REAL TEST 10

DSAT 10_24_1

SECTION 1: MODULE 1- READING AND WRITING

Question 1

To assist with the development of new water-repellant materials for aviation and other
applications, a team including both engineers and entomologists conducted a study of the water-
repellant properties of cicada wings. The team explained that the_________ experts in these two
disciplines resulted in a more comprehensive approach than independent efforts by experts in
either discipline could have achieved.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. skepticism toward
B. exaggeration of
C. distrust among
D. collaboration between

Question 2

The following text is adapted from John Matheus's 1926 short story, "Mr. Bradford Teaches
Sunday School." Mr. Bradford is driving through the countryside in Florida.

The moss in the towering water oaks had become enlivened with a verdant sheen of silver and
hung like festoons of carnival or like funeral decorations for the mourning of the dead. The pine
green was resplendent. The bald cypresses spread themselves along the water courses while the
willows wept as they always did.

Mr. Bradford was conscious of this gorgeous display of nature.

As used in the text, what does the word "display" most nearly mean?

A. Reproduction
B. Concealment
C. Pretentiousness
D. Exhibition
Question 3

Both sharks and crayfish can detect electrical fields around them, but the _________ of their
sensitivities differs substantially. Whereas crayfish can detect fields emitted by household
electronics, those are many times stronger than the fields created by water moving through
Earth's magnetic field, which sharks are sensitive enough to detect.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. magnitude
B. firmness
C. gathering
D. orientation

Question 4

New and interesting research conducted by Suleiman A. Al-Sweedan and Moath Alhaj is
inspired by their observation that though studies of the effect of high altitude on blood chemistry
are _____________, the effect on blood chemistry of living in locations below sea level, such as
the California towns of Niland and Heber, has received comparatively little notice.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. abundant
B. equivocal
C. sporadic
D. preliminary

Question 5

The following text is adapted from Adib Khorram's 2018 novel Darius the Great Is Not Okay.
The narrator, Darius, is a teenager visiting family in Iran. He and his friend Sohrab are at the
entrance of the ruins of the ancient city of Persepolis.

"The Gate of All Nations," Sohrab said. He gestured to the lamassus [sculptures] and
pillars surrounding us. “That's the name in English." It wasn't much of a gate anymore, since
anyone of any nation could have easily stepped around it instead of walking through. But it was
still amazing.

Behind the lamassu, more columns sprouted from the ground like ancient trees in a petrified
forest, forty feet tall, spindly but still miraculously upright. Giant stone slabs formed the remains
of what must once have been a breathtaking structure.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion of the text?

A. It presents an image to illustrate what one part of the ruins looks like.
B. It emphasizes that the narrator already knows a lot about the city.
C. It suggests that the narrator had expected to visit a forest.
D. It indicates the specific time in the past when the buildings became ruins.

Question 6

To combat predation by Arizona myotis and other insectivorous bats, many moth species,
including Cynia tenera, emit ultrasonic pulses that, in some cases, disrupt the echolocation bats
rely on for foraging. Some scientists have hypothesized that this capability evolved because it
imposes a lower metabolic cost than does the alternative mechanism of producing chemicals that
render moths noxious to bats. Nicholas T. Homziak et al. investigated the acoustic properties of
moths’ ultrasonic responses to audio of bat echolocation and then assessed the palatability of the
ultrasound- producing moths. They found that several moth genera that emit ultrasonic pulses
capable of disrupting bat echolocation are unpalatable to bats, suggesting that_______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. Most genera of moths that produce ultrasound capable of disrupting bat echolocation do
so primarily for purposes other than the evading capture by Arizona myotis and other
predators.
B. The hypothesis about the development of this ultrasonic defense likely does not account
for all instances of the trait in moths.
C. Although previous findings about Cycnia tenera are consistent with the hypothesis about
the low metabolic cost of producing noxious chemicals, the ability to disrupt bat
echolocation and unpalatability are mutually exclusive traits.
 D. Further investigation into moth’s ability to protect themselves by disrupting bat
echolocation will likely find that moth genera relying on this mechanism are also
generally inedible to bats.

Question 7

Paintings by the Florida Highwaymen-an informal collective of prolific landscape artists active
in Florida during the 1950s and ‘60s- are recognizable by their reiteration of the same general
compositional structures and subjects: backcountry pines and fire sky sunsets, to name two. But
there was room for individuation: Robert Butler’s Deer in clearing, for example, may resemble
other Highwaymen paintings at first glance, but his works stand out for their detailed rendering
of wildlife and dramatic lighting.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. It offers historical context that accounts for a particular group of artists’ shared style and
then indicates the circumstances under which several members of that group began
exploring more unconventional themes.
B. It describes the common perception that a particular group of artists’ works are derivative
and then provides a specific piece of evidence that reinforces that perception.
C. It describes an aesthetic framework shared by a particular group of artists and then makes
and illustrates the claim that individuals introduced variations within that framework.
D. It explains how a particular group of artists began collaborating and then recounts how
one number of that group became especially influential among them.

Question 8

The following text is adapted from Jerome K. Jerome's 1889 novel Three Men in a Boat (To Say
Nothing of the Dog).

We [people] are creatures of the sun. We love light and life. That is why we crowd into the
towns and cities, and the country grows more and more deserted every year. In the sunlight - in
the daytime, when Nature is alive and busy all around us, we like the open hill-sides and the deep
woods well enough; but in the night, when our Mother Earth has gone to sleep, and let us waking
on the world seems so lonesome, and we get frightened, like children in a silent house. Then we
sit and sob, and long for the gas-lit streets, and the sound of human voices, and the answering
throb of human life.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To address common traits that motivate many people to choose to live in urban
environments
B. To indicate that people sometimes experience feelings of isolation in crowded areas.
C. To illustrate the idea that most people tend to prefer hillsides in the country to certain
aspects of towns and cities
D. To caution people not to be so quick to dismiss the natural beauty that can be found in
rural areas

Question 9

Arthropods - horseshoe shrimp, luna moths, and many other invertebrate animals- have a
previous system made up of a brain, nerve cord, and other nerves. Researchers have gained
insights about this system in ancient arthropods from traces found in various fossils. For
example, in a study of two fossils of the extinct arthropod species Mollisonia symmetrical, Javier
Ortega-Hernandez, Rudy Lerosey-Aubril, and team observed clear signs of a nerve cord. They
also saw possible indications of a synganglion, a brain-like mass of nerves. Researchers hope to
identify more features of the nervous-systems of prehistoric arthropods as additional fossils are
found.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Fossil evidence can contribute to the understanding of the nervous system in ancient
arthropods.
B. Researchers need to focus on finding more fossils of ancient arthropods.
C. Newly discovered fossils suggest that ancient luna moths and ancient horseshoe shrimp
had spines.
D. There are several similarities between the brains of luna moths and the brains of
horseshoe shrimp.

Question 10
Millions of Metric Tons of Copper Mined in 1995 and 2020

Country 1995 2020

Mexico 0.33 0.73

United States 1.85 1.20

Peru 0.38 2.15

Poland 0.38 0.39

While doing research for a paper about metal exports, a student finds information about copper
mining in different countries in 1995 and 2020. The student notes that Peru produced 0.38
million metric tons of copper in 1995 and _______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A. 1.20 million metric tons of copper in 2020.

B. 0.39 million metric tons of copper in 2020.
C. 2.15 million metric tons of copper in 2020.
D. 0.73 million metric tons of copper in 2020.

Question 11

Puerto Rico is an island in the Caribbean Sea. Indigenous people there started raising guinea pigs
about 1,700 years ago. Guinea pigs had originally been domesticated much earlier in both
Colombia and Peru. So were guinea pigs brought to Puerto Rico from Colombia or from Peru?
Ancient Caribbean trade routes connected Puerto Rico with Colombia but not with Peru.
Therefore, guinea pigs in Puerto Rico probably came from Colombia and descended from
Colombian guinea pigs.

Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the underlined claim?

A. Guinea pigs are common in ancient Puerto Rican art, especially in pottery.
B. Ancient guinea pigs in Puerto Rico were genetically less similar to ancient guinea pigs in
Colombia than to ancient guinea pigs in Peru.
 C. The guinea pig population of ancient Colombia was much larger than the guinea pig
population of ancient Peru.
D. Modern breeds of guinea pigs don't look like images of guinea pigs in ancient art from
Puerto Rico, Colombia, and Peru.

Question 12

The morphological novelty of echinoderms - marine invertebrates with radial symmetry, usually
starlike, around a central points – impedes comparison with most other animals, in which
bilateral symmetry on an anterior–posterior (head to tail) axis through a trunk is typical.
Particularly puzzling are sea stars, thought to have evolved a headless layout from a known
bilateral origin. Applying genomic knowledge of Saccoglossus kowalevskii acorn worms (close
relatives of sea stars, and thus expected to have similar markets for corresponding anatomical
regions) to the body patterning genes of Patiria miniata sea stars, Laurent Formery et.al
observed activity only in anterior genes across P.miniata’s entire body and some posterior genes
limited to the edges, suggesting that_____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. despite the greater prevalence of anterior genes in sea stars’ genetic makeup, posterior
genes active at the body’s perimeter are primarily responsible for the starlike layout that
distinguishes sea stars’ radial symmetry from that of other echinoderms.
B. although the two species are closely related, there is only minimal correspondence in the
genetic markers for head, tail, and trunk region development in P.miniata sea stars and S.
kowalevskii acorn worms.
C. rather than undergoing changes resulting in the eventual elimination of a head region in
their radial body plan, as previously assumed, sea stars’ morphology evolved to
completely lack a trunk and consist primarily of a head region.
D. contrary to the belief that they evolved from early ancestors with the bilateral form
typical of many other animals, sea stars instead originated with an atypical body layout
that was neither bilaterally nor radially symmetrical.

Question 13
Almost all works of fiction contain references to the progression of time, including the time of
day when events in a story take place. In a 2020 study, Allen Kim, Charuta Pethe, and Steven
Skiena claim that an observable pattern in such references reflects a shift in human behavior
prompted by the spread of electric lighting in the late nineteenth century. The researchers drew
this conclusion from an analysis of more than 50,000 novels spanning many centuries and
cultures, using software to recognize and tally both specific time references - that is, clock
phrases, such as 7 a.m. or 2:30 p.m.- and implied ones, such as mentions of meals typically
associated with a particular time of day.

Which finding from the study, if true, would most directly support the researchers'
conclusion?

A. Novels published after the year 1800 include the clock phrase 10 a.m. less often than
novels published before the year 1800 do.
B. Among novels published in the nineteenth century, implied time references become
steadily more common than clock phrases as publication dates approach 1900.
C. The time references of noon (12 p.m.) and midnight (12 a.m.) are used with roughly the
same frequency in the novels.
D. Novels published after 1880 contain significantly more references to activities occurring
after 10 p.m. than do novels from earlier periods.

Question 14

As exemplified by Temiar songs about landforms and landmarks and Lakota songs about
gathering mouse beans, ecological information can be transmitted in Indigenous songs, and in
some instances is maintained only in this way. Kwaxsistalla Wathl’thla, a song keeper for the
Kwakwaka'wakw people in Canada, collaborated with ethnobiologist Dana Lepofsky et al.,
sharing songs referencing terraced intertidal clam gardens the people implemented in the past to
foster healthy development of a dietary staple. Drawing on archaeological evidence as well,
Lepofsky et al. determined that the prevalence of the practice described in the songs
corresponded with growth in clam size and abundance despite increased harvesting pressure - a
finding that demonstrates that _________

Which choice most logically completes the text?

 A. representation of practical applications of ecological knowledge is the defining
characteristic of the music of certain Indigenous peoples.
B. the Kwakwaka'wakw people likely would not have detailed their creation of clam gardens
in songs if their efforts had not produced significantly larger clams.
C. the clams harvested from intertidal terraces by Kwakwaka'wakw people in the past likely
were a different species than the clams found in those areas today.
D. effective methods for the cultivation of sources of sustenance are among the ecological
knowledge preserved in Indigenous songs.

Question 15

A group of primate conservationists recently began a long-term study of the effects of different
conservation strategies on the white-headed langur (Trachypithecus poliocephalus). The species
population is currently estimated to be around 1,000. It is challenging to accurately count these
primates, however, which makes it difficult to tell whether the population is increasing,
decreasing, or staying stable. The study may thus ________

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. risk making inaccurate conclusions about the effectiveness of different conservation

strategies.
B. cause other conservationists to adopt a new methodology for counting populations.
C. benefit from including species beyond the white-headed langur.
D. fail to consider less-well-known conservation approaches for the white-headed langur.

Question 16

Writing in hieroglyphs, ancient Egyptians recorded measurements using units such as the sa, a
unit of ____________ and the khar, a unit of volume. The sa, for instance, is written as a
hieroglyph that looks like a duck or goose.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. area; the shesep; a unit of length;

B. area the shesep, a unit of length
C. area; the shesep, a unit of length;
 D. area, the shesep; a unit of length,

Question 17

Included in Serial Intent, a Feminist Look at the Collection, a 2017 group exhibition at the
Akron Art Museum in Ohio, was the work of artist Lorna Simpson, who is best known for her
multimedia artworks that _________ images of African American women with text fragments.
Her work is credited with expanding the horizons of conceptual photographic art, and it
challenges conventional notions of race, gender, history, and memory.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. juxtapose
B. juxtapose,
C. juxtapose:
D. juxtapose-

Question 18

Contrasting a high saturation color palette against dark paper and stoneware, Atlanta-based artist
Jiha Moon creates fused pieces, wherein Korean folk art, Western contemporary art, and global
popular culture mix. New York's Derek Eller Gallery __________ her work in a solo exhibition
that ran in early 2022.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. features
B. has been featured
C. featured
D. will feature

Question 19

While the greater adjutant can be found in places like the Inner Gulf of Thailand and the Chep
Wildlife Sanctuary in Cambodia, more than 80 percent of this endangered stork species is found
in Assam, India. There, wildlife biologist Dr. Purnima Devi Barman is on the front lines of
conservation efforts that—through community involvement and scientific ___________ aim to
bring adjutants back from near extinction.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. study,
B. study-
C. study:
D. study

Question 20

The human shoulder contains the infraspinatus, a skeletal muscle that is attached to the _______
this muscle plays a role in rotating the upper arm.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. scapula,
B. scapula;
C. scapula
D. scapula that

Question 21

The unconventional literary philosophy with which Fernando Pessoa approached his writing is
manifested in the Portuguese poet's "heteronyms," his term for the dozens of fictional personas in
whose voices he authored many of his _________ among these personas was Ricardo Reis,
author of classical odes in a Horatian style.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. works: and
B. works;
C. works and
D. works,

Question 22
William Shakespeare likely arrived in London as early as 1585, at the age of 21, to pursue a
career in the theater. Little is known of his early years there, but by 1593 he was becoming
known for plays such as Richard III. _______ in 1599, he would delight audiences with Much
Ado About Nothing, considered by some to be one of his greatest works.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. In other words,
B. Conversely,
C. Thus,
D. Later,

Question 23

Soil polluted with cadmium (a heavy metal) is harmful to many plants and animals, but the plant
species Elodea canadensis, or Canadian waterweed, not only thrives in such conditions but also
helps remediate them. As a metal hyperaccumulator, Elodea canadensis absorbs a large amount
of cadmium and stores it safely in its roots and shoots;________ cadmium concentrations in the
soil decrease.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. specifically,
B. nevertheless,
C. in addition,
D. accordingly,

Question 24

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● A supercontinent is a single landmass made up of most or all of Earth's continents.

● Over time, continents merge together to form supercontinents, which then break apart.

● This process is believed to take hundreds of millions of years and is known as the

supercontinent cycle.
 ● Ur and Columbia were supercontinents.

● Ur formed about 3.1 billion years ago.

● Columbia formed about 1.8 billion years ago.

The student wants to specify when Ur formed. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Ur was a supercontinent, a single landmass made up of most or all of Earth's continents.

B. The supercontinent Ur formed about 3.1 billion years ago.
C. Long ago, the Earth was home to supercontinents like Ur and Columbia.
D. Over hundreds of millions of years, the supercontinent cycle results in supercontinents
forming and breaking apart.

Question 25

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● Ixmiquilpan is a municipality in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico.

● Municipalities are governmental regions responsible for providing many public services

to their residents.

● One service they provide is water treatment.

● Ixmiquilpan's population was 98,654 in 2020.

● Hidalgo is divided into 84 municipalities.

The student wants to provide an example of a public service that Ixmiquilpan is responsible
for. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
 A. Ixmiquilpan is one of 84 municipalities in Hidalgo providing public services to their
communities.
B. Ixmiquilpan—a governmental region in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico provides public
services to its residents.
C. As a municipality, Ixmiquilpan is responsible for providing water treatment to its
residents.
D. In 2020, the municipality of Ixmiquilpan had a population of 98,654.

Question 26

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● Oak Tree House is an Ancestral Puebloan dwelling site located in southwestern

Colorado.

● It was built under a rock overhang and inhabited from approximately 1180-1210 CE.

● The overhanging rock ledges offered protection from heavy rain and snow

● Yucca House is an Ancestral Puebloan dwelling site located in southwestern Colorado.

● It was built on relatively flat terrain and inhabited from approximately 1080-1275 CE.

● This level surface allowed for the construction of large terraced buildings.

The student wants to explain an advantage of the Oak Tree House dwelling site. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. The location of Oak Tree House, an Ancestral Puebloan dwelling site in southwestern
Colorado, provided an advantage to its inhabitants.
B. Located in southwestern Colorado, Oak Tree House is an Ancestral Puebloan dwelling
site that was inhabited from approximately 1180-1210 CE.
C. The relatively flat terrain on which Oak Tree House was built allowed for the
construction of large terraced buildings.
 D. Since it was built under a rock overhang, Oak Tree House was naturally protected from
heavy rain and snow.

Question 27

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● Georgie Doughlas Johnson (1880- 1966) was an African American writer

● Johnshon lived and worked in New York City for many years.

● Johnson’s poem “Calling Dreams” was published in 1920.

● Johnson’s poem “Paradox” was published in 1926.

The student wants to indicate the order in which Johnson’s two poems were published. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Born in 1880, Johnson was an African American writer.

B. Johnson’s poem “Calling Dreams” was published in 1920, and “Paradox” followed in
1926.
C. New York City was where Johnson lived and worked for many years.
D. Johnson, an African American writier, wrote the poem “Calling Dreams.”

SECTION 1- MODULE 2: READING AND WRITING

Question 1

Despite stated claims of global relevance, much major research on income inequality performed
in the 2010s suffered from a myopic focus on a few countries in North America and Western
Europe, partly due to limited data availability. Researchers would later _________ this
shortcoming after gaining new access to administrative records located in nations in South
America, such as Brazil, and Eastern Europe, such as Russia.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. validate
B. presuppose
C. categorize
D. mitigate

Question 2

One popular theory of the origin of the Moon, the "big whack," posits that a protoplanet called
Theia collided with Earth, flinging debris into orbit that eventually coalesced into the Moon.
Until recently, Theia was ________, but researcher Qian Yuan and colleagues now claim to have
identified pieces of the protoplanet in the lowermost section of Earth's mantle.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. desultory
B. notional
C. veritable
D. spurious

Question 3

Political blogs with conspicuous ideological alignments became an integral component of US

media in the early 2000s. While some commentators lauded this development, asserting that such
blogs had a welcome transparency missing from traditional news, less __________ observers
countered that such blogs tended to ideological extremes that exacerbated political polarization
to problematic levels.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. recalcitrant
B. earnest
C. sanguine
D. misanthropic

Question 4
Vertical gene transfer involves the transmission of genetic material from a parent to offspring;
horizontal gene transfer, on the other hand, involves the exchange of genetic material between
organisms not in a parent- offspring relationship. While horizontal gene transfer is common
among prokaryotes-single-celled organisms, such as the bacteria Brevundimonas diminuta and
Massilia timonae-it has rarely been observed among eukaryotes (multicellular organisms).
However, new studies suggest that horizontal gene transfer is more common in eukaryotes than
originally thought.

Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A. It contrasts the frequency with which a biological phenomenon has been detected in two
categories of organisms.
B. It argues that two biological phenomena are more similar than they may initially appear
to be.
C. It explains why a common perception of a biological process is flawed.
D. It indicates a distinction between the mechanics of two kinds of biological processes.

Question 5

During Rome's republican period, which ended in the first century BCE, libraries were
predominantly owned by wealthy individuals who tightly controlled access to their book
collections. The first public library became available in Rome in 28 BCE and was soon followed
by one commissioned by Emperor Augustus. As modern scholar Fabio Fernandes notes,
however, these two traditions aren't as distinct as they seem, as both the emperor and the private
library owners viewed their libraries as extensions of their personal patronage, just on vastly
differing scales.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To call into question the notion that private Roman libraries disappeared during the first
century BCE
B. To contend that early imperial leaders in Rome wielded too much influence over libraries
C. To give a brief overview of public access to libraries throughout Rome's republican
period
 D. To assert that private and early public libraries in ancient Rome had an essential
similarity

Question 6

The following text is from George Marion McClellan’s 1895 poem “Eternity.”

My spirit swoons, and all my sense cry

For Ocean’s breast and covering of the sky.

Rock me to sleep, ye waves, and outward bound,

Just let me drift far out from toil and care

Where lapping of the waves shall be the sound,

Which mingled with the winds that gently bear

Me on between a peaceful sea and sky

To make my soothing slumberous lullaby.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To justify the speaker’s qualms about being transported by the ocean to a quiet
destination.
B. To contrast the demands of the speaker’s everyday life with the serenity of being rocked
to sleep by the ocean.
C. To illustrate the increasing intensity of the speaker’s desire to escape ongoing hardship
by gliding on the ocean.
D. To convey the speaker’s longing for the ocean to impart a sense of inner tranquility.

Question 7

Text 1

In parts of New Zealand, the stoat is a major predator of the house mouse. Researcher G.L.
Blackwell and colleagues found that when this predation pressure on house mice was
temporarily reduced, their numbers significantly increased. This finding illustrates a foundational
ecological principle: predators control prey population numbers.

Text 2

William D. Gulsby and colleagues found that excluding coyotes from a site in the state of
Georgia where they typically prey on white-tailed deer had no significant effect on white-tailed
deer abundance. Many other predation relief studies show an increase in prey abundance, but
those studies often focus on small, rapidly reproducing prey, like birds, mice, and frogs, rather
than large, slowly reproducing prey, like white-tailed deer, which could account for the
difference between those results and Gulsby and colleagues’ results.

Based on the texts, the author of Text 2 would most likely agree with which statement about
the “principle” mentioned in Text 1?

A. It is plausible, but many of the studies that support it have methodological flaws.
B. It has been challenged by some studies, but the findings of those studies have not been
widely accepted.
C. It may be true for some predators but only because those predators share certain physical
characteristics.
D. It has some evidential support, but it should not be regarded as universally applicable.

Question 8

Many artists associated with hyperpop, a movement in electronic music that emerged in the
2010s, conform to the model perfected by the American duo 100 gecs: bold synthesizer
arrangements, propulsive beats, and electronically manipulated vocals. Yet the movement is
hardly uniform: Swedish recording artist Namasenda incorporates hip-hop rhythms into the
hyperpop sound, for example. Such stylistic diversity is encouraged in part by the music-
streaming app Spotify, whose curated playlist of hyperpop songs balances cohesion with variety.

Which statement about Namasenda is best supported by the text?

A. While some of her recordings conform to the model perfected by 100 gecs, others reject
it outright.
B. Her music diverges from the typical hyperpop sound but doesn’t abandon it.
 C. She developed her unique sound without being influenced by other artists on Spotify’s
hyperpop playlist.
D. Her inclusion on Spotify’s hyperpop playlist inspired established artists to embrace
stylistic experimentation.

Question 9

Some researchers have characterized the flora and fauna of the South Pacific island or Grande
Terre as members of clades that inhabited nearby islands before Grande Terre completely
emerged 37 million years ago. Gonzalo Giribet et al.found that the crown age (the age of the
most recent common ancestor of all living end extinct species in the clade) of the clade of daddy
longlegs spiders on Grande Terre is approximately 57.0 million years, while Antoine N.Nicolas
and Gregory M.Plunkett found that the crown age of the clade of Apiales plants on Grande Terre
is approximately 25.4 million years.

Which statement about the view put forward by “some researchers” is best supported by
information in the text?

A. The view suggests that Grande Terre may have emerged as early as 57.0 million years
ago.
B. The view could be true of Grande Terre’s daddy longlegs spiders but its not true of the
islands’s Apiales plants.
C. The view depends on inaccurate assumptions about the crown age of the clades of daddy
longlegs spiders and Apiales plants on Grande Terre.
D. The view has some empirical support but is weakened by the findings of Giribet et al.

Question 10

Eighteenth-century economist Adam Smith is famed for his metaphor of the invisible hand,
which he putatively used to illustrate a robust model of how individuals produce aggregate
benefits by pursuing their own economic interests. Note "putatively": as Gavin Kennedy has
shown, Smith deploys this metaphor only once in his economic writings-to make a narrow point
about the then-dominant economic theory of mercantilism-and it was largely ignored until some
twentieth-century economists eager to secure an intellectual pedigree for their views elevated it
to a fully-fledged paradigm.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. The reputation of Smith's metaphor of the invisible hand is not due to the importance of
the metaphor in Smith's work but rather to the promotion of the metaphor by some later
economists for their own ends.
B. Smith's metaphor of the invisible hand has been interpreted as a model of how
individuals acting in their own interest produce aggregate benefits, but it was intended as
a subtle critique of the economic theory of mercantilism.
C. Some twentieth-century economists gave Smith's metaphor of the invisible hand a
significance it does not have in Smith's work, but it is nevertheless a useful model of how
individuals produce aggregate benefits by pursuing their own economic interests.
D. Smith’s metaphor of the invisible hand has been widely misinterpreted by both his
contemporaries and twentieth- century economists.

Question 11

Memoirs of Elleanor Eldridge is an 1838 historical account by Elleanor Eldridge and Frances
Harriet Whipple Green. In the book, the authors describe how restorative sleep can be for young
people, writing, _______

Which quotation from Memoirs of Elleanor Eldridge most effectively illustrates the claim?

A. “Then let me no one turn with too much [fussiness] from the simple story of the humble
Elleanor, it may contain few, or none, of the thrilling charms of poetry and passion.”
B. “Home is home, to the lowly as well as the great; and no rank, or color, destroys its
sacred character, its power over the mind, and the affections.”
C. “Blessed are the slumbers of the innocent! They are kindlier than balm, and they refresh
and gladden the spirit of childhood, like ministering from a better world.”
D. “And now, deer reader, a word with you. What is done cannot be undone. We cannot
unravel this web of iniquity, and extract justice from this mass of cruel wrongs.”

Question 12

Early Earth is thought to have been characterized by a stagnant lid tectonic regime, in which the
upper lithosphere (the outer rocky layer) was essentially immobile and there was no interaction
between the lithosphere and the underlying mantle. Researchers investigated the timing of the
transition from a stagnant lid regime to a tectonic plate regime, in which the lithosphere is
fractured into dynamic plates that in turn allow lithosphere and mantle material to mix.
Examining chemical data from lithosphere and mantle-derived rocks ranging from 285 million to
3.8 billion years old, the researchers dated the transition to 3.2 billion years ago.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ conclusion?

A. Mantle--derived rocks older than 3.2 billion years show significantly more compositional
diversity than lithospheric rocks older than 3.2 billion years do.
B. There is a positive correlation between the age of lithospheric rocks and their chemical
similarity to mantle-derived rocks, and that correlation increases significantly in strength
at around 3.2 billion years old.
C. Among rocks known to be older than 3.2 billion years, significantly more are mantle-
derived than lithospheric, but the opposite is true for the rocks younger than 3,.2 billion
years.
D. Mantle-derived rocks younger than 3.2 billion years contain some material that is not
found in older mantle-derived rocks but is found in older and contemporaneous
lithospheric rocks.

Question 13
Neuroscientist Kiyohito ligaya and colleagues developed a computational model to predict how
much a person will enjoy a particular work of art on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much).
They then recruited participants to use the same scale to rate several sets of paintings in various
styles and calculated the correlation between the ratings predicted by the model and those
reported by the participants. Assuming participant P6 gave equal ratings to the abstract and
cubist paintings, the data in the graph indicate the model predicted that __________________

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?

A. P6 would derive more aesthetic pleasure from abstract paintings than from cubist
paintings.
B. P6's rating for abstract and cubist paintings would equal one another.
C. P6 would derive less aesthetic pleasure from abstract paintings than from cubist
paintings.
 D. P6's ratings for abstract and cubist paintings would differ from one another

Question 14

Scholars are increasingly exploring the communication and preservation of ecological

knowledge through Indigenous songs (e.g., Temiar songs about landforms and landmarks and
those of the Tlingit people about wildlife encounters). In one study, ethnobiologist Dana
Lepofsky et al. received insight from Kwaxsistalla Wathl'thla, a song keeper for the
Kwakwaka'wakw people in Canada, into songs referencing the people's use of terraced gardens
in intertidal zones along the Pacific Northwest coast for the cultivation of clams for
consumption. Archaeological evidence of significant increases in clam size and abundance in
that area concurrent with the documented past implementation of the method described in the
songs supports the conclusion that _____________

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. there is greater corroboration in the archaeological record of ecological practices

described in Kwakwaka'wakw songs than of those described in Temiar and Tlingit songs.
B. non-Indigenous people around the Pacific Northwest coast adopted the practice
developed by the Kwakwaka'wakw people after observing its efficacy.
C. although contemporary Kwakwaka'wakw people have a deep understanding of and
appreciation for the fishing and farming practices used by their ancestors, they no longer
implement those methods.
D. the practice used by ancestors of modern Kwakwaka'wakw people not only effectively
maintained a food source but also promoted its robustness.

Question 15

For its 1974 work Instant Mural, the Chicano art collective Asco taped members Patssi Valdez
and Humberto Sandoval to an outdoor wall in East Los Angeles. The work is manifestly a
commentary on constraint, but many critics focus on Valdez and the social constraints women
faced at the time, which is understandable but leaves the presence of Valdez's male collaborator
Sandoval unexplained. We should instead consider that in 1974, the art establishment's
recognition of Chicano artists was (and had long been) restricted to sociohistorical muralists,
leaving nonmuralist Chicano artists like Asco's members struggling to even exhibit their work;
attending to this context opens an interpretation that accounts for all the evidence, allowing us to
conclude that _______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. while Valdez's presence in Instant Mural represents the social constraints placed on
women at the time, Sandoval's presence represents Chicano muralists' frustration at their
lack of recognition by the art establishment.
B. the main subject of Instant Mural is female Chicano artists' experience of being doubly
constrained by gender-role expectations and the marginalization of certain types of art.
C. Instant Mural is best understood not as a critique of the social constraints placed on
women but rather as a critique of sociohistorical muralists' depictions of Chicano culture.
D. Instant Mural is a reflection on the constraining aesthetic expectations placed on Chicano
artists in general rather than on the social constraints placed on women specifically.

Question 16

Despite the fact that what is now known as the Carmichael number was first posited by Vaclav
Simerka, the number is named after the twentieth-century American mathematician Robert
Carmichael. One might assume cases like this, where a discovery of a concept is not named after
the first person who discovered it, to be ______ they are counted among a litany of examples of
Stigler’s law.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. rare; on the contrary,

B. rare on the contrary
C. rare, on the contrary;
D. rare, on the contrary

Question 17

Included in Reclamation! Pan-African Works from the Beth Rudin DeWoody Collection, a 2018
group exhibition at the Taubman Museum of Art in Roanoke, Virginia, was the work of artist
Lorna Simpson, who is best known for her multimedia artworks that juxtapose images of African
American women with text fragments. Her work challenges conventional notions of race,
gender, history, and __________ she is credited with expanding the horizons of conceptual
photographic art.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. memory,
B. memory, and
C. memory and
D. memory

Question 18

Nadifa Mohamed is a novelist from Hargeisa, Somalia, who has earned international acclaim in
recent years. Writers of other literary forms, such as poetry and drama, are less likely to be
recognized beyond their nations’ borders, but many are still well _____ Koulsy Lamko, for
example, is celebrated playwright from Chad.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. known
B. known:
C. known and
D. known,

Question 19

Recent analysis of 6058 Echeclus–an outer solar system object orbiting the Sun between Jupiter
and Saturn–has determined its color to be gray, suggesting an Icy composition. Such
interpretations are ultimately_____the object’s gray coloration may be an incidental effect of
radiation, solar wind, or collisions with other objects rather than evidence of its physical makeup.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. speculative, though,
B. speculative; though
C. speculative, though;
D. speculative, though
Question 20

In the list "Things That Arouse a Fond Memory of the Past" from Sei Shōnagon's Pillow Book,
the author delights in pressed silk, a moonlit night, and dried hollyhock. So shrewd an observer
is Shōnagon, a lady-in-waiting to Empress Teishi, that her book's musings on tenth-century
Japanese courtly life_____________ readers a thousand years later.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. has fascinated
B. fascinates
C. fascinate
D. is fascinating

Question 21

The present-day city of Yoshkar-Ola, Russia, was the capital of the Mari Autonomous Soviet
Socialist Republic, one of many nominally autonomous republics within the Soviet Union. Each
of these republics _______________ established along ethnolinguistic lines: most residents of
the Mari Republic spoke Mari, for example.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. have been
B. are
C. were
D. was

Question 22

When, in 2017, Cambridge University students Lucy Moss and Toby Marlow decided they
wanted to develop a musical together, one of their goals was for their female actor friends to
have good parts to play. ___________ they created the show Six, a retelling of the history of
King Henry VIII's wives in which each of the six queens has a starring role.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. In summary,
 B. In other words,
C. For example,
D. To that end,

Question 23

The prime meridian, the global indicator of zero degrees longitude established in 1884, was
originally determined using astronomically derived coordinates. ____as decades passed, new
calculations would reveal increasingly precise coordinates, yet the prime meridian remained
unchanged; it wasn’t until the 1980s that, spurred by improved geodetic data, the prime meridian
was officially–roughly one hundred meters east.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Specifically,
B. Again and again,
C. Granted,
D. To that end,

Question 24

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● Francis Halzen is a Belgian particle physicist.

● Particle physicists study subatomic particles.

● Neutrinos are some of the least understood subatomic particles.

● Neutrinos were first discovered in the mid-twentieth century.

● Halzen is known for his discovery of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos.

The student wants to provide an example of a particle physicist whose research focuses on
neutrinos. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
 A. The research done on high-energy astrophysical neutrinos exemplifies the work particle
physicists do to advance our understanding of subatomic particles.
B. By studying high-energy astrophysical neutrinos—to name just one example-particle
physicists can learn more about neutrinos.
C. Particle physicist Francis Halzen is known for his discovery of high-energy astrophysical
neutrinos.
D. Neutrinos are a type of subatomic particle that particle physicists are still trying to
understand.

Question 25

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● Use the Future is a 1992 sculpture by Italian artist Maurizio Nannucci.

● It consists of a yellow neon sign that spells out the title phrase.

● Ginger is a 2023 sculpture by Japanese artist Rikako Kawauchi.

● It consists of a pink neon sign that forms an abstract squiggle shape.

● Neon signs became popular with advertisers in the 1920s and began to decline in

popularity in the 1960s.

● Neon signs became popular with artists in the 1960s and continue to be popular today.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two sculptures. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. While the sculptures share a common material, one spells out a phrase while the other is
decidedly more abstract.
B. Molded into an evocative phrase in Use the Future (1992), an abstract form in Ginger
(2023), and an advertising tool in decades past, neon lighting has a number of different
applications.
 C. Italian artist Maurizio Nannucci's and Japanese artist Rikako csm Kawauchi's sculptures
have employed neon signs in different ways, demonstrating the versatility of the popular
material.
D. Nannucci's sculpture was made in 1992 and Kawauchi's in 2023, both well after the
advertising heyday of neon signs had passed.

Question 26

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● Stylistic analysis and biographical analysis are two approaches to art criticism.

● Stylistic analysis examines how an artwork's visual features contribute to its overall style.

● Such an analysis of Claude Monet's Water Lilies might consider how the painting's loose

brushwork represents an impressionist style.

● Biographical analysis considers the personal experiences of the artist.

● Such an analysis of Claude Monet's Women in the Garden might consider how the

painting's portrayal of a figure holding red and white roses alludes to Monet's romantic
difficulties.

The student wants to present biographical analysis to an audience unfamiliar with the
concept. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?

A. An approach to art criticism, biographical analysis considers the personal experiences of

the artist.
B. A stylistic analysis of Water Lilies might consider how the painting's loose brushwork
represents an impressionist style.
C. Stylistic analysis differs from biographical analysis in that stylistic analysis examines
how an artwork's visual features contribute to its overall style.
D. Women in the Garden's portrayal of a figure holding red and white roses alludes to
Monet's romantic difficulties.
Question 27

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● A river's stream length is the length of a line that follows along the river path.

● A river's valley length is the length of a straight line drawn from the beginning of the

river to the end.

● The river's curviness, or sinuosity, is the ratio of the river's stream length to its valley

length.

● Low-sinuosity rivers have a stream length 1-1.5 times longer than their valley length, and

high-sinuosity rivers have a stream length 1.5 or more times longer than their valley
length.

● The Embarras River in Canada has high sinuosity.

● The Luni River in India has low sinuosity.

The student wants to compare the curviness of the two rivers. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. The high-sinuosity Luni River in India is curvier than the low- sinuosity Embarras River
in Canada.
B. The Embarras River's ratio of stream length to valley length, also known as sinuosity, is
greater than that of the Luni River.
C. In both the Embarras and the Luni rivers, curviness is determined by comparing stream
length to valley length.
D. By comparing the stream lengths of the Embarras and Luni rivers to their valley lengths,
one can calculate their curviness, or sinuosity.