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Rotational Motion 11

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Shivli Vasishtha
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10 views

Rotational Motion 11

Uploaded by

Shivli Vasishtha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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System Of Particles And Rotational Motion

Types of motion

 Translational Motion

o Motion of a rigid body along a staright line path.


o All the particles of the body move together i.e, they have the same velocity at any instant of
time.

 Rotational Motion
o Motion of rigid body about a fix point.
o Every particle of the body moves in concentric circles about the fix point.

 Combination of translational and rotational motion


o Motion of body in which body rotates while moving.
o Motion of a tyer on the road.

 Centre of mass of a body is a point at which the whole mass of the body is supposes to be
concentrated.

 Position of centre of mass of discreet distribution of mass

 Position of centre of mass of continuous distribution of mass

For a system of n particles of masses m1, m2, m3, …, mn,

 Eqaution of motion of the system is given by,

MA→=F→extMA→=F→ext ( when, F→int=0F→int=0)

 Centre of mass of a system of particles moves as if all the mass of the system is
concentrated at the centre of the mass and all the external forces acting on the system are
applied directly at this point.
 Total linear momentum of the syastem remains constant, when no external force acts on
the system.
 Centre of mass of an isolated system moves with constant velocity.

 Moment of force (torque)

 Angular momentum

 For a rigid body,

 Total angular momentum is conserved if total external torque is zero on a system.

 Mechanical equilibrium

o In mechanical equilibrium, total external force is zero and total external torque is zero.

 Translational equilibrium

o When a body is in translational equilibrium, it will be either at rest (v = 0) or in uniform


motion.
o The body will have zero linear acceleration.

 In equilibrium, potential energy of the body is constant (maximum or minimum).


 Rotational equilibrium

o A body is in rotational equilibrium, when algebraic sum of moments of all the forces acting
on the body about a fixed point is zero.
o Angular acceleration of the body in rotational equilibrium will be zero.

 At centre of gravity, total gravitational torque is zero.

Moment of inertia

 Moment of inertia of a body about a given axis is the sum of the products of masses of all
the particles of the body and squares of their respective perpendicular distance from the
axis of rotation.

 K.E. of rotation of body


 Mass (m) of the body is an analogue of moment of inertia (I) of the body in rotational
motion.

Radius of gyration

 Radius of gyration of a body about a given axis is the perpendicular distance of a point P
from the axis, where if whole mass of the body were concentrated, then the body shall have
the same moment of inertia as it has with the actual distribution of mass. This distance is
represented by K.
 The radius of gyration of a body about an axis is equal to the root mean square distance of
the various particles constituting the body from the axis of rotation.

Theorem of Perpendicular Axes

• The moment of inertia of a planar body about an axis perpendicular to its plane is equal to
the sum of its moments of inertia about two perpendicular axes concurrent with
perpendicular axis and lying in the plane of the body.
Iz = Ix + Iy
Theorem of Parallel Axes
• The moment of inertia of a body about any axis is equal to the sum of the moments of
inertia of the body about the parallel axis passing through its centre of mass and the
product of its mass and the square of the distance between the two parallel axes.
Iz = Iz + Ma2

• Moment of inertia of a ring of mass M and radius R about its diameter is given
by I=12MR2.I=12MR2.

• Moment of inertia of a ring of mass M and radius R about a tangent in its plane is given
by I=32MR2.I=32MR2.

• Moment of inertia of a ring of mass M and radius R about a tangent perpendicular to its
plane is given by I = 2 MR2.

• Moment of inertia of a disc of mass M and radius R about an axis passing through its
centre and perpendicular to its plane is given by I=12MR2.I=12MR2.

• Moment of inertia of a solid cylinder of mass M, height l and radius R about its geometrical
axis is given by I=12MR2.

• Moment of inertia of a solid cylinder of mass M, height l and radius R about a transverse
(perpendicular) axis passing through its centre is given by I=MR24+Ml212.

Kinematics equations of motion

Dynamics of rotational motion

 Work done,
 Power, P=τωP=τω
 Angular acceleration, α=τIα=τI. Therefore, τ=Iατ=Iα

 Angular momentum of a rigid body


 Angular speed increases when distance from the rotational axis decreases.

 For any particle, the angular momentum vector and the angular velocity vector are not
necessarily parallel.

 If moment of inertia I does not change with time, then

Idωdt=τIα=τIdωdt=τIα=τ

 Principle of Conservation of Angular Momentum

According to this law, the angular momentum of a system remains constant if the net
external torque on it is zero.

 Applications of Conservation of Angular Momentum

o Increase in the angular velocity of a planet around the Sun as it comes near to it
o A diver jumping from a springboard and performing somersaults in air
o Change in the angular velocity of a person (sitting on a rotating chair) on folding of arms

 Rolling motion is a combination of translational motion and rotational motion.

 For a disc to roll without slipping, the essential condition is .

 Kinetic energy or rolling motion:

 If a body is rolling without slipping on an inclined plane, then its velocity is given by

v=2gh1+k2r2−−−−√v=2gh1+k2r2

 If a body is rolling without slipping on an inclined plane, then its acceleration is given by

a = gsinθ1+k2r2a = gsinθ1+k2r2
The given table shows the values of v and a for rigid bodies of different shapes.

Body k v a
1 Ring or hollow cylinder r gh−−√gh 12gsinθ12gsinθ
2 Disc or solid cylinder r2√r2 43gh−−−−√43gh 23gsinθ23gsinθ
3 Solid sphere 25−−√r25r 107gh−−−−√107gh 57gsinθ57gsinθ

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