissolve noble
conc HNO can
Regia
3 1 metals like Au Pt

Au Mts Aully NO
Pt
Pta No
Nato Nacl 102 420
Natico Nall CO2 720
9250 Nall 420 502
 Redagent

Interhalogen compounds
Hypohalous Hox
all covalent molecules diamagnetic
Halous HX02 OF gas rest all are either lis orsole
Halic HX03 M.P B P are higher than expected
Perhalic HxOy
More reactive than halogens

Lots x̅ HOYT

I
Biggter
mitogen more EN

halogene user EN
12 342 2243
42 F2 2UF excess
1 1
Brat 352 2 Brf

42,11 2g f mtgen auf

Noble gares largest atomic radius in the period VDW radius
IE
very high
low EA
very

All noble gases except Rn occur in atmosphere

Ar is major component
He one pitchblende
monazite found in byvol
Is Cleveite there minerals

Ra Rn He
He Me Ar Kr Xe Rn

TIE istvemax.endthermcvaluefor.NET
density M.P BP low b b'coz weak V DW forces
mp p of

All noblegales monoatomic

colorless odorless tasteless

sparingly soluble in water

He has lowest bp 4.2K known substance
of any
have almost identical IE OIPtFé
02 has Xe
1175 1170 K mof IptFg

Xef Is xe HF 02
Xefy Xe xe0z HF 02
eff set 10 HF
hyd
Xero H2O ldyd.es xeofy HF
Xef 2H20 I Xeof HF