Comment and Signature: Date of submission: 03/11/2024 1. Objective of the experiment: The objective of this experiment is to teach us the basic concepts of using circuit variables like voltage, current, and power as well as some circuit elements like voltage source and resistance. We can also learn how to use a voltmeter and an ammeter to measure voltage and current.
2. Circuit diagrams:
Fig 1(a) : Diagrams for a series circuit
Fig 1(b) : Diagrams for a parallel circuit
3. Experiment data
Table 1: Series Circuit
Vs V1 V2 I 2V 0.6373 V 1.3524 V 0.0138 A
Table 2: Parallel Circuit
Vs I1 I2 2V 0.022 A 0.0088 A
Table 1: Series Circuit
R1 R2 R3 R4 46.2 Ω 98 Ω 98 Ω 223 Ω 4. Answer to the post-lab report questions:
Answer 1: Answer 2:
Here, In both circuits (a & b), the measured value of the voltage source, Vs = 2 V And the measured values of the resistors are, R1= 46.2 Ω, R2= 98 Ω, R3= 98 Ω and R4= 223 Ω
According to Ohms’ law, we know that,
V = IR
So, in the series circuit (a),
Vs I= ; [Where Rs= Equivalent resistance of the series] Rs Vs 2V = = = 0.0139 A R1+R2 46.2Ω+98 Ω
V1 = IR1 = 0.0139 A × 46.2 Ω = 0.642 V
V2 = IR2 = 0.0139 A × 98 Ω = 1.36 V And in the parallel circuit (b), V = Vs = 2 V Vs 2V I1 = = = 0.021 A R3 98 Ω Vs 2V I2 = = = 0.0089 A R4 223 Ω
Answer 3: Table 4: Comparison of calculated value and measured value Circuit Variables Calculated Value Measured Value V 2V 2V V1 0.642 V 0.6373 V V2 1.36 V 1.3524 V I 0.0139 A 0.0138 A I1 0.021 V 0.022 A I2 0.0089 V 0.0088 A
We can see some differences between the calculated values and
measured values. So, we can come to a conclusion that some errors might have occurred during the measurement process. A table containing percentage errors of these measured values is given below: Table 5: Percentage errors in the measured values
Error in percentage
Circuit Variables Calculated value~Measured value
= × 100% Calculated value
V 0% V1 0.72% V2 0.56% I 0.7% I1 4.76% I2 1.1%
Answer 4: The measured values of V, V1, and V2 is respectively 2 V, 0.6373 V and 1.3524 V. And the measured values of I, I1, and I2 is respectively 0.0138 A, 0.22 A and 0.0088 A.
According to Ohms’ law, we know that,
𝐕 V = IR Or, 𝐑= 𝐈
So, V1 0.6373 V R1 = = = 46.18 Ω I 0.0138 A V2 1.3524 V R2 = = = 98.01 Ω I 0.0138 A V 2V R3 = = = 95.23 Ω I1 0.021 A V 2V R4 = = = 227.27 Ω I2 0.0088 A
We can see these values do not agree with the resistances measured by the multimeter. So, we can come to a conclusion that some errors might have occurred during the measurement process.
Answer 5: The voltmeter I used in the lab has different ranges like 3 V, 15 V and 30 V. (i) To measure 100 mV voltage, I would use the range 3 V. (ii) To measuring 5 V voltage, I would use the range 15 V.
By doing such, not only the device will not be damaged for excessive current flow but also, I will have the least error.
