SHAYAN QAYYUM ME242011

ASSIGNMENT #01
Instructions:
1. Answer each question in your own words.
2. Write your responses with clarity, ensuring that your understanding
of the concepts is well expressed.
3. Submit the completed assignment by due date:

Q#01: Describe what you understand by Emerging Technologies and

provide three examples of such technologies in use today. For each
example, explain how the technology is transforming an industry or
improving daily life.

ANS#01:

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES:
It pertains to the advancements and new concepts and ideas that are in
the phase of development. There are several sophisticated answers for difficult questions. There are
many processes to integrate our educational technology, our biomedical technology through the
assistance of AI. It may possibly alter the method people live and the method people work. It is very
effective method in enhancing the user experience and making it better.

Here are some examples of Emerging computing technologies.

01: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:

It is the technology that enables the computer and
machine simulates human learning, problem solving and creativity.

HOW ITS TRANSFORM THE INDUSTRIES:

AI we can use in the health care
department for helping doctors to easily identifying the disease such as cancer, tuberculosis for more
accuracy and faster than old method.

02: BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY:

Its transform the blockchain technology which is
known as the backbone of cryptocurrency like bitcoin.

HOW ITS TRANSFORM THE INDUSTRIES:

Blockchain is the decentralized method of transaction its reduces the risk, fraud, and corruption with
the help of AI.

03: INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT):

It belongs to the interconnection of the physical
devices, vehicles and any other thing which collects or exchange data. its transform the society by
their smart environment and system:
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HOW ITS TRANSFORM THE INDUSTRIES:

IOT IN LOGISTICS DEPARTMEN:

It enhances the inventory, tracking management. It provides real time
data of ships, trucks and their location and condition.

IOT IN HOUSES:
We can use IOT as a security purpose at home with the help of remote controls
because it is very efficient and secure.

Q#02: In your own words, explain the difference between Data and Information.
Describe a scenario from daily life or work where data is transformed into
information to make a decision: Use any dataset (e.g., Employee attendance,
sales numbers, survey responses) and process it to extract meaningful
information. Write a brief report on your findings, explaining the
transformation from data to information in your chosen scenario

ANS#02:

DATA:
Data is unorganised and unrefined facts it is an individual unit that contains raw materials
which do not carry any specific meaning. Data doesn’t depend on information.

INFORMATION:
Information is processed, organised and structured data. It provides context for data
and enables decision making. It depends on Data.

Scenario: Employee Attendance Data

Let suppose a small company that tracks an employee attendance. Here is a sample data
sheet for one week.

DECISION MAKING:
The company is used this information for make decision faster.

FOR SODHI & ASHISH: They both have multiple absents, the manager may want to reach out them
and ask them the reason behind their absents. Is there any genuine issue or they are just absent and
giving the fake reasons. Now the manager wants to make decision, firstly they discuss the problem
with employee for improving attendance or investigate is there any personal issues affecting their
work attendance.
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FOR JETHALAL: The company may want to recognize and reward employees like Charlie with
perfect attendance as a way to encourage others.

BRIEF REPORT ANALYSIS:

The goal is to analyse the attendance of employees for one
week it may need attention or improvement.

METHOD:
Attendance data for five employees over a week was collected, showing each day’s
attendance (Present or Absent).

FINDINGS:
 JETHALAL maintain perfect attendance with no absence.
 SODHI had one absence.
 MAHESH had two absences while SODHI and ASHISH has 3 absents each.

IMPLICATIONS:

 GULL and ALI may need attention due to their higher number of absences. A meeting or
discussion might be necessary to understand whether these absences are due to personal or
work-related issues.

 JADEEL perfect attendance could be acknowledged, potentially setting a positive example for
other employees

Q#03: Explain the Information Processing Cycle and the purpose of each of its stages
(Input, Processing, Storage, Output). Choose a simple task (e.g., placing an order
online, ATM transaction, or a school library search) and break down the steps into the
information processing cycle stages. Describe what happens at each stage in detail.

ANS#03:

Information Processing Cycle:

The Information Processing Cycle is a set of procedures that can be
applied to data in a system, within the context of computer systems. The processes of information
transfer include Input, Processing, Storage, and Output. We will start with defining each of these
stages, then use them to analyse a rather straightforward task such as an ATM operation, as well as a
dataset such as Employee Attendance.

Input (Gathering the Information):

The first step in any cycle is input, which means collecting an
information field from the end user or other systems. This refers to the data that is fed into the
system. For example, in an ATM transaction, one might have:

Insert ATM card.

Enter the PIN code.

Indicate the type of transaction to be carried out, for example, to withdraw cash, to check an account
balance, etc.
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Enter the amount of cash to be withdrawn.

In this case, the system receives input data from you in the form of the card, PIN code and choices on
the screen.

Processing (Manipulating the Information)

Once the input data is available to the system, the next
stage is processing. This is the stage in which the system interprets the data and executes the actions
required. For example in case of automatic teller machine transaction, the processing would include:

Pin number inputted is confirmed to be similar to the one lodged at the banking institution.

It then checks if there are sufficient funds in your account to facilitate the transaction.

For instance if you are making a withdrawal, it estimates the amount of money that may be found in
the vaults if at all.

Lastly it posts the transaction on the account by adjusting the balance.

Processing is the ‘thinking’ step where the system interprets the “data” and makes choices.

Output (Providing the Results)

Next comes storage, wherein the system saves some of the data in
some cases, the ATM members get a record of their last five transactions, for instance. The following
steps take place in this order: Your transaction details, for example, how much was withdrawn as well
as when it was executed, are recorded in a remote computer of a bank. It is also important to
mention that the system has a record of the new account balance as well. This information is now
kept and can be accessed later for purposes such as issuing monthly account statement or resolving
complaints. This enhances the possibility of retrieving relevant information in the future whenever
the need arises.

Applying the Information Processing Cycle to Employee Attendance Dataset:

Let's now utilize the cycle- Employee Attendance with all the employees arriving at work periodically
reporting to work and the system tracking their time in attendance. So, here is how the information
processing cycle is utilized with this data set:

Input:

When an employee comes to work, they clock in by either entering their ID number or using a
fingerprint scan.

When employees leave the site, they clock out by either entering their ID number or scanning their
fingerprint a second time.

The system gets this input data alongside the time of arrival and time of departure.

Processing:

Every employee's hours worked on the day are assessed, taking out breaks if need be.
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They arrive on time. They are late. Or, people do not show up at all for work – these are the three
states an employee could be in that takes into account the time records of when work was started
and when work was quit.

The system should also possess a flag for any other condition that may be breaches, such far too
early clock off or too lengthy a break etc.

Storage:

For every employee, the system maintains attendance with clock in time, clock out time, number of
hours worked by each employee, and number of flags raised for suspicious activity.

This data has been stored in the database such that it will help the managers’ or HR staff keep an eye
on the attendance patterns in the organization as and when required.

Output:

The system produces reports that detail the number of hours worked by each employee over a
certain period of time (for example a week or a month).

It may equally issue enforcements if the employee has crossed a specified threshold for number of
absences or tardiness.

Q#04: Select a dataset you have access to (e.g., monthly expenses, weather patterns, or fitness
tracking or Employee Attendance).

Manual Task: Answer these questions using a manual approach (e.g., calculating averages,
identifying patterns etc):
• What is the highest value in the dataset?
• What is the most frequent or common value in the dataset?

AI Task: Use any AI-based tool (e.g., ChatGPT or any other AI assistant) to analyse the same dataset
and answer the same questions.

Compare the ease of manual analysis vs. AI-based analysis and share your observations on the
efficiency of each approach.

ANS#04:

For that, we will take a Fitness Tracking Dataset as an example over here. Let us say, for an example
dataset we use the number of steps walked in a month (30 days). Now, sample dataset for 10 days
looks like below:
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Manual Task: Answering the Questions Manually

1. What is the maximum value in the given dataset?

The maximum value can be easily spotted in the dataset; it is the largest of the values present in the
dataset.
The total maximum value above corresponds to 8,100 steps (Day 10).

2. What is the value having the highest frequency in the dataset?

In order to find the most common value (the mode) the numbers in the dataset should be
enumerated in terms of occurrences. Here is a frequency distribution table for these numbers:

 6,500: 1 time
 7,200: 2 times
 5,800: 1 time
 8,000: 1 time
 7,500: 1 time
 6,000: 1 time
 6,700: 1 time
 7,000: 1 time
 8,100: 1 time

The most common value turns out to be 7,200 steps, that is recorded in the sample twice.

AI Task: Using AI for Analysis

It is also appropriate for you to harness an AI tool such as ChatGPT to seek answers for similar
questions based on the same dataset. Here's how ChatGPT would do it:

 Upload the dataset to the AI (as illustrated above).

 Always on the lookout for, the AI is instructed to retrieve the maximum and mode values.

AI Output:
What is the maximum value in the data set?
The maximum figure is 8100 steps (day 10).
Out of all the values in the data set, what is the most common or frequently occurring value?
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The most frequently occurring value in the dataset is 7200 steps and it is recorded two times.

Comparison: Manual Analysis vs. AI-based Analysis:

Efficiency:

Manual Approach:

 In a situation where you’re actually doing something the manual approach calls for a lot of
caution. You again have to analyse the data in steps: determining the maximum of value and
calculating how many times every value occurs. This, to some extent, can be tedious, mainly
in the case of larger datasets.

 For a small data set such as the one presented above, this is quite simple; however, as the
data sets get larger, this will become problematic.

AI Approach:

PICTURES CAN ONLY BE UNDERSTOOD IF IT IS A SEQUENCE. Using ai tools like ChatGPT can analyse the
dataset within few seconds. You just need a dataset to work with or some questions you want to answer, and
it can quickly spot patterns, compute values, even anomalies/insights that may go unnoticed by you.

Accuracy:

Manual Approach:

However, this entirely depends on the person. It works if a human pays attention to everything and counts all
numbers correctly. When datasets have numbers, human errors may be introduced (especially if we miss a
repeated value or make an arithmetic calculation error) even for small entries

AI Approach:

AI tools are exceptionally good at this since they can execute repetitive operations (like counting or
comparing values) without error. They also guarantee that every component of the dataset is
checked systematically.

Ease:

Manual Approach:

With small datasets individually analysing is easy but can be laborious. For larger datasets, it takes a
bit more effort and time.

AI Approach:

AI tools provide you with insights that take days or hours to gather in a matter of minutes, especially
for large or complex workspaces. You are not required to do count or calculations manually.

Observations:
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 Manual Analysis: If the data set is not big enough, we might do a manual analysis or if we
want to practice basic data-handling skills this method will work great. Manual analysis can
be time-consuming and error-prone for larger datasets

 AI-powered analysis: hundreds of times more efficient for large-scale datasets or

when fast and accurate insights are needed. AI is able to analyse huge amounts of
data in seconds while quickly answering sophisticated questions at no cost to you
whatsoever.

Q#05: Briefly describe what an Operating System (OS) is and why it is essential in computing.

ANS#05
An (Operating System) OS is a software that interacts with computer hardware and application
programs Cleaner to provide common services for all the program cleaner. It also serves as a bridge
between users and the computer infrastructure so you can run apps and do work efficiently.

Key Functions of an OS:

 Resource Management: manages the hardware components include the CPU, memory,
disks, and I/O devices.
 User Interface: It has user interfaces such as graphical or command-line for users to interact
with the system
 File Management: It archives files, folders and data storage.
 Process Management: It coordinates the implementation of programs, so that they turn out
as planned and without a hitch.
 Security: They make sure that the data is protected by blocking unauthorized access to
specific users in particular accounts.

Why it is Essential:

An OS is important since it acts as a manager of all process, applications and management of

resources in a computer. The user can never be able to interface with the hardware and even run
programs if there is no operating system.

DATE: 25-11-2024 SHAYAN QAYYUM

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