6 Exponential and

Logarithmic Functions
6.1 Exponential Growth and Decay Functions
6.2 The Natural Base e
6.3 Logarithms and Logarithmic Functions
6.4 Transformations of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
6.5 Properties of Logarithms
6.6 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
6.7 Modelingg with Exponential
p and Logarithmic
g Functions

SEE the Big Idea

Astronaut
Astron
Astr autt Health
ona h (p.
Heallth
He (p 34
(p 347)
7)

Cooking (p. 335)

Recording
Recordi dio (p.
Studio
ding St udi (p. 330)
330)

Tornado Wind Speed (p.

(p 315)
Duckweed Growth (p. 301)

hsnb_alg2_pe_06op.indd 292 2/5/15 11:36 AM

 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
Using Exponents
1 4
Example 1 Evaluate −— .
3 ( )
14
( )
4
( −13 ) = ( −13 ) ⋅ ( −31 ) ⋅ ( −13 ) ⋅ ( −31 )
— — — — — Rewrite − — as repeated multiplication.
3

= ( ) ⋅ (− ) ⋅ (− )
1 1 1
— — — Multiply.
9 3 3

= (− ) ⋅ (− )
1 1
— — Multiply.
27 3
1
=— Multiply.
81

Evaluate the expression.

1. 3 ⋅2 4 2. (−2)5
2 3
3. − — ( 65 ) 4. ( 43 )
—

Finding the Domain and Range of a Function

Example 2 Find the domain and range of the function represented by the graph.

y
3

−3 1 x range
−1

−3

domain

The domain is −3 ≤ x ≤ 3.
The range is −2 ≤ y ≤ 1.

Find the domain and range of the function represented by the graph.
5. y 6. y 7. y
6 6 2

4 2
−4 −2 2 4x
−4 −2 2 4x
2 −2 −2

−6 −4
−4 −2 2 4 x

8. ABSTRACT REASONING Consider the expressions −4n and (−4)n, where n is an integer.
For what values of n is each expression negative? positive? Explain your reasoning.

Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

293

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 Mathematical Mathematically proficient students know when it is appropriate to use

Practices general methods and shortcuts.

Exponential Models
Core Concept
Consecutive Ratio Test for Exponential Models
Consider a table of values of the given form.

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
y a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9

If the consecutive ratios of the y-values are all equal to a common value r, then y can be
modeled by an exponential function. When r > 1, the model represents exponential growth.
an+1
r=— Common ratio
an
y = a0r x Exponential model

Modeling Real-Life Data

The table shows the amount A (in dollars) in a savings account over time. Write a model for the amount
in the account as a function of time t (in years). Then use the model to find the amount after 10 years.

Year, t 0 1 2 3 4 5
Amount, A $1000 $1040 $1081.60 $1124.86 $1169.86 $1216.65

SOLUTION
Begin by determining whether the ratios of consecutive amounts are equal.
1040 1081.60 1124.86 1169.86 1216.65
— = 1.04, — = 1.04, — ≈ 1.04, — ≈ 1.04, — ≈ 1.04
1000 1040 1081.60 1124.86 1169.86
The ratios of consecutive amounts are equal, so the amount A after t years can be modeled by
A = 1000(1.04)t.
Using this model, the amount when t = 10 is A = 1000(1.04)10 = $1480.24.

Monitoring Progress
Determine whether the data can be modeled by an exponential or linear function. Explain your
reasoning. Then write the appropriate model and find y when x = 10.
1. x 0 1 2 3 4 2. x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 2 4 8 16 y 0 4 8 12 16

3. 4.
x 0 1 2 3 4 x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 4 7 10 13 y 1 3 9 27 81

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 6.1 Exponential Growth and Decay
Functions
Essential Question What are some of the characteristics of the
graph of an exponential function?
You can use a graphing calculator to evaluate an exponential function. For example,
consider the exponential function f (x) = 2x.
Function Value Graphing Calculator Keystrokes Display
f (−3.1) = 2–3.1 2 3.1 ENTER 0.1166291
()
f —23 = 22/3 2 ( 2 ⴜ 3 ) ENTER 1.5874011

Identifying Graphs of Exponential Functions

Work with a partner. Match each exponential function with its graph. Use a table
of values to sketch the graph of the function, if necessary.
a. f (x) = 2x b. f (x) = 3x c. f (x) = 4x
x x x
()
d. f (x) = —12 ()
e. f (x) = —13 ()
f. f (x) = —14

A. y B. y
6 6

4 4

−4 −2 2 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x

C. y D. y
6 6

4 4

−4 −2 2 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x

E. y F. y
6 6

4 4

CONSTRUCTING
VIABLE −4 −2 2 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x

ARGUMENTS
To be proficient in math, Characteristics of Graphs of Exponential
you need to justify Functions
your conclusions and
communicate them Work with a partner. Use the graphs in Exploration 1 to determine the domain,
to others. range, and y-intercept of the graph of f (x) = b x, where b is a positive real number
other than 1. Explain your reasoning.

Communicate Your Answer

3. What are some of the characteristics of the graph of an exponential function?
4. In Exploration 2, is it possible for the graph of f (x) = b x to have an x-intercept?
Explain your reasoning.

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 6.1 Lesson What You Will Learn
Graph exponential growth and decay functions.
Use exponential models to solve real-life problems.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
exponential function, p. 296 Exponential Growth and Decay Functions
exponential growth function,
An exponential function has the form y = abx, where a ≠ 0 and the base b is a
p. 296
positive real number other than 1. If a > 0 and b > 1, then y = ab x is an exponential
growth factor, p. 296 growth function, and b is called the growth factor. The simplest type of exponential
asymptote, p. 296 growth function has the form y = b x.
exponential decay function,
p. 296
decay factor, p. 296 Core Concept
Previous Parent Function for Exponential Growth Functions
properties of exponents
The function f (x) = b x, where b > 1, is the parent function for the family of
exponential growth functions with base b. The graph shows the general shape
of an exponential growth function.

f(x) = b x
(b > 1) The graph rises from
left to right, passing
The x-axis is an asymptote of (1, b)
(0, 1) through the points
the graph. An asymptote is a (0, 1) and (1, b).
line that a graph approaches x
more and more closely.

The domain of f (x) = b x is all real numbers. The range is y > 0.

If a > 0 and 0 < b < 1, then y = ab x is an exponential decay function, and b is called
the decay factor.

Core Concept
Parent Function for Exponential Decay Functions
The function f (x) = b x, where 0 < b < 1, is the parent function for the family of
exponential decay functions with base b. The graph shows the general shape
of an exponential decay function.

f(x) = b x
(0 < b < 1)
The graph falls from
left to right, passing (1, b) The x-axis is an
through the points (0, 1)
x asymptote of
(0, 1) and (1, b). the graph.

The domain of f (x) = b x is all real numbers. The range is y > 0.

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 Graphing Exponential Growth and Decay Functions

Tell whether each function represents exponential growth or exponential decay. Then
graph the function.
x
a. y = 2x ()
b. y = —12

SOLUTION
a. Step 1 Identify the value of the base. The base, 2, is greater than 1, so the function
represents exponential growth.
Step 2 Make a table of values.
y
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 8
(3, 8)
1 1
y —4 —2 1 2 4 8 6
y = 2x
4
Step 3 Plot the points from the table. (2, 4)
(−1, 12 ( 2
Step 4 Draw, from left to right, a smooth curve that
begins just above the x-axis, passes through (−2, 14 ( (0,(1,
1)
2)

the plotted points, and moves up to the right. −4 −2 2 4 x

b. Step 1 Identify the value of the base. The base, —12 , is greater than 0 and less than 1,
so the function represents exponential decay.
Step 2 Make a table of values.
y
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 8
(−3, 8)
1 1
y 8 4 2 1 —2 —4 6 x
y= ( 12 (
Step 3 Plot the points from the table. 4
(−2, 4)
( 1, 12 (
Step 4 Draw, from right to left, a smooth curve that (−1, 2)
begins just above the x-axis, passes through (0, 1) (2, 14 (
the plotted points, and moves up to the left. −4 −2 2 4x

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Tell whether the function represents exponential growth or exponential decay.

Then graph the function.
2 x
1. y = 4x 2. y = —3 ()
3. f (x) = (0.25)x 4. f (x) = (1.5)x

Exponential Models
Some real-life quantities increase or decrease by a fixed percent each year (or some
other time period). The amount y of such a quantity after t years can be modeled by
one of these equations.
Exponential Growth Model Exponential Decay Model
y = a(1 + r)t y = a(1 − r)t
Note that a is the initial amount and r is the percent increase or decrease written as a
decimal. The quantity 1 + r is the growth factor, and 1 − r is the decay factor.

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 Solving a Real-Life Problem

The value of a car y (in thousands of dollars) can be approximated by the model
y = 25(0.85)t, where t is the number of years since the car was new.
REASONING a. Tell whether the model represents exponential growth or exponential decay.
QUANTITATIVELY
b. Identify the annual percent increase or decrease in the value of the car.
The percent decrease,
15%, tells you how much c. Estimate when the value of the car will be $8000.
value the car loses each
year. The decay factor, SOLUTION
0.85, tells you what a. The base, 0.85, is greater than 0 and less than 1, so the model represents
fraction of the car’s value exponential decay.
remains each year.
b. Because t is given in years and the decay factor 0.85 = 1 − 0.15, the annual
percent decrease is 0.15, or 15%. 30
c. Use the trace feature of a graphing calculator to
determine that y ≈ 8 when t = 7. After 7 years, y = 25(0.85)x
the value of the car will be about $8000.

−1 15
X=7 Y=8.0144272
−5

Writing an Exponential Model

In 2000, the world population was about 6.09 billion. During the next 13 years, the
world population increased by about 1.18% each year.
a. Write an exponential growth model giving the population y (in billions) t years after
2000. Estimate the world population in 2005.
b. Estimate the year when the world population was 7 billion.

SOLUTION
a. The initial amount is a = 6.09, and the percent increase is r = 0.0118. So, the
exponential growth model is
y = a(1 + r)t Write exponential growth model.
= 6.09(1 + 0.0118)t Substitute 6.09 for a and 0.0118 for r.
X Y1
6 6.5341 = 6.09(1.0118)t. Simplify.
7 6.6112
8 6.6892 Using this model, you can estimate the world population in 2005 (t = 5) to be
9 6.7681
10 6.848 y = 6.09(1.0118)5 ≈ 6.46 billion.
11 6.9288
12 7.0106 b. Use the table feature of a graphing calculator to determine that y ≈ 7 when
X=12 t = 12. So, the world population was about 7 billion in 2012.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

5. WHAT IF? In Example 2, the value of the car can be approximated by the model
y = 25(0.9)t. Identify the annual percent decrease in the value of the car. Estimate
when the value of the car will be $8000.
6. WHAT IF? In Example 3, assume the world population increased by 1.5% each
year. Write an equation to model this situation. Estimate the year when the world
population was 7 billion.

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 Rewriting an Exponential Function

The amount y (in grams) of the radioactive isotope chromium-51 remaining after
t days is y = a(0.5)t/28, where a is the initial amount (in grams). What percent of the
chromium-51 decays each day?

SOLUTION
y = a(0.5)t/28 Write original function.
= a[(0.5)1/28]t Power of a Power Property
≈ a(0.9755)t Evaluate power.
= a(1 − 0.0245)t Rewrite in form y = a(1 − r)t.

The daily decay rate is about 0.0245, or 2.45%.

Compound interest is interest paid on an initial investment, called the principal, and
on previously earned interest. Interest earned is often expressed as an annual percent,
but the interest is usually compounded more than once per year. So, the exponential
growth model y = a(1 + r)t must be modified for compound interest problems.

Core Concept
Compound Interest
Consider an initial principal P deposited in an account that pays interest at an
annual rate r (expressed as a decimal), compounded n times per year. The amount
A in the account after t years is given by
r nt
A=P 1+—
n( ).

Finding the Balance in an Account

You deposit $9000 in an account that pays 1.46% annual interest. Find the balance
after 3 years when the interest is compounded quarterly.

SOLUTION
With interest compounded quarterly (4 times per year), the balance after 3 years is
r nt
A=P 1+—
n( ) Write compound interest formula.

)⋅
4 3
( 0.0146
= 9000 1 + —
4
P = 9000, r = 0.0146, n = 4, t = 3

≈ 9402.21. Use a calculator.

The balance at the end of 3 years is $9402.21.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

7. The amount y (in grams) of the radioactive isotope iodine-123 remaining after
t hours is y = a(0.5)t/13, where a is the initial amount (in grams). What percent of
the iodine-123 decays each hour?
8. WHAT IF? In Example 5, find the balance after 3 years when the interest is
compounded daily.

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 6.1 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY In the exponential growth model y = 2.4(1.5)x, identify the initial amount, the
growth factor, and the percent increase.

2. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which characteristic of an exponential decay function

does not belong with the other three? Explain your reasoning.

base of 0.8 decay factor of 0.8

decay rate of 20% 80% decrease

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–8, evaluate the expression for (a) x = −2 21. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The value of a
and (b) x = 3. mountain bike y (in dollars) can be approximated by
the model y = 200(0.75)t, where t is the number of
3. 2x 4. 4x
years since the bike was new. (See Example 2.)
5. 8 3x⋅ 6. 6 ⋅2 x a. Tell whether the model represents exponential
growth or exponential decay.
7. 5 + 3x 8. 2x − 2 b. Identify the annual percent increase or decrease in
the value of the bike.
In Exercises 9–18, tell whether the function represents
exponential growth or exponential decay. Then graph the c. Estimate when the value of the bike will be $50.
function. (See Example 1.)
22. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The population P
9. y = 6x 10. y = 7x (in thousands) of Austin, Texas, during a recent decade
can be approximated by y = 494.29(1.03)t, where t is
x x
11. y = —( 16 ) 12. y = — ( 81 ) the number of years since the beginning of the decade.
a. Tell whether the model represents exponential
x x growth or exponential decay.
y=( ) y=( )
4 2
13. — 14. —
3 5 b. Identify the annual percent increase or decrease in
population.
15. y = (1.2)x 16. y = (0.75)x
c. Estimate when the population was about 590,000.
17. y = (0.6)x 18. y = (1.8)x
23. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS In 2006, there were
approximately 233 million cell phone subscribers in
ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS In Exercises 19 and 20, use
the United States. During the next 4 years, the number
the graph of f(x) = bx to identify the value of the base b.
of cell phone subscribers increased by about 6% each
19. y 20. y year. (See Example 3.)
6 6

(1, 5)
a. Write an exponential growth model giving the
4 4 number of cell phone subscribers y (in millions)
(1, 3) t years after 2006. Estimate the number of cell
2 2
(−1, (1
3 (0, 1) (−1, 15 ( (0, 1)
phone subscribers in 2008.
−2 2 4x −2 2 4x b. Estimate the year when the number of cell phone
subscribers was about 278 million.

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 24. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS You take a ()
2 t/10
33. y = a —3 34. y = a —4() 5 t/22

325 milligram dosage of ibuprofen. During each

subsequent hour, the amount of medication in your 35. y = a(2)8t 36. y = a (—)1 3t
3
bloodstream decreases by about 29% each hour.
37. PROBLEM SOLVING You deposit $5000 in an account
a. Write an exponential decay model giving the
that pays 2.25% annual interest. Find the balance after
amount y (in milligrams) of ibuprofen in your
5 years when the interest is compounded quarterly.
bloodstream t hours after the initial dose.
(See Example 5.)
b. Estimate how long it takes for you to have
100 milligrams of ibuprofen in your bloodstream. 38. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS You deposit $2200 into
three separate bank accounts that each pay 3% annual
JUSTIFYING STEPS In Exercises 25 and 26, justify each interest. How much interest does each account earn
step in rewriting the exponential function. after 6 years?
25. y = a(3)t/14 Write original function.
Interest after
Account Compounding
= a[(3)1/14]t 6 years
≈ a(1.0816)t 1 quarterly

= a(1 + 0.0816)t 2 monthly

3 daily
26. y = a(0.1)t/3 Write original function.
= a[(0.1)1/3]t 39. ERROR ANALYSIS You invest $500 in the stock of a
company. The value of the stock decreases 2% each
≈ a(0.4642)t year. Describe and correct the error in writing a model
= a(1 − 0.5358)t for the value of the stock after t years.

27. PROBLEM SOLVING When a plant or animal dies, it

stops acquiring carbon-14 from the atmosphere. The
amount y (in grams) of carbon-14 in the body of an
✗ y= ( amount ) ( factor )
Initial Decay
t

organism after t years is y = a(0.5)t/5730, where a is y = 500(0.02)t

the initial amount (in grams). What percent of the
carbon-14 is released each year? (See Example 4.)
40. ERROR ANALYSIS You deposit $250 in an account
28. PROBLEM SOLVING The number y of duckweed that pays 1.25% annual interest. Describe and correct
fronds in a pond after t days is y = a(1230.25)t/16, the error in finding the balance after 3 years when the
where a is the initial number of fronds. By what interest is compounded quarterly.
percent does the duckweed increase each day?

✗ (1.25
A = 250 1 + —
4
)⋅
4 3

A = $6533.29

In Exercises 41–44, use the given information to find

the amount A in the account earning compound interest
after 6 years when the principal is $3500.
In Exercises 29–36, rewrite the function in the form 41. r = 2.16%, compounded quarterly
y = a(1 + r) t or y = a(1 − r) t. Then state the growth or
decay rate. 42. r = 2.29%, compounded monthly
29. y = a(2)t/3 30. y = a(4)t/6
43. r = 1.83%, compounded daily
31. y = a(0.5)t/12 32. y = a(0.25)t/9
44. r = 1.26%, compounded monthly

Section 6.1 Exponential Growth and Decay Functions 301

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 45. USING STRUCTURE A website recorded the number 50. REASONING Consider the exponential function
y of referrals it received from social media websites f (x) = ab x.
over a 10-year period. The results can be modeled by
f (x + 1)
y = 2500(1.50)t, where t is the year and 0 ≤ t ≤ 9. a. Show that — = b.
f (x)
Interpret the values of a and b in this situation. What
is the annual percent increase? Explain. b. Use the equation in part (a) to explain why there
is no exponential function of the form f (x) = ab x
whose graph passes through the points in the
46. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Consider the graph of an table below.
exponential function of the form f (x) = ab x.
x 0 1 2 3 4
y
y 4 4 8 24 72
(−1, 4)
51. PROBLEM SOLVING The number E of eggs a Leghorn
(0, 1) ( (
1, 4
1
chicken produces per year can be modeled by the
equation E = 179.2(0.89)w/52, where w is the age
x
(2, 161 ( (in weeks) of the chicken and w ≥ 22.

a. Determine whether the graph of f represents

exponential growth or exponential decay.
b. What are the domain and range of the function?
Explain.

47. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend says the graph

of f (x) = 2x increases at a faster rate than the graph of
a. Identify the decay factor and the percent decrease.
g (x) = x2 when x ≥ 0. Is your friend correct? Explain
your reasoning. b. Graph the model.
y g c. Estimate the egg production of a chicken that is
8
2.5 years old.
d. Explain how you can rewrite the given equation
4
so that time is measured in years rather than
0 in weeks.
0 2 4 x

52. CRITICAL THINKING You buy a new stereo for $1300

and are able to sell it 4 years later for $275. Assume
48. THOUGHT PROVOKING The function f (x) = b x
that the resale value of the stereo decays exponentially
represents an exponential decay function. Write a
with time. Write an equation giving the resale value V
second exponential decay function in terms of b and x.
(in dollars) of the stereo as a function of the time t (in
years) since you bought it.
49. PROBLEM SOLVING The population p of a small
town after x years can be modeled by the function
p = 6850(1.03)x. What is the average rate of change
in the population over the first 6 years? Justify
your answer.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Simplify the expression. (Skills Review Handbook)

53. x9 x2 ⋅ 54. —3
x4
x
55. 4x ⋅ 6x 56. ( )
4x8
—6
2x
4

x + 3x
57. —
2
6x
58. — + 4x
2
12x
59. — + 5x
4x
60. (2x ⋅ 3x ) 5 3

302 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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 6.2 The Natural Base e
Essential Question What is the natural base e?
So far in your study of mathematics, you have worked with special numbers such as
π and i. Another special number is called the natural base and is denoted by e. The
natural base e is irrational, so you cannot find its exact value.

Approximating the Natural Base e

Work with a partner. One way to approximate the natural base e is to approximate
the sum
1 1 1 1
1 + — + — + — + —— + . . . .
⋅
1 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Use a spreadsheet or a graphing calculator to approximate this sum. Explain the steps
USING TOOLS you used. How many decimal places did you use in your approximation?
STRATEGICALLY
To be proficient in Approximating the Natural Base e
math, you need to use
Work with a partner. Another way to approximate the natural base e is to consider
technological tools to
the expression
explore and deepen
x
your understanding
of concepts. ( 1 + 1x ) .
—

As x increases, the value of this expression approaches the value of e. Copy and
complete the table. Then use the results in the table to approximate e. Compare this
approximation to the one you obtained in Exploration 1.

x 101 102 103 104 105 106

x

( 1
1+—
x )
Graphing a Natural Base Function
Work with a partner. Use your approximate value of e in Exploration 1 or 2 to
complete the table. Then sketch the graph of the natural base exponential function
y = e x. You can use a graphing calculator and the e x key to check your graph.
What are the domain and range of y = e x? Justify your answers.

x −2 −1 0 1 2
y = ex

Communicate Your Answer

4. What is the natural base e?
5. Repeat Exploration 3 for the natural base exponential function y = e−x. Then
compare the graph of y = e x to the graph of y = e−x.
6. The natural base e is used in a wide variety of real-life applications. Use the
Internet or some other reference to research some of the real-life applications of e.

Section 6.2 The Natural Base e 303

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 6.2 Lesson What You Will Learn
Define and use the natural base e.
Graph natural base functions.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Solve real-life problems.
natural base e, p. 304
Previous The Natural Base e
irrational number The history of mathematics is marked by the discovery y
properties of exponents y=e
of special numbers, such as π and i. Another special 3
percent increase number is denoted by the letter e. The number is called the
percent decrease x 2
compound interest
1
x (
natural base e. The expression 1 + — approaches e as ) 1
(
y= 1+x
1 x
(
x increases, as shown in the graph and table.
0
0 4 8 12 x

x 101 102 103 104 105 106

x

( 1 + —x1 ) 2.59374 2.70481 2.71692 2.71815 2.71827 2.71828

Core Concept
The Natural Base e
The natural base e is irrational. It is defined as follows:
x
1
( )
As x approaches +∞, 1 + — approaches e ≈ 2.71828182846.
x

Simplifying Natural Base Expressions

Simplify each expression.

Check

You can use a calculator to check a. e3 ⋅e 6 16e5

b. —
4e4
c. (3e−4x)2
the equivalence of numerical
expressions involving e. SOLUTION
e^(3)*e^(6)
8103.083928 ⋅
a. e3 e6 = e3 + 6
16e5
b. —
4e4
= 4e5 − 4 c. (3e−4x)2 = 32(e−4x)2
e^(9)
8103.083928 = e9 = 4e = 9e−8x
9
=—
e8x

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Simplify the expression.

1. e7 ⋅e 4 2. —5
24e8
8e
3. (10e−3x)3

304 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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 Graphing Natural Base Functions

Core Concept
Natural Base Functions
A function of the form y = aerx is called a natural base exponential function.
• When a > 0 and r > 0, the function is an exponential growth function.
• When a > 0 and r < 0, the function is an exponential decay function.
The graphs of the basic functions y = e x and y = e−x are shown.

y y
7 7
exponential
exponential decay
5 5
growth y = ex y = e−x
3 3
(1, 2.718)
(0, 1)
(0, 1) (1, 0.368)
−4 −2 2 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x

Graphing Natural Base Functions

Tell whether each function represents exponential growth or exponential decay.

Then graph the function.
a. y = 3ex b. f (x) = e−0.5x

SOLUTION
LOOKING FOR
STRUCTURE a. Because a = 3 is positive and b. Because a = 1 is positive and
You can rewrite natural r = 1 is positive, the function is r = −0.5 is negative, the function
base exponential functions an exponential growth function. is an exponential decay function.
to find percent rates of Use a table to graph the function. Use a table to graph the function.
change. In Example 2(b),
x −2 −1 0 1 x −4 −2 0 2
f (x) = e−0.5x
= (e−0.5)x y 0.41 1.10 3 8.15 y 7.39 2.72 1 0.37
≈ (0.6065)x
= (1 − 0.3935)x. y y
16
(−4, 7.39)
So, the percent decrease is
12 6
about 39.35%.
8
(1, 8.15) 4
(−1, 1.10)
(−2, 2.72) 2
(−2, 0.41) (0, 3) (2, 0.37)
(0, 1)
−4 −2 2 4x −4 −2 2 4x

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Tell whether the function represents exponential growth or exponential decay.

Then graph the function.
1
4. y = —2 e x 5. y = 4e−x 6. f (x) = 2e2x

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 Solving Real-Life Problems
You have learned that the balance of an account earning compound interest is given by
r nt
( )
A = P 1 + — . As the frequency n of compounding approaches positive infinity, the
n
compound interest formula approximates the following formula.

Core Concept
Continuously Compounded Interest
When interest is compounded continuously, the amount A in an account after
t years is given by the formula
A = Pe rt
where P is the principal and r is the annual interest rate expressed as a decimal.

Modeling with Mathematics

Your Friend’s Account You and your friend each have accounts that earn annual interest compounded
continuously. The balance A (in dollars) of your account after t years can be modeled
A by A = 4500e0.04t. The graph shows the balance of your friend’s account over time.
12,000 Which account has a greater principal? Which has a greater balance after 10 years?

SOLUTION
Balance (dollars)

10,000

8,000 1. Understand the Problem You are given a graph and an equation that represent
account balances. You are asked to identify the account with the greater principal
6,000 and the account with the greater balance after 10 years.
4,000
(0, 4000) 2. Make a Plan Use the equation to find your principal and account balance after
10 years. Then compare these values to the graph of your friend’s account.
2,000
3. Solve the Problem The equation A = 4500e0.04t is of the form A = Pe rt, where
0
0 4 8 12 16 t P = 4500. So, your principal is $4500. Your balance A when t = 10 is
Year A = 4500e0.04(10) = $6713.21.
Because the graph passes through (0, 4000), your friend’s principal is $4000. The
graph also shows that the balance is about $7250 when t = 10.

So, your account has a greater principal, but your friend’s account has a
greater balance after 10 years.
4. Look Back Because your friend’s account has a lesser principal but a greater
balance after 10 years, the average rate of change from t = 0 to t = 10 should be
greater for your friend’s account than for your account.
MAKING
CONJECTURES A(10) − A(0) 6713.21 − 4500
Your account: —— = —— = 221.321
You can also use this 10 − 0 10

✓
reasoning to conclude that
A(10) − A(0) 7250 − 4000
your friend’s account has Your friend’s account: —— ≈ —— = 325
10 − 0 10
a greater annual interest
rate than your account.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

7. You deposit $4250 in an account that earns 5% annual interest compounded

continuously. Compare the balance after 10 years with the accounts in Example 3.

306 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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 6.2 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY What is the natural base e?

1
2. WRITING Tell whether the function f (x) = —3 e 4x represents exponential growth or exponential decay.
Explain.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–12, simplify the expression. ANALYZING EQUATIONS In Exercises 23–26, match the
(See Example 1.) function with its graph. Explain your reasoning.
3. e3 e5 ⋅ 4. e−4 e6 ⋅ 23. y = e2x 24. y = e−2x

11e9 27e7 25. y = 4e−0.5x 26. y = 0.75e x

5. —10
6. —4
22e 3e
A. y B. y
8 8
7. (5e7x)4 8. (4e−2x)3
(−1, 7.39)
— 3— 6 (−1, 6.59)
9. √ 9e6x 10. √ 8e12x
(0, 4)
11. ⋅ ⋅
ex e−6x e8 12. ⋅ ⋅
ex e4 ex + 3
2
1 (0, 1)
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 13 and 14, describe and
−4 −2 2 4x −4 −2 2 4x
correct the error in simplifying the expression.

✗
13. C. y D. y
8 8
(4e3x)2 = 4e(3x)(2) (1, 7.39)
6 6
= 4e 6x
4 4

✗
14.
e5x 2 2
—
e−2x
= e 5x − 2x (0, 0.75) (1, 2.04)
(0, 1)
−4 −2 2 4x −4 −2 2 4x
= e 3x

USING STRUCTURE In Exercises 27–30, use the

In Exercises 15–22, tell whether the function represents properties of exponents to rewrite the function in
exponential growth or exponential decay. Then graph the the form y = a(1 + r) t or y = a(1 − r) t. Then find the
function. (See Example 2.) percent rate of change.
15. y = e3x 16. y = e−2x 27. y = e−0.25t 28. y = e−0.75t

17. y = 2e−x 18. y = 3e2x 29. y = 2e0.4t 30. y = 0.5e0.8t

19. y = 0.5e x 20. y = 0.25e−3x USING TOOLS In Exercises 31–34, use a table of values
or a graphing calculator to graph the function. Then
21. y = 0.4e−0.25x 22. y = 0.6e0.5x identify the domain and range.
31. y = e x − 2 32. y = e x + 1

33. y = 2e x + 1 34. y = 3e x − 5

Section 6.2 The Natural Base e 307

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 r nt
35. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Investment
accounts for a house and education earn annual
38. THOUGHT PROVOKING Explain why A = P 1 + — ( n )
approximates A = Pe rt as n approaches positive
interest compounded continuously. The balance H infinity.
(in dollars) of the house fund after t years can be
modeled by H = 3224e0.05t. The graph shows the
balance in the education fund over time. Which 39. WRITING Can the natural base e be written as a ratio
account has the greater principal? Which account has of two integers? Explain.
a greater balance after 10 years? (See Example 3.)
40. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend evaluates
Education Account f (x) = e−x when x = 1000 and concludes that the
graph of y = f (x) has an x-intercept at (1000, 0).
H
10,000 Is your friend correct? Explain your reasoning.
Balance (dollars)

8,000 41. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS You invest $2500 in an

account to save for college. Account 1 pays 6%
6,000
annual interest compounded quarterly. Account 2 pays
(0, 4856) 4% annual interest compounded continuously. Which
4,000
account should you choose to obtain the greater
2,000 amount in 10 years? Justify your answer.
0
0 4 8 12 16 t
Year 42. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Use the graph to complete
each statement.
y
a. f (x) approaches ____ f
36. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Tritium and
as x approaches +∞.
sodium-22 decay over time. In a sample of tritium,
the amount y (in milligrams) remaining after t years is b. f (x) approaches ____
x
given by y = 10e−0.0562t. The graph shows the amount as x approaches −∞.
of sodium-22 in a sample over time. Which sample
started with a greater amount? Which has a greater
amount after 10 years?

Sodium-22 Decay
43. PROBLEM SOLVING The growth of Mycobacterium
y tuberculosis bacteria can be modeled by the function
(milligrams)

20
Amount

N(t) = ae 0.166t, where N is the number of cells after

10 t hours and a is the number of cells when t = 0.

0
a. At 1:00 p.m., there are 30 M. tuberculosis bacteria
0 10 20 t in a sample. Write a function that gives the number
Year of bacteria after 1:00 p.m.
b. Use a graphing calculator to graph the function in
37. OPEN-ENDED Find values of a, b, r, and q such that part (a).
f (x) = aerx and g(x) = be qx are exponential decay
c. Describe how to find the number of cells in the
f (x)
functions, but — represents exponential growth. sample at 3:45 p.m.
g(x)

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Write the number in scientific notation. (Skills Review Handbook)

44. 0.006 45. 5000 46. 26,000,000 47. 0.000000047

Find the inverse of the function. Then graph the function and its inverse. (Section 5.6)
48. y = 3x + 5 49. y = x2 − 1, x ≤ 0
—
50. y = √ x + 6 51. y = x3 − 2

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 6.3 Logarithms and Logarithmic
Functions
Essential Question What are some of the characteristics of the
graph of a logarithmic function?
Every exponential function of the form f (x) = bx, where b is a positive real number
other than 1, has an inverse function that you can denote by g(x) = logb x. This inverse
function is called a logarithmic function with base b.

Rewriting Exponential Equations

Work with a partner. Find the value of x in each exponential equation. Explain your
reasoning. Then use the value of x to rewrite the exponential equation in its equivalent
logarithmic form, x = logb y.
a. 2x = 8 b. 3x = 9 c. 4x = 2
d. 5x = 1 e. 5x = —15 f. 8x = 4

Graphing Exponential and Logarithmic

Functions
Work with a partner. Complete each table for the given exponential function. Use
the results to complete the table for the given logarithmic function. Explain your
reasoning. Then sketch the graphs of f and g in the same coordinate plane.
a.
x −2 −1 0 1 2
f (x) = 2x

g (x) = log2 x −2 −1 0 1 2

b.
x −2 −1 0 1 2
f (x) = 10x

x
CONSTRUCTING g (x) = log10 x −2 −1 0 1 2
VIABLE
ARGUMENTS
To be proficient in math, Characteristics of Graphs of Logarithmic
you need to justify
Functions
your conclusions and
communicate them Work with a partner. Use the graphs you sketched in Exploration 2 to determine the
to others. domain, range, x-intercept, and asymptote of the graph of g(x) = logb x, where b is a
positive real number other than 1. Explain your reasoning.

Communicate Your Answer

4. What are some of the characteristics of the graph of a logarithmic function?
5. How can you use the graph of an exponential function to obtain the graph of a
logarithmic function?

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 6.3 Lesson What You Will Learn
Define and evaluate logarithms.
Use inverse properties of logarithmic and exponential functions.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Graph logarithmic functions.
logarithm of y with base b,
p. 310
Logarithms
common logarithm, p. 311
natural logarithm, p. 311 You know that 22 = 4 and 23 = 8. However, for what value of x does 2x = 6?
Mathematicians define this x-value using a logarithm and write x = log2 6. The
Previous definition of a logarithm can be generalized as follows.
inverse functions

Core Concept
Definition of Logarithm with Base b
Let b and y be positive real numbers with b ≠ 1. The logarithm of y with base b
is denoted by logb y and is defined as
logb y = x if and only if b x = y.
The expression logb y is read as “log base b of y.”

This definition tells you that the equations logb y = x and b x = y are equivalent. The
first is in logarithmic form, and the second is in exponential form.

Rewriting Logarithmic Equations

Rewrite each equation in exponential form.

a. log2 16 = 4 b. log4 1 = 0 c. log12 12 = 1 d. log1/4 4 = −1

SOLUTION
Logarithmic Form Exponential Form
a. log2 16 = 4 24 = 16
b. log4 1 = 0 40 = 1
c. log12 12 = 1 121 = 12
1 −1
d. log1/4 4 = −1 (—)
4
=4

Rewriting Exponential Equations

Rewrite each equation in logarithmic form.

1
a. 52 = 25 b. 10−1 = 0.1 c. 82/3 = 4 d. 6−3 = —
216

SOLUTION
Exponential Form Logarithmic Form
a. 52 = 25 log5 25 = 2
b. 10−1 = 0.1 log10 0.1 = −1
c. 82/3 = 4 log8 4 = —23
1 1
d. 6−3 = —
216
log6 —
216
= −3

310 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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 Parts (b) and (c) of Example 1 illustrate two special logarithm values that you should
learn to recognize. Let b be a positive real number such that b ≠ 1.
Logarithm of 1 Logarithm of b with Base b
logb 1 = 0 because b0 = 1. logb b = 1 because b1 = b.

Evaluating Logarithmic Expressions

Evaluate each logarithm.

a. log4 64 b. log5 0.2 c. log1/5 125 d. log36 6

SOLUTION
To help you find the value of logb y, ask yourself what power of b gives you y.
a. What power of 4 gives you 64? 43 = 64, so log4 64 = 3.
b. What power of 5 gives you 0.2? 5−1 = 0.2, so log5 0.2 = −1.
1 −3
c. What power of —15 gives you 125? (—)
5
= 125, so log1/5 125 = −3.
d. What power of 36 gives you 6? 361/2 = 6, so log36 6 = —12.

A common logarithm is a logarithm with base 10. It is denoted by log10 or simply by

log. A natural logarithm is a logarithm with base e. It can be denoted by loge but is
usually denoted by ln.
Common Logarithm Natural Logarithm
log10 x = log x loge x = ln x

Evaluating Common and Natural Logarithms

Evaluate (a) log 8 and (b) ln 0.3 using a calculator. Round your answer to
three decimal places.

SOLUTION
Most calculators have keys for evaluating common log(8)
Check
and natural logarithms. .903089987
10^(0.903) ln(0.3)
a. log 8 ≈ 0.903 -1.203972804
7.99834255
e^(-1.204) b. ln 0.3 ≈ −1.204
.2999918414
Check your answers by rewriting each logarithm
in exponential form and evaluating.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Rewrite the equation in exponential form.

1. log3 81 = 4 2. log7 7 = 1 3. log14 1 = 0 4. log1/2 32 = −5

Rewrite the equation in logarithmic form.

1
5. 72 = 49 6. 500 = 1 7. 4−1 = —4 8. 2561/8 = 2

Evaluate the logarithm. If necessary, use a calculator and round your answer to
three decimal places.

9. log2 32 10. log27 3 11. log 12 12. ln 0.75

Section 6.3 Logarithms and Logarithmic Functions 311

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 Using Inverse Properties
By the definition of a logarithm, it follows that the logarithmic function g(x) = logb x
is the inverse of the exponential function f (x) = b x. This means that
g( f (x)) = logb b x = x and f (g(x)) = blogb x = x.
In other words, exponential functions and logarithmic functions “undo” each other.

Using Inverse Properties

Simplify (a) 10log 4 and (b) log5 25x.

SOLUTION
a. 10log 4 = 4 blogb x = x
b. log5 25x = log5(52)x Express 25 as a power with base 5.
= log5 52x Power of a Power Property
= 2x logb bx = x

Finding Inverse Functions

Find the inverse of each function.

a. f (x) = 6 x b. y = ln(x + 3)

SOLUTION
a. From the definition of logarithm, the inverse of f (x) = 6 x is g(x) = log6 x.
b. y = ln(x + 3) Write original function.
x = ln( y + 3) Switch x and y.
ex = y + 3 Write in exponential form.
ex − 3 = y Subtract 3 from each side.

The inverse of y = ln(x + 3) is y = e x − 3.

Check

✓
4
a. f (g(x)) = 6log6 x = x b.

=x ✓
y = ln(x + 3)
g( f (x)) = log6 6 x
−6 6

y = ex − 3
−4

The graphs appear to be reflections

of each other in the line y = x. ✓

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Simplify the expression.

13. 8log8 x 14. log7 7−3x 15. log2 64x 16. eln 20
17. Find the inverse of y = 4x. 18. Find the inverse of y = ln(x − 5).

312 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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 Graphing Logarithmic Functions
You can use the inverse relationship between exponential and logarithmic functions to
graph logarithmic functions.

Core Concept
Parent Graphs for Logarithmic Functions
The graph of f (x) = logb x is shown below for b > 1 and for 0 < b < 1. Because
f (x) = logb x and g(x) = bx are inverse functions, the graph of f (x) = logb x is the
reflection of the graph of g(x) = b x in the line y = x.
Graph of f (x) = logb x for b > 1 Graph of f (x) = logb x for 0 < b < 1
y y

g(x) = b x
g(x) = b x
(0, 1) ((0,
0 1)
(1, 0) x (1, 0) x

f(x) = logb x f(x) = logb x

Note that the y-axis is a vertical asymptote of the graph of f (x) = logb x. The
domain of f (x) = logb x is x > 0, and the range is all real numbers.

Graphing a Logarithmic Function

Graph f (x) = log3 x.

SOLUTION
Step 1 Find the inverse of f. From the definition of logarithm, the inverse of
f (x) = log3 x is g(x) = 3x.
Step 2 Make a table of values for g(x) = 3x.
y
x −2 −1 0 1 2 10
g(x) = 3x
1 1
g(x) —9 —3 1 3 9 8

6
Step 3 Plot the points from the table and
connect them with a smooth curve. 4

Step 4 Because f (x) = log3 x and g(x) = 3x 2

are inverse functions, the graph of f
is obtained by reflecting the graph of −2 2 4 6 8 x
g in the line y = x. To do this, reverse
−2 f(x) = log3 x
the coordinates of the points on g
and plot these new points on the
graph of f.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Graph the function.

19. y = log2 x 20. f (x) = log5 x 21. y = log1/2 x

Section 6.3 Logarithms and Logarithmic Functions 313

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 6.3 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE A logarithm with base 10 is called a(n) ___________ logarithm.

2. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE The expression log3 9 is read as ______________.

3. WRITING Describe the relationship between y = 7x and y = log7 x.

4. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

What power of 4 gives you 16? What is log base 4 of 16?

Evaluate 42. Evaluate log4 16.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 5–10, rewrite the equation in exponential In Exercises 27–32, evaluate the logarithm using a
form. (See Example 1.) calculator. Round your answer to three decimal places.
(See Example 4.)
5. log3 9 = 2 6. log4 4 = 1
27. log 6 28. ln 12
7. log6 1 = 0 8. log7 343 = 3
1 2
29. ln —3 30. log —7
1
9. log1/2 16 = −4 10. log3 —3 = −1
31. 3 ln 0.5 32. log 0.6 + 1
In Exercises 11–16, rewrite the equation in logarithmic
form. (See Example 2.) 33. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Skydivers use an
instrument called an altimeter to track their altitude
11. 62 = 36 12. 120 = 1 as they fall. The altimeter determines altitude by
measuring air pressure. The altitude h (in meters)
1 1
13. 16−1 = —
16
14. 5−2 = —
25 above sea level is related to the air pressure P
(in pascals) by the function shown in the diagram.
15. 1252/3 = 25 16. 491/2 = 7 What is the altitude above sea level when the air
pressure is 57,000 pascals?
In Exercises 17–24, evaluate the logarithm.
(See Example 3.)
17. log3 81 18. log7 49 P
h = −8005 ln
101,300 h = 7438 m
19. log3 3 20. log1/2 1 P = 40,000 Pa

1 1
21. log5 —
625
22. log8 —
512
h=?
h = 3552 m P = 57,000 Pa
23. log4 0.25 24. log10 0.001 P = 65,000 Pa Not drawn to scale

25. NUMBER SENSE Order the logarithms from least 34. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The pH value
value to greatest value. for a substance measures how acidic or alkaline the
substance is. It is given by the formula pH = −log[H+],
log5 23 log6 38 log7 8 log2 10 where H+ is the hydrogen ion concentration (in moles
per liter). Find the pH of each substance.
26. WRITING Explain why the expressions log2(−1) and a. baking soda: [H+] = 10−8 moles per liter
log1 1 are not defined.
b. vinegar: [H+] = 10−3 moles per liter

314 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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 In Exercises 35–40, simplify the expression. 54. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The energy
(See Example 5.) magnitude M of an earthquake can be modeled by
M = —23 log E − 9.9, where E is the amount of energy
35. 7log7 x 36. 3log3 5x
released (in ergs).
37. eln 4 38. 10log 15 Japan’s
island
39. log3 32x 40. ln ex + 1 Honshu

41. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in Pacific

rewriting 4−3 = —1
in logarithmic form. tectonic
64 plate Eurasian
tectonic plate

✗ log4 (−3) = —
1
64
fault line

a. In 2011, a powerful earthquake in Japan, caused

by the slippage of two tectonic plates along a fault,
42. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in released 2.24 × 1028 ergs. What was the energy
simplifying the expression log4 64x. magnitude of the earthquake?

✗ ⋅
b. Find the inverse of the given function. Describe
log4 64x = log4(16 4x )
what the inverse represents.
= log4(42 ⋅4 )x

In Exercises 55–60, graph the function. (See Example 7.)

= log4 42 + x
=2+x 55. y = log4 x 56. y = log6 x

57. y = log1/3 x 58. y = log1/4 x

In Exercises 43–52, find the inverse of the function.
(See Example 6.) 59. y = log2 x − 1 60. y = log3(x + 2)
43. y = 0.3x 44. y = 11x
USING TOOLS In Exercises 61–64, use a graphing
45. y = log2 x 46. y = log1/5 x calculator to graph the function. Determine the domain,
range, and asymptote of the function.
47. y = ln(x − 1) 48. y = ln 2x 61. y = log(x + 2) 62. y = −ln x

49. y = e3x 50. y = e x − 4 63. y = ln(−x) 64. y = 3 − log x

51. y = 5x − 9 52. y = 13 + log x 65. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend states that every
logarithmic function will pass through the point (1, 0).
53. PROBLEM SOLVING The wind speed s (in miles per Is your friend correct? Explain your reasoning.
hour) near the center of a tornado can be modeled by
s = 93 log d + 65, where d is the distance (in miles) 66. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS Rank the functions
that the tornado travels. in order from the least average rate of change to the
a. In 1925, a tornado greatest average rate of change over the interval
traveled 220 miles 1 ≤ x ≤ 10.
through three states. a. y = log6 x b. y = log3/5 x
Estimate the wind
speed near the center c. y d. y
8 8
of the tornado. g
b. Find the inverse of 4 4

the given function. x

Describe what 2 4 8 x
f
the inverse represents.

Section 6.3 Logarithms and Logarithmic Functions 315

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 67. PROBLEM SOLVING Biologists have found that 69. PROBLEM SOLVING A study in Florida found that
the length (in inches) of an alligator and its the number s of fish species in a pool or lake can be
weight w (in pounds) are related by the function modeled by the function
= 27.1 ln w − 32.8.
s = 30.6 − 20.5 log A + 3.8(log A)2
where A is the area (in square meters) of the pool
or lake.

a. Use a graphing calculator to graph the function.

b. Use your graph to estimate the weight of an a. Use a graphing calculator to graph the function on
alligator that is 10 feet long. the domain 200 ≤ A ≤ 35,000.
c. Use the zero feature to find the x-intercept of the b. Use your graph to estimate the number of species
graph of the function. Does this x-value make in a lake with an area of 30,000 square meters.
sense in the context of the situation? Explain.
c. Use your graph to estimate the area of a lake that
contains six species of fish.
68. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? The figure shows the graphs
d. Describe what happens to the number of fish
of the two functions f and g.
species as the area of a pool or lake increases.
y Explain why your answer makes sense.
4
f

2 g 70. THOUGHT PROVOKING Write a logarithmic function

that has an output of −4. Then sketch the graph of
−2 2 4 6 x
your function.
−2
71. CRITICAL THINKING Evaluate each logarithm. (Hint:
a. Compare the end behavior of the logarithmic For each logarithm logb x, rewrite b and x as powers
function g to that of the exponential function f. of the same base.)

b. Determine whether the functions are inverse a. log125 25 b. log8 32

functions. Explain. c. log27 81 d. log4 128
c. What is the base of each function? Explain.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

—
Let f (x) = √
3
x . Write a rule for g that represents the indicated transformation of the graph of f.
(Section 5.3)
72. g(x) = −f (x) ( )
73. g(x) = f —2 x
1

74. g(x) = f (−x) + 3 75. g(x) = f (x + 2)

Identify the function family to which f belongs. Compare the graph of f to the graph of its parent
function. (Section 1.1)
76. y 77. f y 78. y
2 2
x
−2 2 4x −4 2x −4 2
−1
−2 −2
f f

316 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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 6.4 Transformations of Exponential
and Logarithmic Functions
Essential Question How can you transform the graphs of
exponential and logarithmic functions?

Identifying Transformations
Work with a partner. Each graph shown is a transformation of the parent function
f (x) = e x or f (x) = ln x.
Match each function with its graph. Explain your reasoning. Then describe the
transformation of f represented by g.
a. g(x) = e x + 2 − 3 b. g(x) = −e x + 2 + 1 c. g(x) = e x − 2 − 1
d. g(x) = ln(x + 2) e. g(x) = 2 + ln x f. g(x) = 2 + ln(−x)

A. 4
y B. 4
y

−4 −2 2 x −4 −2 2 4x
−2 −2

−4

C. y D. y
4
2
2
−4 2 x
−2 2 4 x
−2

−4

E. y F. y
4 4

−4 2 4x −4 −2 2 x

−2 −2

−4 −4

Characteristics of Graphs
REASONING
QUANTITATIVELY Work with a partner. Determine the domain, range, and asymptote of each function
in Exploration 1. Justify your answers.
To be proficient in math,
you need to make sense
of quantities and their Communicate Your Answer
relationships in problem
3. How can you transform the graphs of exponential and logarithmic functions?
situations.
4. Find the inverse of each function in Exploration 1. Then check your answer by
using a graphing calculator to graph each function and its inverse in the same
viewing window.

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 6.4 Lesson What You Will Learn
Transform graphs of exponential functions.
Transform graphs of logarithmic functions.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Write transformations of graphs of exponential and logarithmic
Previous functions.
exponential function
logarithmic function Transforming Graphs of Exponential Functions
transformations
You can transform graphs of exponential and logarithmic functions in the same
way you transformed graphs of functions in previous chapters. Examples of
transformations of the graph of f (x) = 4x are shown below.

Core Concept
Transformation f (x) Notation Examples
Horizontal Translation g(x) = 4x − 3 3 units right
f (x − h)
Graph shifts left or right. g(x) = 4x + 2 2 units left
Vertical Translation g(x) = 4x + 5 5 units up
f (x) + k
Graph shifts up or down. g(x) = 4x − 1 1 unit down
Reflection f(−x) g(x) = 4−x in the y-axis
Graph flips over x- or y-axis. −f(x) g(x) = −4x in the x-axis
Horizontal Stretch or Shrink g(x) = 42x shrink by a
Graph stretches away from factor of —21
or shrinks toward y-axis. f(ax)
g(x) = 4x/2 stretch by a
factor of 2
Vertical Stretch or Shrink g(x) = 3(4x) stretch by a
Graph stretches away from factor of 3
or shrinks toward x-axis. ⋅
a f(x)
g(x) = —14 (4x) shrink by a
factor of —14

Translating an Exponential Function

x x
()
1
2
1
Describe the transformation of f (x) = — represented by g(x) = — − 4.
2 ()
Then graph each function.

SOLUTION
x
1
()
Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = — + k.
2
STUDY TIP Rewrite the function to identify k.
Notice in the graph that x
the vertical translation
also shifted the asymptote
1
2()
g(x) = — + (−4)
g f y
4 units down, so the range k
3
of g is y > −4.
Because k = −4, the graph of g
is a translation 4 units down of
−3 1 3 x
the graph of f. −1

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 Translating a Natural Base Exponential Function

Describe the transformation of f (x) = e x represented by g(x) = e x + 3 + 2. Then graph

each function.

SOLUTION
Notice that the function is of the form g y f
STUDY TIP g(x) = e x − h + k. Rewrite the function to
7
identify h and k.
Notice in the graph that
the vertical translation g(x) = e x − (−3) + 2 5

also shifted the asymptote 3

2 units up, so the range h k
of g is y > 2.
Because h = −3 and k = 2, the graph −6 −4 −2 2x
of g is a translation 3 units left and
2 units up of the graph of f.

Transforming Exponential Functions

LOOKING FOR
Describe the transformation of f represented by g. Then graph each function.
STRUCTURE
In Example 3(a), the a. f (x) = 3x, g(x) = 33x − 5 b. f (x) = e−x, g(x) = − —18 e−x
horizontal shrink follows
the translation. In the SOLUTION
function h(x) = 33(x − 5), the
a. Notice that the function is of the b. Notice that the function is of the
translation 5 units right
form g(x) = 3ax − h, where a = 3 form g(x) = ae−x, where a = − —18.
follows the horizontal
and h = 5.
shrink by a factor of —13 .
So, the graph of g is a translation So, the graph of g is a reflection
5 units right, followed by a in the x-axis and a vertical
horizontal shrink by a factor of —13 shrink by a factor of —81 of the
of the graph of f. graph of f.

y f g f y
8 4

4
−4 2 4x
2 −2

g −4
−2 2 4 x

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Describe the transformation of f represented by g. Then graph each function.

1. f (x) = 2x, g(x) = 2x − 3 + 1

2. f (x) = e−x, g(x) = e−x − 5

3. f (x) = 0.4x, g(x) = 0.4−2x

4. f (x) = e x, g(x) = −e x + 6

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 Transforming Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
Examples of transformations of the graph of f (x) = log x are shown below.

Core Concept
Transformation f (x) Notation Examples
Horizontal Translation g(x) = log(x − 4) 4 units right
f (x − h)
Graph shifts left or right. g(x) = log(x + 7) 7 units left
Vertical Translation g(x) = log x + 3 3 units up
f(x) + k
Graph shifts up or down. g(x) = log x − 1 1 unit down
Reflection f (−x) g(x) = log(−x) in the y-axis
Graph flips over x- or y-axis. −f(x) g(x) = −log x in the x-axis
Horizontal Stretch or Shrink g(x) = log(4x) shrink by a
Graph stretches away from factor of —41
or shrinks toward y-axis. f(ax)
( )
g(x) = log —13 x stretch by a
factor of 3
Vertical Stretch or Shrink g(x) = 5 log x stretch by a
Graph stretches away from factor of 5
or shrinks toward x-axis. ⋅
a f(x)
g(x) = —23 log x shrink by a
factor of —23

Transforming Logarithmic Functions

Describe the transformation of f represented by g. Then graph each function.

(
a. f (x) = log x, g(x) = log − —12 x ) b. f (x) = log1/2 x, g(x) = 2 log1/2(x + 4)

SOLUTION
a. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = log(ax),
where a = − —12 .

So, the graph of g is a reflection in the y-axis y

f
and a horizontal stretch by a factor of 2 of g
1
the graph of f.
STUDY TIP −16 −8 8 16 x
In Example 4(b), notice
−1
in the graph that the b. Notice that the function is of the form
horizontal translation also g(x) = a log1/2(x − h), where a = 2 and
shifted the asymptote h = −4.
4 units left, so the domain
of g is x > −4.
So, the graph of g is a horizontal translation y
4 units left and a vertical stretch by a factor 2
of 2 of the graph of f.
−1 4x
−2
f

320 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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 Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Describe the transformation of f represented by g. Then graph each function.

5. f (x) = log2 x, g(x) = −3 log2 x 6. f (x) = log1/4 x, g(x) = log1/4(4x) − 5

Writing Transformations of Graphs of Functions

Writing a Transformed Exponential Function

Let the graph of g be a reflection in the x-axis followed by a translation 4 units right of
the graph of f (x) = 2x. Write a rule for g.

SOLUTION
Check Step 1 First write a function h that represents the reflection of f.
S
4
f h(x) = −f (x) Multiply the output by −1.
= −2x Substitute 2x for f (x).
−5 7 Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the translation of h.
S
g(x) = h (x − 4) Subtract 4 from the input.
h g
= −2x − 4 Replace x with x − 4 in h (x).
−4

The transformed function is g(x) = −2x − 4.

Writing a Transformed Logarithmic Function

Let the graph of g be a translation 2 units up followed by a vertical stretch by a factor

of 2 of the graph of f (x) = log1/3 x. Write a rule for g.

SOLUTION

Check Step 1 First write a function h that represents the translation of f.

7 h(x) = f (x) + 2 Add 2 to the output.
g
= log1/3 x + 2 Substitute log1/3 x for f (x).
Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the vertical stretch of h.

−1
h
f
14 ⋅
g(x) = 2 h(x) Multiply the output by 2.
= 2 ⋅ (log 1/3 x + 2) Substitute log1/3 x + 2 for h(x).
−3
= 2 log1/3 x + 4 Distributive Property

The transformed function is g(x) = 2 log1/3 x + 4.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

7. Let the graph of g be a horizontal stretch by a factor of 3, followed by a

translation 2 units up of the graph of f (x) = e−x. Write a rule for g.
8. Let the graph of g be a reflection in the y-axis, followed by a translation 4 units to
the left of the graph of f (x) = log x. Write a rule for g.

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 6.4 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. WRITING Given the function f (x) = ab x − h + k, describe the effects of a, h, and k on the graph
of the function.

2. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE The graph of g (x) = log4(−x) is a reflection in the __________ of the
graph of f (x) = log4 x.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–6, match the function with its graph. 14. f (x) = e−x, g(x) = e−x − 9
Explain your reasoning.
x x−3
3. f (x) = 2x + 2 − 2 4. g (x) = 2x + 2 + 2 ( 41 )
15. f (x) = — , g (x) = — ( 14 ) + 12

5. h (x) = 2x − 2 − 2 6. k(x) = 2x − 2 + 2 x x+2

f (x) = ( ) , g(x) = ( )
1 1 2
16. — — −—
3 3 3
A. B.
y y
4 6 In Exercises 17–24, describe the transformation
of f represented by g. Then graph each function.
2 4 (See Example 3.)

−4 −2 4x
17. f (x) = e x, g(x) = e2x
4
−4 −2 2 4x 18. f (x) = e x, g (x) = — ex
3
C. D. 19. f (x) = 2x, g(x) = −2x − 3
y y
4
20. f (x) = 4x, g(x) = 40.5x − 5
2
3 21. f (x) = e−x, g(x) = 3e−6x
−4 2 4x
−1 1
22. f (x) = e−x, g(x) = e−5x + 2
−6 −4 −2 2x
x x+5

In Exercises 7–16, describe the transformation

( 21 )
23. f (x) = — , g(x) = 6 — ( 21 ) −2

of f represented by g. Then graph each function. x x−7

(See Examples 1 and 2.) f (x) = ( ) , g(x) = − ( )
3 3
24. — — +1
4 4
7. f (x) = 3x, g(x) = 3x + 5
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 25 and 26, describe and
8. f (x) = 4x, g(x) = 4x − 8 correct the error in graphing the function.

9. f (x) = e x, g(x) = e x − 1 25. f (x) = 2x + 3

10. f (x) = e x, g(x) = e x + 4

11. f (x) = 2x, g(x) = 2x − 7

✗ y

12. f (x) = 5x, g(x) = 5x + 1

−4 −2 2 4x
13. f (x) = e−x, g(x) = e−x + 6

322 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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 26. f (x) = 3−x In Exercises 35–38, write a rule for g that represents
the indicated transformations of the graph of f.

✗ y
(See Example 5.)
−4 −2 2 4 x 35. f (x) = 5x; translation 2 units down, followed by a
reflection in the y-axis
−4
()
2 x
36. f (x) = —3 ; reflection in the x-axis, followed by a
vertical stretch by a factor of 6 and a translation
4 units left
In Exercises 27–30, describe the transformation 1
of f represented by g. Then graph each function. 37. f (x) = ex; horizontal shrink by a factor of —2 , followed
(See Example 4.) by a translation 5 units up

27. f (x) = log4 x, g(x) = 3 log4 x − 5 38. f (x) = e−x; translation 4 units right and 1 unit down,
followed by a vertical shrink by a factor of —13
28. f (x) = log1/3 x, g(x) = log1/3(−x) + 6
In Exercises 39–42, write a rule for g that represents
29. f (x) = log1/5 x, g(x) = − log1/5(x − 7) the indicated transformation of the graph of f.
(See Example 6.)
30. f (x) = log2 x, g(x) = log2(x + 2) − 3
39. f (x) = log6 x; vertical stretch by a factor of 6,
ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS In Exercises 31–34, match followed by a translation 5 units down
the function with the correct transformation of the
graph of f. Explain your reasoning. 40. f (x) = log5 x; reflection in the x-axis, followed by a
translation 9 units left
y
f 41. f (x) = log1/2 x; translation 3 units left and 2 units up,
followed by a reflection in the y-axis

x 42. f (x) = ln x; translation 3 units right and 1 unit up,

followed by a horizontal stretch by a factor of 8

JUSTIFYING STEPS In Exercises 43 and 44, justify each

step in writing a rule for g that represents the indicated
transformations of the graph of f.
31. y = f (x − 2) 32. y = f (x + 2)
43. f (x) = log7 x; reflection in the x-axis, followed by a
33. y = 2f (x) 34. y = f (2x) translation 6 units down
h (x) = −f (x)
A. y B. y
= −log7 x
g (x) = h (x) − 6
= −log7 x − 6
x x

44. f (x) = 8x; vertical stretch by a factor of 4, followed by

a translation 1 unit up and 3 units left

C. y D. y
⋅ f (x)
h(x) = 4
=4⋅8 x

g (x) = h(x + 3) + 1
x x =4 ⋅8x+3 +1

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 USING STRUCTURE In Exercises 45–48, describe the 51. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend claims a single
transformation of the graph of f represented by the transformation of f (x) = log x can result in a function
graph of g. Then give an equation of the asymptote. g whose graph never intersects the graph of f. Is your
friend correct? Explain your reasoning.
45. f (x) = e x, g(x) = e x + 4
52. THOUGHT PROVOKING Is it possible to transform the
46. f (x) = 3x, g(x) = 3x − 9
graph of f (x) = e x to obtain the graph of g(x) = ln x?
Explain your reasoning.
47. f (x) = ln x, g(x) = ln(x + 6)

48. f (x) = log1/5 x, g(x) = log1/5 x + 13 53. ABSTRACT REASONING Determine whether each
statement is always, sometimes, or never true. Explain
49. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The slope S your reasoning.
of a beach is related to the average diameter d a. A vertical translation of the graph of f (x) = log x
(in millimeters) of the sand particles on the beach by changes the equation of the asymptote.
the equation S = 0.159 + 0.118 log d. Describe the
transformation of f (d ) = log d represented by S. Then b. A vertical translation of the graph of f (x) = e x
use the function to determine the slope of a beach for changes the equation of the asymptote.
each sand type below. c. A horizontal shrink of the graph of f (x) = log x
does not change the domain.
Sand particle Diameter (mm), d
d. The graph of g(x) = abx − h + k does not intersect
fine sand 0.125 the x-axis.

medium sand 0.25 54. PROBLEM SOLVING The amount P (in grams) of
100 grams of plutonium-239 that remains after t years
coarse sand 0.5
can be modeled by P = 100(0.99997)t.
very coarse sand 1
a. Describe the domain and range of the function.
b. How much plutonium-239 is present after
50. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? y 12,000 years?
8
The graphs of f (x) = b x g f
x c. Describe the transformation of the function if the
1
and g(x) = — are
b () 6 initial amount of plutonium were 550 grams.
shown for b = 2. 4 d. Does the transformation in part (c) affect the domain
and range of the function? Explain your reasoning.

55. CRITICAL THINKING Consider the graph of the

−4 −2 2 4x function h (x) = e−x − 2. Describe the transformation
a. Use the graph to describe a transformation of the of the graph of f (x) = e−x represented by the graph
graph of f that results in the graph of g. of h. Then describe the transformation of the graph
of g(x) = e x represented by the graph of h. Justify
b. Does your answer in part (a) change when your answers.
0 < b < 1? Explain.
56. OPEN-ENDED Write a function of the form
y = ab x − h + k whose graph has a y-intercept of 5
and an asymptote of y = 2.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Perform the indicated operation. (Section 5.5)

57. Let f (x) = x4 and g(x) = x2. Find ( fg)(x). Then evaluate the product when x = 3.

()
f
58. Let f (x) = 4x6 and g(x) = 2x3. Find — (x). Then evaluate the quotient when x = 5.
g
59. Let f (x) = 6x3 and g(x) = 8x3. Find ( f + g)(x). Then evaluate the sum when x = 2.
60. Let f (x) = 2x2 and g(x) = 3x2. Find ( f − g)(x). Then evaluate the difference when x = 6.

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 6.1–6.4 What Did You Learn?

Core Vocabulary
exponential function, p. 296 decay factor, p. 296
exponential growth function, p. 296 natural base e, p. 304
growth factor, p. 296 logarithm of y with base b, p. 310
asymptote, p. 296 common logarithm, p. 311
exponential decay function, p. 296 natural logarithm, p. 311

Core Concepts
Section 6.1
Parent Function for Exponential Growth Exponential Growth and Decay Models, p. 297
Functions, p. 296 Compound Interest, p. 299
Parent Function for Exponential Decay
Functions, p. 296

Section 6.2
The Natural Base e, p. 304 Continuously Compounded Interest, p. 306
Natural Base Functions, p. 305

Section 6.3
Definition of Logarithm with Base b, p. 310 Parent Graphs for Logarithmic Functions, p. 313

Section 6.4
Transforming Graphs of Exponential Functions, p. 318 Transforming Graphs of Logarithmic Functions, p. 320

Mathematical Practices
1. How did you check to make sure your answer was reasonable in Exercise 23 on page 300?
2. How can you justify your conclusions in Exercises 23–26 on page 307?
3. How did you monitor and evaluate your progress in Exercise 66 on page 315?

Study Skills

Forming a Weekly
Study Group
• Select students who are just as dedicated to doing well in
the math class as you are.
• Find a regular meeting place that has minimal distractions.
• Compare schedules and plan at least one time a week to
meet, allowing at least 1.5 hours for study time.

325

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 6.1–6.4 Quiz

Tell whether the function represents exponential growth or exponential decay. Explain
your reasoning. (Sections 6.1 and 6.2)
x
1. f (x) = (4.25)x ( 83 )
2. y = — 3. y = e0.6x 4. f (x) = 5e−2x

Simplify the expression. (Sections 6.2 and 6.3)

5. e8 ⋅e 4 6. —
15e3
3e
7. (5e4x)3

8. eln 9 9. log7 49x 10. log3 81−2x

Rewrite the expression in exponential or logarithmic form. (Section 6.3)

11. log4 1024 = 5 12. log1/3 27 = −3 13. 74 = 2401 14. 4−2 = 0.0625

Evaluate the logarithm. If necessary, use a calculator and round your answer to three
decimal places. (Section 6.3)
15. log 45 16. ln 1.4 17. log2 32

Graph the function and its inverse. (Section 6.3)

x
18. f (x) = — ( 19 ) 19. y = ln(x − 7) 20. f (x) = log5(x + 1)

The graph of g is a transformation of the graph of f. Write a rule for g. (Section 6.4)
21. f (x) = log3 x 22. f (x) = 3x 23. f (x) = log1/2 x

y y g y
2 2 g
3 g
−4 −2 2 x 2 4 6x
1
−2 −2
4 8 12 x
−4

24. You purchase an antique lamp for $150. The value of the lamp increases by 2.15% each
year. Write an exponential model that gives the value y (in dollars) of the lamp t years
after you purchased it. (Section 6.1)

25. A local bank advertises two certificate of deposit (CD) accounts that you

2.0%
can use to save money and earn interest. The interest is compounded
monthly for both accounts. (Section 6.1) CD
a. You deposit the minimum required amounts in each CD account.
How much money is in each account at the end of its term? How
Specials annual
interest
36/mo CD t $1500 Minimum Balance

3.0
much interest does each account earn? Justify your answers.
b. Describe the benefits and drawbacks of each account. % annual
interest
26. The Richter scale is used for measuring the magnitude of an earthquake. 60/mo CD t $2000 Minimum Balance
The Richter magnitude R is given by R = 0.67 ln E + 1.17, where E
is the energy (in kilowatt-hours) released by the earthquake. Graph the
model. What is the Richter magnitude for an earthquake that releases
23,000 kilowatt-hours of energy? (Section 6.4)

326 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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 6.5 Properties of Logarithms
Essential Question How can you use properties of exponents to
derive properties of logarithms?
Let
x = logb m and y = logb n.
The corresponding exponential forms of these two equations are
bx = m and b y = n.
CONSTRUCTING
VIABLE ARGUMENTS
To be proficient in math, Product Property of Logarithms
you need to understand Work with a partner. To derive the Product Property, multiply m and n to obtain
and use stated
assumptions, definitions, mn = b x b y = b x + y.
and previously The corresponding logarithmic form of mn = b x + y is logb mn = x + y. So,
established results.
logb mn = . Product Property of Logarithms

Quotient Property of Logarithms

Work with a partner. To derive the Quotient Property, divide m by n to obtain
m bx
— = —y = b x − y.
n b
m m
The corresponding logarithmic form of — = bx − y is logb — = x − y. So,
n n
m
logb — = . Quotient Property of Logarithms
n

Power Property of Logarithms

Work with a partner. To derive the Power Property, substitute bx for m in the
expression logb mn, as follows.
logb mn = logb(bx)n Substitute bx for m.
= logb bnx Power of a Power Property of Exponents
= nx Inverse Property of Logarithms
So, substituting logb m for x, you have
logb mn = . Power Property of Logarithms

Communicate Your Answer

4. How can you use properties of exponents to derive properties of logarithms?
5. Use the properties of logarithms that you derived in Explorations 1–3 to evaluate
each logarithmic expression.
a. log4 163 b. log3 81−3
c. ln e2 + ln e5 d. 2 ln e6 − ln e5
e. log5 75 − log5 3 f. log4 2 + log4 32

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 6.5 Lesson What You Will Learn
Use the properties of logarithms to evaluate logarithms.
Use the properties of logarithms to expand or condense logarithmic
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry expressions.
Previous Use the change-of-base formula to evaluate logarithms.
base
properties of exponents Properties of Logarithms
You know that the logarithmic function with base b is the inverse function of the
exponential function with base b. Because of this relationship, it makes sense that
logarithms have properties similar to properties of exponents.

Core Concept
Properties of Logarithms
STUDY TIP Let b, m, and n be positive real numbers with b ≠ 1.
These three properties of Product Property logb mn = logb m + logb n
logarithms correspond to
m
these three properties of Quotient Property logb — = logb m − logb n
n
exponents.
Power Property logb mn = n logb m
aman = am + n
am
— = am − n
an
(am)n = amn
Using Properties of Logarithms

Use log2 3 ≈ 1.585 and log2 7 ≈ 2.807 to evaluate each logarithm.

a. log2 —37 b. log2 21 c. log2 49

SOLUTION
a. log2 —37 = log2 3 − log2 7 Quotient Property
COMMON ≈ 1.585 − 2.807 Use the given values of log2 3 and log2 7.
ERROR = −1.222 Subtract.
Note that in general
m logb m
logb — ≠ —
n logb n
and b. log2 21 = log2(3 7) ⋅ ⋅
Write 21 as 3 7.
= log2 3 + log2 7 Product Property
logb mn ≠ (logb m)(logb n).
≈ 1.585 + 2.807 Use the given values of log2 3 and log2 7.
= 4.392 Add.

c. log2 49 = log2 72 Write 49 as 72.

= 2 log2 7 Power Property
≈ 2(2.807) Use the given value log2 7.
= 5.614 Multiply.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Use log6 5 ≈ 0.898 and log6 8 ≈ 1.161 to evaluate the logarithm.

5
1. log6 — 2. log6 40 3. log6 64 4. log6 125
8

328 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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 Rewriting Logarithmic Expressions
You can use the properties of logarithms to expand and condense logarithmic
expressions.

Expanding a Logarithmic Expression

5x7
Expand ln —.
y
STUDY TIP
When you are expanding SOLUTION
or condensing an 5x7
expression involving ln — = ln 5x7 − ln y Quotient Property
y
logarithms, you can
assume that any variables = ln 5 + ln x7 − ln y Product Property
are positive. = ln 5 + 7 ln x − ln y Power Property

Condensing a Logarithmic Expression

Condense log 9 + 3 log 2 − log 3.

SOLUTION
log 9 + 3 log 2 − log 3 = log 9 + log 23 − log 3 Power Property

⋅
= log(9 23) − log 3 Product Property
9 ⋅2 3
= log — Quotient Property
3
= log 24 Simplify.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Expand the logarithmic expression.

5
5. log6 3x4 6. ln —
12x
Condense the logarithmic expression.

7. log x − log 9 8. ln 4 + 3 ln 3 − ln 12

Change-of-Base Formula
Logarithms with any base other than 10 or e can be written in terms of common or
natural logarithms using the change-of-base formula. This allows you to evaluate any
logarithm using a calculator.

Core Concept
Change-of-Base Formula
If a, b, and c are positive real numbers with b ≠ 1 and c ≠ 1, then
logb a
logc a = — .
logb c
log a ln a
In particular, logc a = — and logc a = —.
log c ln c

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 Changing a Base Using Common Logarithms

Evaluate log3 8 using common logarithms.

ANOTHER WAY SOLUTION
In Example 4, log3 8 can
be evaluated using natural log 8 log a
log3 8 = — logc a = —
logarithms. log 3 log c
ln 8 0.9031
log3 8 = — ≈ 1.893 ≈ — ≈ 1.893 Use a calculator. Then divide.
ln 3 0.4771
Notice that you get the
same answer whether you
use natural logarithms or Changing a Base Using Natural Logarithms
common logarithms in the
change-of-base formula. Evaluate log6 24 using natural logarithms.

SOLUTION
ln 24 ln a
log6 24 = — logc a = —
ln 6 ln c
3.1781
≈ — ≈ 1.774 Use a calculator. Then divide.
1.7918

Solving a Real-Life Problem

For a sound with intensity I (in watts per square meter), the loudness L(I ) of the sound
(in decibels) is given by the function
I
L(I) = 10 log —
I0
where I0 is the intensity of a barely audible sound (about 10−12 watts per square meter).
An artist in a recording studio turns up the volume of a track so that the intensity of the
sound doubles. By how many decibels does the loudness increase?

SOLUTION
Let I be the original intensity, so that 2I is the doubled intensity.
increase in loudness = L(2I ) − L(I ) Write an expression.
2I I
= 10 log — − 10 log — Substitute.
I0 I0

( 2I
= 10 log — − log —
I0
I
I0 ) Distributive Property

( I
= 10 log 2 + log — − log —
I0
I
I0 ) Product Property

= 10 log 2 Simplify.

The loudness increases by 10 log 2 decibels, or about 3 decibels.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Use the change-of-base formula to evaluate the logarithm.

9. log5 8 10. log8 14 11. log26 9 12. log12 30

13. WHAT IF? In Example 6, the artist turns up the volume so that the intensity of the
sound triples. By how many decibels does the loudness increase?

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 6.5 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE To condense the expression log3 2x + log3 y, you need to use the
__________ Property of Logarithms.

2. WRITING Describe two ways to evaluate log7 12 using a calculator.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

✗
In Exercises 3–8, use log7 4 ≈ 0.712 and log7 12 ≈ 1.277 22.
to evaluate the logarithm. (See Example 1.)
3. log7 3 4. log7 48 ln 8x3 = 3 ln 8 + ln x

5. log7 16 6. log7 64

In Exercises 23–30, condense the logarithmic

7. log7 —14 8. log7 —13 expression. (See Example 3.)
23. log4 7 − log4 10 24. ln 12 − ln 4
In Exercises 9–12, match the expression with the
logarithm that has the same value. Justify your answer. 25. 6 ln x + 4 ln y 26. 2 log x + log 11
9. log3 6 − log3 2 A. log3 64 1
27. log5 4 + —3 log5 x
10. 2 log3 6 B. log3 3
28. 6 ln 2 − 4 ln y
11. 6 log3 2 C. log3 12
29. 5 ln 2 + 7 ln x + 4 ln y
12. log3 6 + log3 2 D. log3 36 1
30. log3 4 + 2 log3 —2 + log3 x
In Exercises 13–20, expand the logarithmic expression.
(See Example 2.) 31. REASONING Which of the following is not equivalent
13. log3 4x 14. log8 3x y4
to log5 —? Justify your answer.
3x
15. log 10x5 16. ln 3x4 A 4 log5 y − log5 3x

x B 4 log5 y − log5 3 + log5 x

17. ln — 18. ln —
6x2
3y 4y C 4 log5 y − log5 3 − log5 x

19. log7 5√ x
— 3—
20. log5 √ x2y D log5 y4 − log5 3 − log5 x

ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 21 and 22, describe 32. REASONING Which of the following equations is
and correct the error in expanding the logarithmic correct? Justify your answer.
expression.
A log7 x + 2 log7 y = log7(x + y2)

✗
21.
x9
B 9 log x − 2 log y = log —2
y
log2 5x = (log2 5)(log2 x)
C 5 log4 x + 7 log2 y = log6 x5y7
x
D log9 x − 5 log9 y = log9 —
5y

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 In Exercises 33– 40, use the change-of-base formula to 44. The intensity of the sound of a certain television
evaluate the logarithm. (See Examples 4 and 5.) advertisement is 10 times greater than the intensity
of the television program. By how many decibels
33. log4 7 34. log5 13
does the loudness increase?
35. log9 15 36. log8 22 Intensity of Television Sound

37. log6 17 38. log2 28

3 9
39. log7 —
16
40. log3 —
40

41. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend claims you can

During show: During ad:
use the change-of-base formula to graph y = log3 x
Intensity = I Intensity = 10I
using a graphing calculator. Is your friend correct?
Explain your reasoning.
45. REWRITING A FORMULA Under certain conditions,
the wind speed s (in knots) at an altitude of h meters
42. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Use the graph to determine above a grassy plain can be modeled by the function
log 8 s(h) = 2 ln 100h.
the value of —.
log 2
a. By what amount does the wind speed increase
y when the altitude doubles?
4 y = log2 x
b. Show that the given function can be written in
2
terms of common logarithms as
2
2 4 6 8x s(h) = — (log h + 2).
log e

46. THOUGHT PROVOKING Determine whether the

MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS In Exercises 43 and 44,
formula
use the function L(I ) given in Example 6.
logb(M + N) = logb M + logb N
43. The blue whale can produce sound with an intensity
that is 1 million times greater than the intensity of the is true for all positive, real values of M, N, and b
loudest sound a human can make. Find the difference (with b ≠ 1). Justify your answer.
in the decibel levels of the sounds made by a
blue whale and a human. (See Example 6.)
47. USING STRUCTURE Use the properties of exponents
to prove the change-of-base formula. (Hint: Let
x = logb a, y = logb c, and z = logc a.)

48. CRITICAL THINKING Describe three ways to

transform the graph of f (x) = log x to obtain the graph
of g(x) = log 100x − 1. Justify your answers.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Solve the inequality by graphing. (Section 3.6)

49. x2 − 4 > 0 50. 2(x − 6)2 − 5 ≥ 37
51. x2 + 13x + 42 < 0 52. −x 2 − 4x + 6 ≤ −6
Solve the equation by graphing the related system of equations. (Section 3.5)
53. 4x2 − 3x − 6 = −x2 + 5x + 3 54. −(x + 3)(x − 2) = x2 − 6x
55. 2x2 − 4x − 5 = −(x + 3)2 + 10 56. −(x + 7)2 + 5 = (x + 10)2 − 3

332 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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 6.6 Solving Exponential and
Logarithmic Equations
Essential Question How can you solve exponential and
logarithmic equations?

Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

Work with a partner. Match each equation with the graph of its related system of
equations. Explain your reasoning. Then use the graph to solve the equation.
a. e x = 2 b. ln x = −1
c. 2x = 3−x d. log4 x = 1
1
e. log5 x = —2 f. 4x = 2

A. y B. y C. y
4 4 4

−4 −2 2 4x −4 −2 2 4x −4 −2 2 4x
−2 −2 −2

−4 −4 −4

D. y E. y F. y
4 4 4

2 2

−4 −2 2 4x −4 −2 2 4x −2 2 x
−2 −2 −2

−4 −4

MAKING SENSE Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

OF PROBLEMS
To be proficient in math, Work with a partner. Look back at the equations in Explorations 1(a) and 1(b). Suppose
you need to plan a you want a more accurate way to solve the equations than using a graphical approach.
solution pathway rather a. Show how you could use a numerical approach by creating a table. For instance,
than simply jumping into you might use a spreadsheet to solve the equations.
a solution attempt.
b. Show how you could use an analytical approach. For instance, you might try
solving the equations by using the inverse properties of exponents and logarithms.

Communicate Your Answer

3. How can you solve exponential and logarithmic equations?
4. Solve each equation using any method. Explain your choice of method.
a. 16x = 2 b. 2x = 42x + 1
c. 2x = 3x + 1 d. log x = —12

e. ln x = 2 f. log3x = —32

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 6.6 Lesson What You Will Learn
Solve exponential equations.
Solve logarithmic equations.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Solve exponential and logarithmic inequalities.
exponential equations, p. 334
logarithmic equations, p. 335
Solving Exponential Equations
Previous Exponential equations are equations in which variable expressions occur as
extraneous solution exponents. The result below is useful for solving certain exponential equations.
inequality

Core Concept
Property of Equality for Exponential Equations
Algebra If b is a positive real number other than 1, then b x = by if and only
if x = y.
Example If 3x = 35, then x = 5. If x = 5, then 3x = 35.

The preceding property is useful for solving an exponential equation when each side
of the equation uses the same base (or can be rewritten to use the same base). When
it is not convenient to write each side of an exponential equation using the same base,
you can try to solve the equation by taking a logarithm of each side.

Solving Exponential Equations

Solve each equation.

x−3
a. 100x = —
1
10 ( ) b. 2x = 7

SOLUTION
x−3

Check
1−3
a. 100x = —
1
10 ( ) Write original equation.

( )
? 1
1001 = —
10
(102)x = (10−1)x − 3
1
Rewrite 100 and — as powers with base 10.
10
−2 102x = 10−x + 3 Power of a Power Property
100 = ( )
? 1
—
10 2x = −x + 3 Property of Equality for Exponential Equations

100 = 100 ✓ x=1 Solve for x.

b. 2x = 7 Write original equation.

log2 2x = log2 7 Take log2 of each side.
x = log2 7 logb b x = x
x ≈ 2.807 Use a calculator.

Check
10

Enter y = and y = 7 in a graphing

2x
calculator. Use the intersect feature
to find the intersection point of the
graphs. The graphs intersect at about
(2.807, 7). So, the solution of 2x = 7 0 5

is about 2.807. ✓ Intersection

X=2.8073549 Y=7
−3

334 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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 An important application of exponential equations is Newton’s Law of Cooling. This
law states that for a cooling substance with initial temperature T0, the temperature T
after t minutes can be modeled by
T = (T0 − TR)e−rt + TR
LOOKING FOR where TR is the surrounding temperature and r is the cooling rate of the substance.
STRUCTURE
Notice that Newton's
Law of Cooling models Solving a Real-Life Problem
the temperature of a
cooling body by adding a You are cooking aleecha, an Ethiopian stew. When you take it off the stove, its
constant function, TR , to temperature is 212°F. The room temperature is 70°F, and the cooling rate of the stew is
a decaying exponential r = 0.046. How long will it take to cool the stew to a serving temperature of 100°F?
function, (T0 − TR)e−rt.
SOLUTION
Use Newton’s Law of Cooling with T = 100, T0 = 212, TR = 70, and r = 0.046.
T = (T0 − TR)e−rt + TR Newton’s Law of Cooling
100 = (212 − 70)e−0.046t + 70 Substitute for T, T0, TR, and r.
30 = 142e−0.046t Subtract 70 from each side.
0.211 ≈ e−0.046t Divide each side by 142.
ln 0.211 ≈ ln e−0.046t Take natural log of each side.
−1.556 ≈ −0.046t ln ex = loge ex = x
33.8 ≈ t Divide each side by −0.046.

You should wait about 34 minutes before serving the stew.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Solve the equation.

1. 2x = 5 2. 79x = 15 3. 4e−0.3x − 7 = 13
4. WHAT IF? In Example 2, how long will it take to cool the stew to 100ºF when the
room temperature is 75ºF?

Solving Logarithmic Equations

Logarithmic equations are equations that involve logarithms of variable expressions.
You can use the next property to solve some types of logarithmic equations.

Core Concept
Property of Equality for Logarithmic Equations
Algebra If b, x, and y are positive real numbers with b ≠ 1, then logb x = logb y
if and only if x = y.
Example If log2 x = log2 7, then x = 7. If x = 7, then log2 x = log2 7.

The preceding property implies that if you are given an equation x = y, then you can
exponentiate each side to obtain an equation of the form bx = by. This technique is
useful for solving some logarithmic equations.

Section 6.6 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 335

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 Solving Logarithmic Equations

Solve (a) ln(4x − 7) = ln(x + 5) and (b) log2(5x − 17) = 3.

SOLUTION
Check a. ln(4x − 7) = ln(x + 5) Write original equation.
4x − 7 = x + 5 Property of Equality for Logarithmic Equations
⋅
?
ln(4 4 − 7) = ln(4 + 5)
3x − 7 = 5 Subtract x from each side.
?
ln(16 − 7) = ln 9 3x = 12 Add 7 to each side.
ln 9 = ln 9 ✓ x=4 Divide each side by 3.

b. log2(5x − 17) = 3 Write original equation.

2log2(5x − 17) = 23 Exponentiate each side using base 2.
Check
5x − 17 = 8 blogb x = x
⋅
?
log2(5 5 − 17) = 3 5x = 25 Add 17 to each side.
? x=5 Divide each side by 5.
log2(25 − 17) = 3
?
log2 8 = 3 Because the domain of a logarithmic function generally does not include all real
Because 23 = 8, log2 8 = 3. ✓ numbers, be sure to check for extraneous solutions of logarithmic equations. You can
do this algebraically or graphically.

Solving a Logarithmic Equation

Solve log 2x + log(x − 5) = 2.

SOLUTION
log 2x + log(x − 5) = 2 Write original equation.
Check
log[2x(x − 5)] = 2 Product Property of Logarithms
⋅
?
log(2 10) + log(10 − 5) = 2
10log[2x(x − 5)] = 102 Exponentiate each side using base 10.
?
log 20 + log 5 = 2 2x(x − 5) = 100 blogb x = x
?
log 100 = 2 2x2 − 10x = 100 Distributive Property

2=2 ✓ 2x2 − 10x − 100 = 0 Write in standard form.

x2 − 5x − 50 = 0 Divide each side by 2.

⋅
?
log[2 (−5)] + log(−5 − 5) = 2 (x − 10)(x + 5) = 0 Factor.
? x = 10 or x = −5 Zero-Product Property
log(−10) + log(−10) = 2
Because log(−10) is not defined, The apparent solution x = −5 is extraneous. So, the only solution is x = 10.
−5 is not a solution. ✗
Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Solve the equation. Check for extraneous solutions.

5. ln(7x − 4) = ln(2x + 11) 6. log2(x − 6) = 5

7. log 5x + log(x − 1) = 2 8. log4(x + 12) + log4 x = 3

336 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Inequalities
Exponential inequalities are inequalities in which variable expressions occur as
exponents, and logarithmic inequalities are inequalities that involve logarithms of
variable expressions. To solve exponential and logarithmic inequalities algebraically,
use these properties. Note that the properties are true for ≤ and ≥ .
Exponential Property of Inequality: If b is a positive real number greater than 1,
STUDY TIP then bx > by if and only if x > y, and bx < by if and only if x < y.
Be sure you understand Logarithmic Property of Inequality: If b, x, and y are positive real numbers with
that these properties of b > 1, then logb x > logb y if and only if x > y, and logb x < logb y if and only if
inequality are only true x < y.
for values of b > 1.
You can also solve an inequality by taking a logarithm of each side or by
exponentiating.

Solving an Exponential Inequality

Solve 3x < 20.

SOLUTION
3x < 20 Write original inequality.
log3 3x < log3 20 Take log3 of each side.
x < log3 20 logb bx = x

The solution is x < log3 20. Because log3 20 ≈ 2.727, the approximate solution
is x < 2.727.

Solving a Logarithmic Inequality

Solve log x ≤ 2.

SOLUTION
Method 1 Use an algebraic approach.
log x ≤ 2 Write original inequality.
10log10 x ≤ 102 Exponentiate each side using base 10.
x ≤ 100 blogb x = x

Because log x is only defined when x > 0, the solution is 0 < x ≤ 100.

Method 2 Use a graphical approach.

3
Graph y = log x and y = 2 in the same viewing
window. Use the intersect feature to determine
that the graphs intersect when x = 100. The graph
of y = log x is on or below the graph of y = 2
when 0 < x ≤ 100. −50 175
Intersection
The solution is 0 < x ≤ 100. X=100 Y=2
−1

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Solve the inequality.

9. ex < 2 10. 102x − 6 > 3 11. log x + 9 < 45 12. 2 ln x − 1 > 4

Section 6.6 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 337

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 6.6 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE The equation 3x − 1 = 34 is an example of a(n) ___________ equation.

2. WRITING Compare the methods for solving exponential and logarithmic equations.

3. WRITING When do logarithmic equations have extraneous solutions?

4. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE If b is a positive real number other than 1, then b x = by

if and only if _________.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 5–16, solve the equation. (See Example 1.) In Exercises 19 and 20, use Newton’s Law of Cooling to
solve the problem. (See Example 2.)
5. 73x + 5 = 71 − x 6. e2x = e3x − 1
19. You are driving on a hot day when your car overheats
7. 5x − 3 = 25x − 5 8. 62x − 6 = 363x − 5 and stops running. The car overheats at 280°F and can
be driven again at 230°F. When it is 80°F outside, the
9. 3x = 7 10. 5x = 33 cooling rate of the car is r = 0.0058. How long do
you have to wait until you can continue driving?
11 − x −4 − x
11. 495x + 2 = — ( 71 ) 12. 5125x − 1 = —( 18 )
13. 75x = 12 14. 116x = 38

15. 3e4x + 9 = 15 16. 2e2x − 7 = 5

17. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The length (in

centimeters) of a scalloped hammerhead shark can be
modeled by the function 20. You cook a turkey until the internal temperature
= 266 − 219e−0.05t reaches 180°F. The turkey is placed on the table until
the internal temperature reaches 100°F and it can
where t is the age (in years) of the shark. How old is a be carved. When the room temperature is 72°F, the
shark that is 175 centimeters long? cooling rate of the turkey is r = 0.067. How long do
you have to wait until you can carve the turkey?

In Exercises 21–32, solve the equation. (See Example 3.)

21. ln(4x − 7) = ln(x + 11)

22. ln(2x − 4) = ln(x + 6)

23. log2(3x − 4) = log2 5 24. log(7x + 3) = log 38

18. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS One hundred grams

25. log2(4x + 8) = 5 26. log3(2x + 1) = 2
of radium are stored in a container. The amount R
(in grams) of radium present after t years can be 27. log7(4x + 9) = 2 28. log5(5x + 10) = 4
modeled by R = 100e−0.00043t. After how many years
will only 5 grams of radium be present? 29. log(12x − 9) = log 3x 30. log6(5x + 9) = log6 6x

31. log2(x2 − x − 6) = 2 32. log3(x2 + 9x + 27) = 2

338 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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 In Exercises 33–40, solve the equation. Check for 45. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS Approximate the
extraneous solutions. (See Example 4.) solution of each equation using the graph.
33. log2 x + log2(x − 2) = 3 a. 1 − 55 − x = −9 b. log2 5x = 2
y y
34. log6 3x + log6(x − 1) = 3 2 12

8 x
8 y=2
35. ln x + ln(x + 3) = 4 −4
y = −9 4
36. ln x + ln(x − 2) = 5
2 4 x
−12
37. log3 3x2 + log3 3 = 2 5−x
y=1−5 −4 y = log2 5x

38. log4(−x) + log4(x + 10) = 2

46. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend states that a
39. log3(x − 9) + log3(x − 3) = 2 logarithmic equation cannot have a negative solution
because logarithmic functions are not defined for
40. log5(x + 4) + log5(x + 1) = 2 negative numbers. Is your friend correct? Justify
your answer.
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 41 and 42, describe and
correct the error in solving the equation. In Exercises 47–54, solve the inequality. (See Examples
5 and 6.)

✗
41.
log3(5x − 1) = 4 47. 9x > 54 48. 4x ≤ 36
3log3(5x − 1) = 43
5x − 1 = 64 49. ln x ≥ 3 50. log4 x < 4
5x = 65
51. 34x − 5 < 8 52. e3x + 4 > 11
x = 13
53. −3 log5 x + 6 ≤ 9 54. −4 log5 x − 5 ≥ 3

✗
42.
55. COMPARING METHODS Solve log5 x < 2
log4(x + 12) + log4 x = 3
algebraically and graphically. Which method do you
log4[(x + 12)(x)] = 3 prefer? Explain your reasoning.
4log4[(x + 12)(x)] = 43
(x + 12)(x) = 64 56. PROBLEM SOLVING You deposit $1000 in an account
2 that pays 3.5% annual interest compounded monthly.
x + 12x − 64 = 0
When is your balance at least $1200? $3500?
(x + 16)(x − 4) = 0
x = −16 or x = 4 57. PROBLEM SOLVING An investment that earns a
rate of return r doubles in value in t years, where
ln 2
43. PROBLEM SOLVING You deposit $100 in an account
t = — and r is expressed as a decimal. What
ln(1 + r)
that pays 6% annual interest. How long will it take rates of return will double the value of an investment
for the balance to reach $1000 for each frequency of in less than 10 years?
compounding?
58. PROBLEM SOLVING Your family purchases a new
a. annual b. quarterly
car for $20,000. Its value decreases by 15% each
c. daily d. continuously year. During what interval does the car’s value
exceed $10,000?
44. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The apparent
magnitude of a star is a measure of the brightness USING TOOLS In Exercises 59–62, use a graphing
of the star as it appears to observers on Earth. The calculator to solve the equation.
apparent magnitude M of the dimmest star that can
be seen with a telescope is M = 5 log D + 2, where 59. ln 2x = 3−x + 2 60. log x = 7−x
D is the diameter (in millimeters) of the telescope’s
objective lens. What is the diameter of the objective 61. log x = 3x − 3 62. ln 2x = e x − 3
lens of a telescope that can reveal stars with a
magnitude of 12?
Section 6.6 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 339

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 63. REWRITING A FORMULA A biologist can estimate the CRITICAL THINKING In Exercises 67–72, solve the
age of an African elephant by measuring the length of equation.
its footprint and using the
67. 2x + 3 = 53x − 1 68. 103x − 8 = 25 − x
equation = 45 − 25.7e−0.09a,
where is the length
36 cm 69. log3(x − 6) = log9 2x
(in centimeters) of the footprint

⋅
and a is the age (in years).
70. log4 x = log8 4x 71. 22x − 12 2x + 32 = 0
a. Rewrite the equation,
solving for a in terms of . 32 cm 72. 52x + 20 ⋅ 5 − 125 = 0
x

b. Use the equation in part (a)

73. WRITING In Exercises 67–70, you solved exponential
to find the ages of the
28 cm and logarithmic equations with different bases.
elephants whose footprints
Describe general methods for solving such equations.
are shown.

24 cm 74. PROBLEM SOLVING When X-rays of a fixed

wavelength strike a material x centimeters thick, the
intensity I(x) of the X-rays transmitted through the
material is given by I(x) = I0e−μx, where I0 is the
64. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Use the graph to solve the initial intensity and μ is a value that depends on the
inequality 4 ln x + 6 > 9. Explain your reasoning. type of material and the wavelength of the X-rays.
The table shows the values of μ for various materials
y and X-rays of medium wavelength.
12

6 Material Aluminum Copper Lead

y=9 y = 4 ln x + 6
Value of μ 0.43 3.2 43
−2 2 4 6 x

a. Find the thickness of aluminum shielding that

reduces the intensity of X-rays to 30% of their
65. OPEN-ENDED Write an exponential equation that has initial intensity. (Hint: Find the value of x for
a solution of x = 4. Then write a logarithmic equation which I(x) = 0.3I0.)
that has a solution of x = −3.
b. Repeat part (a) for the copper shielding.

66. THOUGHT PROVOKING Give examples of logarithmic c. Repeat part (a) for the lead shielding.
or exponential equations that have one solution, two d. Your dentist puts a lead apron on you before
solutions, and no solutions. taking X-rays of your teeth to protect you from
harmful radiation. Based on your results from
parts (a)–(c), explain why lead is a better material
to use than aluminum or copper.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Write an equation in point-slope form of the line that passes through the given point and
has the given slope. (Skills Review Handbook)
75. (1, −2); m = 4 76. (3, 2); m = −2
1
77. (3, −8); m = −—3 78. (2, 5); m = 2

Use finite differences to determine the degree of the polynomial function that fits the data.
Then use technology to find the polynomial function. (Section 4.9)
79. (−3, −50), (−2, −13), (−1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 15), (3, 52), (4, 125)

80. (−3, 139), (−2, 32), (−1, 1), (0, −2), (1, −1), (2, 4), (3, 37), (4, 146)

81. (−3, −327), (−2, −84), (−1, −17), (0, −6), (1, −3), (2, −32), (3, −189), (4, −642)

340 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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 6.7 Modeling with Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions
Essential Question How can you recognize polynomial,
exponential, and logarithmic models?

Recognizing Different Types of Models

Work with a partner. Match each type of model with the appropriate scatter plot.
Use a regression program to find a model that fits the scatter plot.
a. linear (positive slope) b. linear (negative slope) c. quadratic
d. cubic e. exponential f. logarithmic

A. y B. y
6 6

4 4

2 2

2 4 6 x 2 4 6 x

C. y D. y

6 6

4 4

2 2

2 4 6 x 2 4 6 x

E. y F. y

6 8

4 4

USING TOOLS 2
4 6 x
STRATEGICALLY
2 4 6 x
To be proficient in
math, you need to use
technological tools to
explore and deepen Exploring Gaussian and Logistic Models
your understanding
of concepts. Work with a partner. Two common types of functions that are related to exponential
functions are given. Use a graphing calculator to graph each function. Then determine
the domain, range, intercept, and asymptote(s) of the function.
1
a. Gaussian Function: f (x) = e−x
2
b. Logistic Function: f (x) = —
1 + e−x

Communicate Your Answer

3. How can you recognize polynomial, exponential, and logarithmic models?
4. Use the Internet or some other reference to find real-life data that can be modeled
using one of the types given in Exploration 1. Create a table and a scatter plot of
the data. Then use a regression program to find a model that fits the data.

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 6.7 Lesson What You Will Learn
Classify data sets.
Write exponential functions.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Use technology to find exponential and logarithmic models.
Previous
finite differences
Classifying Data
common ratio
point-slope form You have analyzed finite differences of data with equally-spaced inputs to determine
what type of polynomial function can be used to model the data. For exponential
data with equally-spaced inputs, the outputs are multiplied by a constant factor. So,
consecutive outputs form a constant ratio.

Classifying Data Sets

Determine the type of function represented by each table.

a.
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
y 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32

b.
x −2 0 2 4 6 8 10

y 2 0 2 8 18 32 50

SOLUTION
a. The inputs are equally spaced. Look for a pattern in the outputs.

x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

y 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32

×2 ×2 ×2 ×2 ×2 ×2

As x increases by 1, y is multiplied by 2. So, the common ratio is 2, and the

data in the table represent an exponential function.
b. The inputs are equally spaced. The outputs do not have a common ratio.
So, analyze the finite differences.
REMEMBER
x −2 0 2 4 6 8 10
First differences of linear
functions are constant, y 2 0 2 8 18 32 50
second differences of
quadratic functions are −2 2 6 10 14 18 first differences
constant, and so on.
4 4 4 4 4 second differences
The second differences are constant. So, the data in the table represent a
quadratic function.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Determine the type of function represented by the table. Explain your reasoning.

1. 2.
x 0 10 20 30 x 0 2 4 6

y 15 12 9 6 y 27 9 3 1

342 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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 Writing Exponential Functions
You know that two points determine a line. Similarly, two points determine an
exponential curve.

Writing an Exponential Function Using Two Points

Write an exponential function y = ab x whose graph passes through (1, 6) and (3, 54).

SOLUTION
Step 1 Substitute the coordinates of the two given points into y = ab x.
6 = ab1 Equation 1: Substitute 6 for y and 1 for x.
54 = ab3 Equation 2: Substitute 54 for y and 3 for x.
6
Step 2 Solve for a in Equation 1 to obtain a = — and substitute this expression for a
b
in Equation 2.

REMEMBER 6
()
54 = — b3
6
Substitute — for a in Equation 2.
b b
You know that b must be
positive by the definition 54 = 6b2 Simplify.
of an exponential
9 = b2 Divide each side by 6.
function.
3=b Take the positive square root because b > 0.
6 6
Step 3 Determine that a = — = — = 2.
b 3

So, the exponential function is y = 2(3x).

Data do not always show an exact exponential relationship. When the data in a scatter
plot show an approximately exponential relationship, you can model the data with an
exponential function.

Finding an Exponential Model

A store sells trampolines. The table shows the numbers y of trampolines sold during
Year, Number of the xth year that the store has been open. Write a function that models the data.
x trampolines, y
1 12 SOLUTION
2 16 Step 1 Make a scatter plot of the data. Trampoline Sales
The data appear exponential.
3 25 y
Number of trampolines

Step 2 Choose any two points to write a model,

4 36 such as (1, 12) and (4, 36). Substitute the 80

5 50 coordinates of these two points into y = ab x. 60

6 67 12 = ab1
40
7 96 36 = ab4
20
Solve for a in the first equation to obtain
12 3— 0
a = —. Substitute to obtain b = √ 3 ≈ 1.44 0 2 4 6 x
b Year
12
and a = — ≈ 8.32.
3—
√3
So, an exponential function that models the data is y = 8.32(1.44)x.

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 A set of more than two points (x, y) fits an exponential pattern if and only if the set of
transformed points (x, ln y) fits a linear pattern.
Graph of points (x, y) Graph of points (x, ln y)
y ln y
y = 2x 2 2
(1, 2)
(−1, 12 ( ln y = x(ln 2)
(−2, 14 ( (0, 1)
(0, 0) (1, 0.69)
−3 −2 −1 1 2x −3 −2 1 2x
(−1, −0.69)
−1 −1

(−2, −1.39)

The graph is an exponential curve. The graph is a line.

Writing a Model Using Transformed Points

Use the data from Example 3. Create a scatter plot of the data pairs (x, ln y) to show
that an exponential model should be a good fit for the original data pairs (x, y). Then
write an exponential model for the original data.

SOLUTION
Step 1 Create a table of data pairs (x, ln y).

LOOKING FOR x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
STRUCTURE ln y 2.48 2.77 3.22 3.58 3.91 4.20 4.56
Because the axes are x
and ln y, the point-slope Step 2 Plot the transformed points as shown. The ln y
form is rewritten as points lie close to a line, so an exponential 4
ln y − ln y1 = m(x − x1). model should be a good fit for the original data.
The slope of the line
through (1, 2.48) and Step 3 Find an exponential model y = ab x by choosing
(7, 4.56) is any two points on the line, such as (1, 2.48) and
2 4 6 8 x
(7, 4.56). Use these points to write an equation
4.56 − 2.48
—— ≈ 0.35. of the line. Then solve for y.
7−1
ln y − 2.48 = 0.35(x − 1) Equation of line
ln y = 0.35x + 2.13 Simplify.
y= e0.35x + 2.13 Exponentiate each side using base e.
y = e0.35x(e2.13) Use properties of exponents.
y= 8.41(1.42)x Simplify.

So, an exponential function that models the data is y = 8.41(1.42)x.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Write an exponential function y = ab x whose graph passes through the

given points.

3. (2, 12), (3, 24) 4. (1, 2), (3, 32) 5. (2, 16), (5, 2)

6. WHAT IF? Repeat Examples 3 and 4 using the sales data from another store.

Year, x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of trampolines, y 15 23 40 52 80 105 140

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 Using Technology
You can use technology to find best-fit models for exponential and logarithmic data.

Finding an Exponential Model

Use a graphing calculator to find an exponential model for the data in Example 3.
Then use this model and the models in Examples 3 and 4 to predict the number of
trampolines sold in the eighth year. Compare the predictions.

SOLUTION
Enter the data into a graphing calculator and ExpReg
perform an exponential regression. The model y=a*b^x
is y = 8.46(1.42)x. a=8.457377971
b=1.418848603
Substitute x = 8 into each model to predict the r2=.9972445053
number of trampolines sold in the eighth year. r=.9986213023

Example 3: y = 8.32(1.44)8 ≈ 154

Example 4: y = 8.41(1.42)8 ≈ 139
Regression model: y = 8.46(1.42)8 ≈ 140

The predictions are close for the regression model and the model in Example 4
that used transformed points. These predictions are less than the prediction for
the model in Example 3.

Finding a Logarithmic Model

T atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude. At sea level, the average
The
aair pressure is 1 atmosphere (1.033227 kilograms per square centimeter). The table
shows the pressures p (in atmospheres) at selected altitudes h (in kilometers). Use
a graphing calculator to find a logarithmic model of the form h = a + b ln p that
represents
r the data. Estimate the altitude when the pressure is 0.75 atmosphere.

Air pressure, p 1 0.55 0.25 0.12 0.06 0.02

Altitude, h 0 5 10 15 20 25

SOLUTION
LnReg
E
Enter the data into a graphing calculator and y=a+blnx
pperform a logarithmic regression. The model a=.8626578705
iis h = 0.86 − 6.45 ln p. b=-6.447382985
r2=.9925582287
Substitute p = 0.75 into the model to obtain
S r=-.996272166

h = 0.86 − 6.45 ln 0.75 ≈ 2.7.

Weather balloons carry instruments
that send back information such So, when the air pressure is 0.75 atmosphere, the altitude is about 2.7 kilometers.
as wind speed, temperature, and
air pressure.
Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

7. Use a graphing calculator to find an exponential model for the data in

Monitoring Progress Question 6.

8. Use a graphing calculator to find a logarithmic model of the form p = a + b ln h

for the data in Example 6. Explain why the result is an error message.

Section 6.7 Modeling with Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 345

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 6.7 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE Given a set of more than two data pairs (x, y), you can decide whether
a(n) __________ function fits the data well by making a scatter plot of the points (x, ln y).

2. WRITING Given a table of values, explain how you can determine whether an exponential function is
a good model for a set of data pairs (x, y).

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–6, determine the type of function ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 17 and 18, describe and
represented by the table. Explain your reasoning. correct the error in determining the type of function
(See Example 1.) represented by the data.

✗
3. 17.
x 0 3 6 9 12 15
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 0.25 1 4 16 64 256
1 1
y —9 —3 1 3 9
4.
x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 ×3 ×3 ×3 ×3
1 1 The outputs have a common ratio of 3, so the
y 16 8 4 2 1 —2 —4
data represent a linear function.

5.
x 5 10 15 20 25 30

✗
18.
y 4 3 7 16 30 49 x −2 −1 1 2 4

6. y 3 6 12 24 48
x −3 1 5 9 13
y 8 −3 −14 −25 −36 ×2 ×2 ×2 ×2
The outputs have a common ratio of 2, so the
In Exercises 7–16, write an exponential function data represent an exponential function.
y = ab x whose graph passes through the given points.
(See Example 2.) 19. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS A store sells
7. (1, 3), (2, 12) 8. (2, 24), (3, 144) motorized scooters. The table shows the numbers y
of scooters sold during the xth year that the store has
9. (3, 1), (5, 4) 10. (3, 27), (5, 243) been open. Write a function that models the data.
(See Example 3.)
11. (1, 2), (3, 50) 12. (1, 40), (3, 640)
x y
13. (−1, 10), (4, 0.31) 14. (2, 6.4), (5, 409.6) 1 9

15. y 16. y 2 14
6 12 3 19
(−3, 10.8)
4
(4, 4) 8 4 25

2 4 5 37
(−2, 3.6)
(1, 0.5) 6 53
2 4 6 x −6 −4 −2 x
7 71

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 20. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The table shows the 26. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Use the data
numbers y of visits to a website during the xth month. from Exercise 19. Create a scatter plot of the data
Write a function that models the data. Then use your pairs (x, ln y) to show that an exponential model
model to predict the number of visits after 1 year. should be a good fit for the original data pairs (x, y).
Then write an exponential model for the original data.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 22 39 70 126 227 408 735 In Exercises 27–30, create a scatter plot of the points
(x, ln y) to determine whether an exponential model fits
the data. If so, find an exponential model for the data.
In Exercises 21–24, determine whether the data show
an exponential relationship. Then write a function that 27.
x 1 2 3 4 5
models the data.
y 18 36 72 144 288
21.
x 1 6 11 16 21
28.
y 12 28 76 190 450 x 1 4 7 10 13
y 3.3 10.1 30.6 92.7 280.9
22.
x −3 −1 1 3 5
29.
y 2 7 24 68 194 x −13 −6 1 8 15
y 9.8 12.2 15.2 19 23.8
23.
x 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
y 66 58 48 42 31 26 21 30. x −8 −5 −2 1 4
y 1.4 1.67 5.32 6.41 7.97
24. x −20 −13 −6 1 8 15
y 25 19 14 11 8 6 31. USING TOOLS Use a graphing calculator to find an
exponential model for the data in Exercise 19. Then
use the model to predict the number of motorized
25. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Your visual near scooters sold in the tenth year. (See Example 5.)
point is the closest point at which your eyes can see
an object distinctly. The diagram shows the near 32. USING TOOLS A doctor measures an astronaut’s
point y (in centimeters) at age x (in years). Create a pulse rate y (in beats per minute) at various times x
scatter plot of the data pairs (x, ln y) to show that an (in minutes) after the astronaut has finished
exponential model should be a good fit for the original exercising. The results are shown in the table. Use a
data pairs (x, y). Then write an exponential model for graphing calculator to find an exponential model for
the original data. (See Example 4.) the data. Then use the model to predict the astronaut’s
pulse rate after 16 minutes.
Visual Near Point Distances
Age 20 x y
12 cm

Age 30 0 172
15 cm
2 132
Age 40
25 cm 4 110

Age 50 6 92
40 cm
8 84
Age 60
100 cm 10 78

12 75

Section 6.7 Modeling with Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 347

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 33. USING TOOLS An object at a temperature of 160°C 36. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? The graph shows a set of
is removed from a furnace and placed in a room at data points (x, ln y). Do the data pairs (x, y) fit an
20°C. The table shows the temperatures d (in degrees exponential pattern? Explain your reasoning.
Celsius) at selected times t (in hours) after the object
was removed from the furnace. Use a graphing ln y
4
calculator to find a logarithmic model of the form
(2, 3)
t = a + b ln d that represents the data. Estimate how 2
long it takes for the object to cool to 50°C. (0, 1)
(See Example 6.) (−2, −1) 2 4x
−2
d 160 90 56 38 29 24
(−4, −3)
t 0 1 2 3 4 5

34. USING TOOLS The f-stops on a camera control the

amount of light that enters the camera. Let s be a 37. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend says it is
measure of the amount of light that strikes the film possible to find a logarithmic model of the form
and let f be the f-stop. The table shows several f-stops d = a + b ln t for the data in Exercise 33. Is your
on a 35-millimeter camera. Use a graphing calculator friend correct? Explain.
to find a logarithmic model of the form s = a + b ln f
that represents the data. Estimate the amount of light 38. THOUGHT PROVOKING Is it possible to write y as an
that strikes the film when f = 5.657. exponential function of x? Explain your reasoning.
(Assume p is positive.)
f s
x y
1.414 1
1 p
2.000 2
2 2p
2.828 3
3 4p
4.000 4
4 8p
11.314 7
5 16p

35. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS The table shows the

average weight (in kilograms) of an Atlantic cod that 39. CRITICAL THINKING You plant a sunflower seedling
is x years old from the Gulf of Maine. in your garden. The height h (in centimeters) of
the seedling after t weeks can be modeled by the
Age, x 1 2 3 4 5 logistic function
Weight, y 0.751 1.079 1.702 2.198 3.438 256
h(t) = —— .
1 + 13e−0.65t
a. Show that an exponential model fits the data. Then a. Find the time it takes the sunflower seedling to
find an exponential model for the data. reach a height of 200 centimeters.
b. By what percent does the weight of an Atlantic cod b. Use a graphing calculator to graph the function.
increase each year in this period of time? Explain. Interpret the meaning of the asymptote in the
context of this situation.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Tell whether x and y are in a proportional relationship. Explain your reasoning.

(Skills Review Handbook)
x 5
40. y = — 41. y = 3x − 12 42. y = — 43. y = −2x
2 x
Identify the focus, directrix, and axis of symmetry of the parabola. Then graph the equation.
(Section 2.3)
1 2
44. x = —8 y2 45. y = 4x2 46. x2 = 3y 47. y2 = —5 x

348 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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 6.5–6.7 What Did You Learn?

Core Vocabulary
exponential equations, p. 334
logarithmic equations, p. 335

Core Concepts
Section 6.5
Properties of Logarithms, p. 328
Change-of-Base Formula, p. 329

Section 6.6
Property of Equality for Exponential Equations, p. 334
Property of Equality for Logarithmic Equations, p. 335

Section 6.7
Classifying Data, p. 342
Writing Exponential Functions, p. 343
Using Exponential and Logarithmic Regression, p. 345

Mathematical Practices
1. Explain how you used properties of logarithms to rewrite the function in part (b) of
Exercise 45 on page 332.
2. How can you use cases to analyze the argument given in Exercise 46 on page 339?
9?

Performance Task

Measuring Natural
Disasters
In 2005, an earthquake measuring 4.1 on the Richter scale barely shook
the city of Ocotillo, California, leaving virtually no damage. But in 1906,
an earthquake with an estimated 8.2 on the same scale devastated the
city of San Francisco. Does twice the measurement on the Richter scale
mean twice the intensity of the earthquake?

To explore the answers to these questions and more, go to

BigIdeasMath.com.

349
9

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 6 Chapter Review
6.1 Exponential Growth and Decay Functions (pp. 295–302)
Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Tell whether the function y = 3x represents exponential growth or exponential decay.

Then graph the function.
Step 1 Identify the value of the base. The base, 3, is greater than 1,
so the function represents exponential growth. y

Step 2 Make a table of values. 8

(2, 9)
x −2 −1 0 1 2
Step 3 Plot the points from the table. 1 1 6
y —9 —3 1 3 9
Step 4 Draw, from left to right, 4
a smooth curve that begins
just above the x-axis, passes through the plotted points, and moves
(−1, 13 ( 2
(1, 3)
up to the right. (−2, 19 ( (0, 1)
−4 −2 2 x
Tell whether the function represents exponential growth or exponential
decay. Identify the percent increase or decrease. Then graph the function.
1 x
1. f (x) = —3 () 2. y = 5x 3. f (x) = (0.2)x

4. You deposit $1500 in an account that pays 7% annual interest. Find the balance after 2 years
when the interest is compounded daily.

6.2 The Natural Base e (pp. 303–308)

Simplify each expression.

18e13
a. — = 9e13 − 7 = 9e6 b. (2e3x)3 = 23(e3x)3 = 8e9x
2e7
Simplify the expression.

⋅
5. e4 e11
20e3
6. —6
10e
7. (−3e−5x)2

Tell whether the function represents exponential growth or exponential decay. Then graph
the function.
1
8. f (x) = —3 e x 9. y = 6e−x 10. y = 3e−0.75x

6.3 Logarithms and Logarithmic Functions (pp. 309–316)

Find the inverse of the function y = ln(x − 2). Check

6
y = ln(x − 2) Write original function. The graphs appear
x = ln(y − 2) Switch x and y. to be reflections of
−9 each other in the
✓
9
ex = y − 2 Write in exponential form.
line y = x.
ex + 2 = y Add 2 to each side.
−6
The inverse of y = ln(x − 2) is y = e x + 2.

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 Evaluate the logarithm.
1
11. log2 8 12. log6 —
36
13. log5 1

Find the inverse of the function.

14. f (x) = 8x 15. y = ln(x − 4) 16. y = log(x + 9)

17. Graph y = log1/5 x.

6.4 Transformations of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (pp. 317–324)

x
Describe the transformation of f (x) =
x−1
(—)
1
3
represented by f g y

()
g(x) = —
1
3
+ 3. Then graph each function.
1 x−h
Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = —
3 () + k,
4

where h = 1 and k = 3.

So, the graph of g is a translation 1 unit right and 3 units up −2 2 4 x

of the graph of f.

Describe the transformation of f represented by g. Then graph each function.

1
18. f (x) = e−x, g(x) = e−5x − 8 19. f (x) = log4 x, g(x) = —2 log4(x + 5)

Write a rule for g.

20. Let the graph of g be a vertical stretch by a factor of 3, followed by a translation 6 units left and
3 units up of the graph of f (x) = e x.
21. Let the graph of g be a translation 2 units down, followed by a reflection in the y-axis of the
graph of f (x) = log x.

6.5 Properties of Logarithms (pp. 327–332)

12x5
Expand ln —.
y
12x5
ln — = ln 12x5 − ln y Quotient Property
y
= ln 12 + ln x5 – ln y Product Property
= ln 12 + 5 ln x – ln y Power Property

Expand or condense the logarithmic expression.

3y
22. log8 3xy 23. log 10x3y 24. ln —5
x
25. 3 log7 4 + log7 6 26. log2 12 − 2 log2 x 27. 2 ln x + 5 ln 2 − ln 8

Use the change-of-base formula to evaluate the logarithm.

28. log2 10 29. log7 9 30. log23 42

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 6.6 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations (pp. 333–340)

Solve ln(3x − 9) = ln(2x + 6).

ln(3x − 9) = ln(2x + 6) Write original equation. Check
3x − 9 = 2x + 6
⋅ ⋅
Property of Equality for ?
ln(3 15 − 9) = ln(2 15 + 6)
Logarithmic Equations ?
ln(45 − 9) = ln(30 + 6)
x−9=6
x = 15
Subtract 2x from each side.
Add 9 to each side.
ln 36 = ln 36 ✓
Solve the equation. Check for extraneous solutions.
31. 5x = 8 32. log3(2x − 5) = 2 33. ln x + ln(x + 2) = 3

Solve the inequality.

34. 6x > 12 35. ln x ≤ 9 36. e4x − 2 ≥ 16

6.7 Modeling with Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (pp. 341–348)

Write an exponential function whose graph passes through (1, 3) and (4, 24).
Step 1 Substitute the coordinates of the two given points into y = ab x.
3 = ab1 Equation 1: Substitute 3 for y and 1 for x.
24 = ab4 Equation 2: Substitute 24 for y and 4 for x.
3
Step 2 Solve for a in Equation 1 to obtain a = — and substitute this expression for a in Equation 2.
b

()
24 = — b
3 4
b
3
Substitute — for a in Equation 2.
b
24 = 3b3 Simplify.
8= b3 Divide each side by 3.
2=b Take cube root of each side.
3 3
Step 3 Determine that a = — = —.
b 2
3
So, the exponential function is y = — (2x).
2
Write an exponential model for the data pairs (x, y).
37. (3, 8), (5, 2) 38.
x 1 2 3 4
ln y 1.64 2.00 2.36 2.72

39. A shoe store sells a new type of basketball shoe. The

Week, t 1 3 5 7 9
table shows the pairs sold s over time t (in weeks). Use
a graphing calculator to find a logarithmic model of the Pairs sold, s 5 32 48 58 65
form s = a + b ln t that represents the data. Estimate
how many pairs of shoes are sold after 6 weeks.

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 6 Chapter Test
Graph the equation. State the domain, range, and asymptote.
x
1. y = — ( 21 ) 2. y = log1/5 x 3. y = 4e−2x

Describe the transformation of f represented by g. Then write a rule for g.

x
4. f (x) = log x 5. f (x) = e x 6. f (x) = —( 41 )
y y g y
5
2
g 2
x
2
1
g −4 −2 2 4x
−4 −2 2 4x

Evaluate the logarithm. Use log3 4 ≈ 1.262 and log3 13 ≈ 2.335, if necessary.
13 1
7. log3 52 8. log3 —
9
9. log3 16 10. log3 8 + log3 —2

11. Describe the similarities and differences in solving the equations 45x − 2 = 16 and
log4(10x + 6) = 1. Then solve each equation.
log 11 ln 11
12. Without calculating, determine whether log511, —, and — are equivalent
log 5 ln 5
expressions. Explain your reasoning.

13. The amount y of oil collected by a petroleum company drilling on the U.S. continental
shelf can be modeled by y = 12.263 ln x − 45.381, where y is measured in billions of
barrels and x is the number of wells drilled. About how many barrels of oil would you
expect to collect after drilling 1000 wells? Find the inverse function and describe the
information you obtain from finding the inverse.

14. The percent L of surface light that filters down through bodies of water can be modeled
by the exponential function L(x) = 100e kx, where k is a measure of the murkiness of the
0m
water and x is the depth (in meters) below the surface.
a. A recreational submersible is traveling in clear water with a k-value of about −0.02. 10 m L = 82%
Write a function that gives the percent of surface light that filters down through clear
water as a function of depth.
20 m L = 67%
b. Tell whether your function in part (a) represents exponential growth or exponential
decay. Explain your reasoning.
30 m L = 55%
c. Estimate the percent of surface light available at a depth of 40 meters.

40 m

15. The table shows the values y (in dollars) of a new snowmobile after x years of ownership.
Describe three different ways to find an exponential model that represents the data. Then
write and use a model to find the year when the snowmobile is worth $2500.

Year, x 0 1 2 3 4
Value, y 4200 3780 3402 3061.80 2755.60

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 6 Cumulative Assessment

1. Select every value of b for the equation y = b x that could result in the graph shown.

y = bx

x 1.08 0.94 e2

5
2.04 e−1/2 —
4

2. Your friend claims more interest is earned when an account pays interest compounded
continuously than when it pays interest compounded daily. Do you agree with your
friend? Justify your answer.

3. You are designing a rectangular picnic cooler with a length four times its width and
height twice its width. The cooler has insulation that is 1 inch thick on each of the four
sides and 2 inches thick on the top and bottom.

1 in.

2 in.

a. Let x represent the width of the cooler. Write a polynomial function T that
gives the volume of the rectangular prism formed by the outer surfaces
of the cooler.
b. Write a polynomial function C for the volume of the inside of the cooler.
c. Let I be a polynomial function that represents the volume of the insulation.
How is I related to T and C?
d. Write I in standard form. What is the volume of the insulation when the
width of the cooler is 8 inches?

4. What is the solution to the logarithmic inequality −4 log2 x ≥ −20?

A x ≤ 32

B 0 ≤ x ≤ 32

C 0 < x ≤ 32

D x ≥ 32

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 5. Describe the transformation of f (x) = log2 x represented by the graph of g.

y f
g 2

−6 −4 2 4 6 x

6. Let f (x) = 2x3 − 4x2 + 8x − 1, g(x) = 2x − 3x4 − 6x3 + 5, and h(x) = −7 + x2 + x.

Order the following functions from least degree to greatest degree.
A. ( f + g)(x) B. (hg)(x)
C. (h − f )(x) D. ( f h)(x)

7. Write an exponential model that represents each data set. Compare the two models.
a. y b.
x 2 3 4 5 6
80
y 4.5 13.5 40.5 121.5 364.5
60

40

20

2 4 6x

8. Choose a method to solve each quadratic equation. Explain your choice of method.
a. x2 + 4x = 10 b. x2 = −12
c. 4(x − 1)2 = 6x + 2 d. x2 − 3x − 18 = 0

9. At the annual pumpkin-tossing contest, contestants compete to see whose catapult

will send pumpkins the longest distance. The table shows the horizontal distances
y (in feet) a pumpkin travels when launched at different angles x (in degrees).
Create a scatter plot of the data. Do the data show a linear, quadratic, or exponential
relationship? Use technology to find a model for the data. Find the angle(s) at which a
launched pumpkin travels 500 feet.

Angle (degrees), x 20 30 40 50 60 70

Distance (feet), y 372 462 509 501 437 323

Chapter 6 Cumulative Assessment 355

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