INTRODUCTION TO PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING

The simultaneous growth in availability of big data and in the number of

simultaneous users on the Internet places particular pressure on the need to carry
out computing tasks “in parallel,” or simultaneously. Parallel and distributed
computing occurs across many different topic areas in computer science,
including algorithms, computer architecture, networks, operating systems,
and software engineering. During the early 21st century there was explosive
growth in multiprocessor design and other strategies for complex applications to
run faster. Parallel and distributed computing builds on fundamental systems
concepts, such as concurrency, mutual exclusion, consistency in state/memory
manipulation, message-passing, and shared-memory models.

Parallel Computing:

In parallel computing multiple processors performs multiple tasks assigned to them

simultaneously. Memory in parallel systems can either be shared or distributed. Parallel computing
provides concurrency and saves time and money.
Distributed Computing:

In distributed computing we have multiple autonomous computers which seems to the user as
single system. In distributed systems there is no shared memory and computers communicate with
each other through message passing. In distributed computing a single task is divided among
different computers.
Difference between Parallel Computing and Distributed Computing:
S.NO PARALLEL COMPUTING DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING

Many operations are System components are located at

1. performed simultaneously different locations

 2. Single computer is required Uses multiple computers

Multiple processors perform Multiple computers perform multiple

3. multiple operations operations

It may have shared or

4. distributed memory It have only distributed memory

Processors communicate with Computer communicate with each

5. each other through bus other through message passing.

Improves system scalability, fault

Improves the system tolerance and resource sharing

6. performance capabilities

Parallel Computing –
It is the use of multiple processing elements simultaneously for solving any
problem. Problems are broken down into instructions and are solved
concurrently as each resource which has been applied to work is working at
the same time.
Advantages of Parallel Computing over Serial Computing are as follows:
1. It saves time and money as many resources working together will reduce
the time and cut potential costs.
2. It can be impractical to solve larger problems on Serial Computing.
3. It can take advantage of non-local resources when the local resources are finite.
4. Serial Computing ‘wastes’ the potential computing power, thus Parallel Computing
makes better work of hardware.
Types of Parallelism:
1. Bit-level parallelism: It is the form of parallel computing which is based
on the increasing processor’s size. It reduces the number of instructions
that the system must execute in order to perform a task on large-sized
data.
Example: Consider a scenario where an 8-bit processor must compute the
sum of two 16-bit integers. It must first sum up the 8 lower-order bits, then
add the 8 higher-order bits, thus requiring two instructions to perform the
operation. A 16-bit processor can perform the operation with just one
instruction.
2. Instruction-level parallelism: A processor can only address less than one
instruction for each clock cycle phase. These instructions can be re-ordered
and grouped which are later on executed concurrently without affecting the
result of the program. This is called instruction-level parallelism.
3. Task Parallelism: Task parallelism employs the decomposition of a task
into subtasks and then allocating each of the subtasks for execution. The
processors perform execution of sub tasks concurrently.
Why parallel computing?
 The whole real world runs in dynamic nature i.e. many things happen at a
certain time but at different places concurrently. This data is extensively
huge to manage.
 Real world data needs more dynamic simulation and modeling, and for
achieving the same, parallel computing is the key.
 Parallel computing provides concurrency and saves time and money.
 Complex, large datasets, and their management can be organized only and only using
parallel computing’s approach.
 Ensures the effective utilization of the resources. The hardware is
guaranteed to be used effectively whereas in serial computation only some
part of hardware was used and the rest rendered idle.
 Also, it is impractical to implement real-time systems using serial computing.
Applications of Parallel Computing:
 Data bases and Data mining.
 Real time simulation of systems.
 Science and Engineering.
 Advanced graphics, augmented reality and virtual reality.
Limitations of Parallel Computing:
 It addresses such as communication and synchronization between
multiple sub-tasks and processes which is difficult to achieve.
 The algorithms must be managed in such a way that they can be handled in
the parallel mechanism.
 The algorithms or program must have low coupling and high cohesion. But it’s difficult
to create such programs.
 More technically skilled and expert programmers can code a parallelism
based program well.
Future of Parallel Computing: The computational graph has undergone a
great transition from serial computing to parallel computing. Tech giant such
as Intel has already taken a step towards parallel computing by employing
multicore processors. Parallel computation will revolutionize the way
computers work in the future, for the better good. With all the world
connecting to each other even more than before, Parallel Computing does a
better role in helping us stay that way. With faster networks, distributed
systems, and multi-processor computers, it becomes even more necessary.
A distributed system contains multiple nodes that are physically separate but linked together
using the network. All the nodes in this system communicate with each other and handle
processes in tandem. Each of these nodes contains a small part of the distributed operating
system software.
A diagram to better explain the distributed system is −

Types of Distributed Systems

The nodes in the distributed systems can be arranged in the form of client/server systems or peer
to peer systems. Details about these are as follows −
Client/Server Systems
In client server systems, the client requests a resource and the server provides that resource. A
server may serve multiple clients at the same time while a client is in contact with only one
server. Both the client and server usually communicate via a computer network and so they are a
part of distributed systems.
Peer to Peer Systems
The peer to peer systems contains nodes that are equal participants in data sharing. All the tasks
are equally divided between all the nodes. The nodes interact with each other as required as share
resources. This is done with the help of a network.

Advantages of Distributed Systems

Some advantages of Distributed Systems are as follows −

 All the nodes in the distributed system are connected to each other. So nodes can
easily share data with other nodes.
 More nodes can easily be added to the distributed system i.e. it can be scaled as required.
 Failure of one node does not lead to the failure of the entire distributed system.
Other nodes can still communicate with each other.
 Resources like printers can be shared with multiple nodes rather than being restricted
to just one.
Disadvantages of Distributed Systems
Some disadvantages of Distributed Systems are as follows −

 It is difficult to provide adequate security in distributed systems because the nodes

as well as the connections need to be secured.
 Some messages and data can be lost in the network while moving from one node to
another.
 The database connected to the distributed systems is quite complicated and difficult to
handle as compared to a single user system.
 Overloading may occur in the network if all the nodes of the distributed system try
to send data at once.

DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING MODELS

There are certain technologies working behind the cloud computing platforms making cloud
computing flexible, reliable, and usable. These technologies are listed below:

 Virtualization
 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
 Grid Computing
 Utility Computing

Virtualization
Virtualization is a technique, which allows to share single physical instance of an application
or resource among multiple organizations or tenants (customers). It does this by assigning a
logical name to a physical resource and providing a pointer to that physical resource when
demanded.
The Multitenant architecture offers virtual isolation among the multiple tenants. Hence, the
organizations can use and customize their application as though they each have their instances
running.

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

Service-Oriented Architecture helps to use applications as a service for other applications
regardless the type of vendor, product or technology. Therefore, it is possible to exchange the
data between applications of different vendors without additional programming or making
changes to services.
The cloud computing service oriented architecture is shown in the diagram below.
Grid Computing
Grid Computing refers to distributed computing, in which a group of computers from multiple
locations are connected with each other to achieve a common objective. These computer
resources are heterogeneous and geographically dispersed.
Grid Computing breaks complex task into smaller pieces, which are distributed to CPUs that
reside within the grid.
Utility Computing
Utility computing is based on Pay-per-Use model. It offers computational resources on demand
as a metered service. Cloud computing, grid computing, and managed IT services are based on
the concept of utility computing.

DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING MODELS

In distributed architecture, components are presented on different

platforms and several components can cooperate with one another over a
communication network in order to achieve a specific objective or goal.
 In this architecture, information processing is not confined to a single
machine rather it is distributed over several independent computers.
 A distributed system can be demonstrated by the client-server
architecture which forms the base for multi-tier architectures;
alternatives are the broker architecture such as CORBA, and the
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA).
  There are several technology frameworks to support distributed
architectures, including .NET, J2EE, CORBA, .NET Web services, AXIS
Java Web services, and Globus Grid services.
 Middleware is an infrastructure that appropriately supports the
development and execution of distributed applications. It provides a
buffer between the applications and the network.
 It sits in the middle of system and manages or supports the different
components of a distributed system. Examples are transaction
processing monitors, data convertors and communication controllers
etc.
Middleware as an infrastructure for distributed system

The basis of a distributed architecture is its transparency, reliability, and

availability. The following table lists the different forms of transparency
in a distributed system −

Sr.No. Transparency & Description

1
Access
Hides the way in which resources are accessed and the
differences in data platform.

2
Location
Hides where resources are located.

3
Technology
 Hides different technologies such as programming language
and OS from user.

4
Migration / Relocation
Hide resources that may be moved to another location which are
in use.
5
Replication
Hide resources that may be copied at several location.

6
Concurrency
Hide resources that may be shared with other users.

7
Failure
Hides failure and recovery of resources from user.

8
Persistence
Hides whether a resource ( software ) is in memory or disk.

Advantages

 Resource sharing − Sharing of hardware and software resources.

 Openness − Flexibility of using hardware and software of different vendors.
 Concurrency − Concurrent processing to enhance performance.
 Scalability − Increased throughput by adding new resources.
 Fault tolerance − The ability to continue in operation after a fault has occurred.

Disadvantages

 Complexity − They are more complex than centralized systems.

 Security − More susceptible to external attack.
 Manageability − More effort required for system management.
 Unpredictability − Unpredictable responses depending on the
system organization and network load.
Centralized System vs. Distributed System

Criteria Centralized system Distributed System

Economics Low High

Availability Low High

Complexity Low High

Consistency Simple High

Scalability Poor Good

Technology Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Security High Low

Client-Server Architecture
The client-server architecture is the most common distributed system
architecture which decomposes the system into two major subsystems or
logical processes −
 Client − This is the first process that issues a request to the second
process i.e. the server.
 Server − This is the second process that receives the request, carries it
out, and sends a reply to the client.
In this architecture, the application is modelled as a set of services that are
provided by servers and a set of clients that use these services. The servers
need not know about clients, but the clients must know the identity of
servers, and the mapping of processors to processes is not necessarily 1 : 1
Client-server Architecture can be classified into two models based on the
functionality of the client −

Thin-client model

In thin-client model, all the application processing and data management is

carried by the server. The client is simply responsible for running the
presentation software.
 Used when legacy systems are migrated to client server architectures
in which legacy system acts as a server in its own right with a
graphical interface implemented on a client
 A major disadvantage is that it places a heavy processing load on both
the server and the network.

Thick/Fat-client model

In thick-client model, the server is only in charge for data management. The
software on the client implements the application logic and the interactions
with the system user.
 Most appropriate for new C/S systems where the capabilities of the
client system are known in advance
 More complex than a thin client model especially for management.
New versions of the application have to be installed on all clients.
Advantages

 Separation of responsibilities such as user interface presentation and

business logic processing.
 Reusability of server components and potential for concurrency
 Simplifies the design and the development of distributed applications
 It makes it easy to migrate or integrate existing applications into a
distributed environment.
 It also makes effective use of resources when a large number of
clients are accessing a high-performance server.

Disadvantages

 Lack of heterogeneous infrastructure to deal with the requirement changes.

 Security complications.
 Limited server availability and reliability.
 Limited testability and scalability.

Multi-Tier Architecture (n-tier Architecture)

Multi-tier architecture is a client–server architecture in which the functions
such as presentation, application processing, and data management are
physically separated. By separating an application into tiers, developers
obtain the option of changing or adding a specific layer, instead of
reworking the entire application. It provides a model by which developers
can create flexible and reusable applications.
The most general use of multi-tier architecture is the three-tier architecture.
A three-tier architecture is typically composed of a presentation tier, an
application tier, and a data storage tier and may execute on a separate
processor.

Presentation Tier

Presentation layer is the topmost level of the application by which users can
access directly such as webpage or Operating System GUI (Graphical User
interface). The primary function of this layer is to translate the tasks and
results to something that user can understand. It communicates with other
tiers so that it places the results to the browser/client tier and all other tiers
in the network.

Application Tier (Business Logic, Logic Tier, or Middle Tier)

Application tier coordinates the application, processes the commands,

makes logical decisions, evaluation, and performs calculations. It controls
an application’s functionality by performing detailed processing. It also
moves and processes data between the two surrounding layers.

Data Tier

In this layer, information is stored and retrieved from the database or file
system. The information is then passed back for processing and then back
to the user. It includes the data persistence mechanisms (database
servers, file shares, etc.) and provides API (Application Programming
Interface) to the application tier which provides methods of managing the
stored data.
Advantages
 Better performance than a thin-client approach and is simpler to
manage than a thick-client approach.
 Enhances the reusability and scalability − as demands increase, extra
servers can be added.
 Provides multi-threading support and also reduces network traffic.
 Provides maintainability and flexibility
Disadvantages
 Unsatisfactory Testability due to lack of testing tools.
 More critical server reliability and availability.

Broker Architectural Style

Broker Architectural Style is a middleware architecture used in distributed
computing to coordinate and enable the communication between registered
servers and clients. Here, object communication takes place through a
middleware system called an object request broker (software bus).
 Client and the server do not interact with each other directly. Client
and server have a direct connection to its proxy which communicates
with the mediator- broker.
 A server provides services by registering and publishing their
interfaces with the broker and clients can request the services from
the broker statically or dynamically by look-up.
  CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) is a
good implementation example of the broker architecture.

Components of Broker Architectural Style

The components of broker architectural style are discussed through following heads −
Broker
Broker is responsible for coordinating communication, such as forwarding
and dispatching the results and exceptions. It can be either an invocation-
oriented service, a document or message - oriented broker to which clients
send a message.
 It is responsible for brokering the service requests, locating a
proper server, transmitting requests, and sending responses back to
clients.
 It retains the servers’ registration information including their
functionality and services as well as location information.
 It provides APIs for clients to request, servers to respond, registering
or unregistering server components, transferring messages, and
locating servers.
Stub
Stubs are generated at the static compilation time and then deployed to the
client side which is used as a proxy for the client. Client-side proxy acts as
a mediator between the client and the broker and provides additional
transparency between them and the client; a remote object appears like a
local one.
The proxy hides the IPC (inter-process communication) at protocol level and
performs marshaling of parameter values and un-marshaling of results from
the server.
Skeleton
Skeleton is generated by the service interface compilation and then
deployed to the server side, which is used as a proxy for the server. Server-
side proxy encapsulates low-level system-specific networking functions and
provides high-level APIs to mediate between the server and the broker.
It receives the requests, unpacks the requests, unmarshals the method
arguments, calls the suitable service, and also marshals the result before
sending it back to the client.
Bridge
A bridge can connect two different networks based on different
communication protocols. It mediates different brokers including DCOM,
.NET remote, and Java CORBA brokers.
Bridges are optional component, which hides the implementation details
when two brokers interoperate and take requests and parameters in one
format and translate them to another format.
Broker implementation in CORBA
CORBA is an international standard for an Object Request Broker – a
middleware to manage communications among distributed objects defined
by OMG (object management group).

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

A service is a component of business functionality that is well-defined, self-
contained, independent, published, and available to be used via a standard
programming interface. The connections between services are conducted by
common and universal message-oriented protocols such as the SOAP Web
service protocol, which can deliver requests and responses between
services loosely.
Service-oriented architecture is a client/server design which support
business-driven IT approach in which an application consists of software
services and software service consumers (also known as clients or service
requesters).
Features of SOA

A service-oriented architecture provides the following features −

 Distributed Deployment − Expose enterprise data and business logic as
loosely, coupled, discoverable, structured, standard-based, coarse-
grained, stateless units of functionality called services.
 Composability − Assemble new processes from existing services that
are exposed at a desired granularity through well defined, published,
and standard complaint interfaces.
 Interoperability − Share capabilities and reuse shared services across a
network irrespective of underlying protocols or implementation
technology.
 Reusability − Choose a service provider and access to existing
resources exposed as services.

SOA Operation

The following figure illustrates how does SOA operate −

Advantages
 Loose coupling of service–orientation provides great flexibility for
enterprises to make use of all available service recourses irrespective
of platform and technology restrictions.
 Each service component is independent from other services due to the
stateless service feature.
 The implementation of a service will not affect the application of the
service as long as the exposed interface is not changed.
 A client or any service can access other services regardless of their
platform, technology, vendors, or language implementations.
 Reusability of assets and services since clients of a service only need
to know its public interfaces, service composition.
 SOA based business application development are much more efficient
in terms of time and cost.
 Enhances the scalability and provide standard connection between systems.
 Efficient and effective usage of ‘Business Services’.
 Integration becomes much easier and improved intrinsic interoperability.
 Abstract complexity for developers and energize business processes
closer to end users.
Service-Oriented Architecture(sos)
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is an architectural approach in which applications make use
of services available in the network. In this architecture, services are provided to form
applications, through a communication call over the internet.

 SOA allows users to combine a large number of facilities from existing services to
form applications.
 SOA encompasses a set of design principles that structure system development and provide
means for integrating components into a coherent and decentralized system.
 SOA based computing packages functionalities into a set of interoperable services, which can be
integrated into different software systems belonging to separate business domains.
There are two major roles within Service-oriented Architecture:

1. Service provider: The service provider is the maintainer of the service and the organization that
makes available one or more services for others to use. To advertise services, the provider can
publish them in a registry, together with a service contract that specifies the nature of the
service, how to use it, the requirements for the service, and the fees charged.
2. Service consumer: The service consumer can locate the service metadata in the registry and
develop the required client components to bind and use the service.

Services might aggregate information and data retrieved from other services or create workflows
of services to satisfy the request of a given service consumer. This practice is known as service
orchestration Another important interaction pattern is service choreography, which is the
coordinated interaction of services without a single point of control.

Components of SOA:
Guiding Principles of SOA:
1. Standardized service contract: Specified through one or more service description documents.
2. Loose coupling: Services are designed as self-contained components, maintain relationships that
minimize dependencies on other services.
3. Abstraction: A service is completely defined by service contracts and description documents.
They hide their logic, which is encapsulated within their implementation.
 4. Reusability: Designed as components, services can be reused more effectively, thus reducing
development time and the associated costs.
5. Autonomy: Services have control over the logic they encapsulate and, from a service consumer
point of view, there is no need to know about their implementation.
6. Discoverability: Services are defined by description documents that constitute supplemental
metadata through which they can be effectively discovered. Service discovery provides an effective
means for utilizing third-party resources.
7. Composability: Using services as building blocks, sophisticated and complex operations can be
implemented. Service orchestration and choreography provide a solid support for composing
services and achieving business goals.
Advantages of SOA:
 Service reusability: In SOA, applications are made from existing services.Thus, services can be
reused to make many applications.
 Easy maintenance: As services are independent of each other they can be updated and modified
easily without affecting other services.
 Platform independant: SOA allows making a complex application by combining services picked
from different sources, independent of the platform.
 Availability: SOA facilities are easily available to anyone on request.
 Reliability: SOA applications are more reliable because it is easy to debug small services rather
than huge codes
 Scalability: Services can run on different servers within an environment, this increases scalability
Disadvantages of SOA:
 High overhead: A validation of input parameters of services is done whenever services
interact this decreases performance as it increases load and response time.
 High investment: A huge initial investment is required for SOA.
 Complex service management: When services interact they exchange messages to tasks. the
number of messages may go in millions. It becomes a cumbersome task to handle a large number
of messages.
Practical applications of SOA: SOA is used in many ways around us whether it is mentioned
or not.
1. SOA infrastructure is used by many armies and air force to deploy situational awareness systems.
2. SOA is used to improve the healthcare delivery.
3. Nowadays many apps are games and they use inbuilt functions to run. For example, an app
might need GPS so it uses inbuilt GPS functions of the device. This is SOA in mobile solutions.
 GRID COMPUTING
Grid computing is a distributed structure of a large number of computers
connected to solve a complicated problem. In grid computing, servers and
computers run independently and are loosely connected by the Internet.
Computers may connect directly or through scheduling systems.
In other words, Grid Computing involves a large number of computer which
are connected parallel and makes a computer cluster.
Grid computing is used in various types of applications such as mathematical,
scientific, and educational tasks via various computing resources.
Grid computing is a processor architecture that integrates computer resources
from various domains to achieve a primary goal. The computers on the network
will work together in grid computing on a project, thus acting as a
supercomputer.
Grid systems are mainly designed for resource sharing by Distributed
and cluster computing on a large scale. It divides the complex tasks into
smaller pieces that are distributed to the CPUs

Cloud Computing
loud Computing is defined as the on-demand facility of computer power,
database storage, applications, and other IT resources through the internet. It
provides a solution for IT infrastructure at a low price.
In simple words, cloud computing means storing and accessing the data via
the internet instead of the computer’s hard drive.
Cloud computing is a pay-per-use model.

Grid Computing Vs Cloud Computing

1. Main objective: – The main objective of cloud computing is to offer the Service at a lower
rate. It also offers scalability and flexibility so that the customer efficiently
uses cloud computing with increased security and availability.
However, the grid computing objective is to focus on the network to solve
complicated problems; it also provides a computer as a utility.
2. Types and Division: – The types of cloud computing are public clouds,
private clouds, community clouds, and hybrid clouds.
However, Grid computing is a distributed computing system so its types are
distributed information system and distributed pervasive systems.
 Use and Security: – A Large amount of data is stored in the cloud. So it offers security
according to it. The data which is stored on the cloud is secured and only be
access with the help of credentials.
Grid computing relates to idol energy in computers and is mainly used for
something sensible.
 Basis of Dependency: – Cloud Computing is totally dependent on the internal.
The cloud offers high security along with high performance.
Grid computing can do its work continuously, even if a computer stops or failure.
The other computer will pick the working and make the system more efficient
and reliable.
 Difference and Similarity: – cloud computing and grid computing are different from each
other in some terms like architecture, business model, and interoperability.
The similarity between cloud computing and grid computing is both are
network-based technologies
.6. Space and Storage: – In cloud computing, backup and restores the data is
easy due to of its fast data processors. The updation in cloud computing are
automatic and efficient. However, in grid computing, space is saved, and access
to additional resources can be done.
7. Remote Usage: – In cloud computing, management of computing resources
are within a single location, which is located at a different place.
However, in grid computing, there is a distributed system where the
resources are allocated at various locations, and can be located from
various sites.
8. Resource Requirements: – Grid computing requires more resources,
and cloud computing doesn’t access the resource directly; it gets
resources via the internet.
9. Problem-Solving Techniques: – For job scheduling, grid computing uses all
kinds of computing resources. In grid computing, the big task is split into
multiple tasks, which is solved by various computers as the work assigns to a
particular computer.
Cloud computing has resources that are pooling via grouping resources and
needs a base from a cluster of servers.
10. Services and Capabilities: – Academic researchers mainly used Grid
computing and have the ability to handle a large set of job that are complex
and includes a large collection of data.
Cloud computing is totally internet-based computing. The cloud offers various
types of services like management of data, job queries, the security of data,
etc. It removes the cost of purchasing new hardware and software which are
required to build applications.
11. Interoperability: – In grid computing, interoperability can be handled quickly,
but cloud computing does not support interoperability.
Grid Computing Vs. Cloud Computing: Comparison
Chart
GRID COMPUTING CLOUD COMPUTING

Grid computing is for Application-oriented. Cloud computing is for Service-oriented.

In Grid computing, resources are shared In cloud computing, all the

among multiple computing units for resources are managed centrally
processing a single task. and are place over different servers
in clusters.

Grid computing is a collection of

In cloud computing, more than one
Interconnected computers and networks
computer coordinates to resolve the
that can be called for large scale
problem together.
processing tools.
Grid computing is operated within a Cloud computing can be accessed
corporate network via the Internet.
 The cloud servers are owned by
In this, Grids are mainly owned and
infrastructure providers and are placed
managed by an organization within its
in physically various locations.
premises.

Cloud computing includes dealing with

It offers a shared pool of computing
a common problem using a varying
resources based on needs.
number of computing resources.

PROS &CONS
Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloud
Computing
Advantages of Cloud Computing
As we all know that Cloud computing is trending technology. Almost every company switched their servi
cloud to rise the company growth.

Here, we are going to discuss some important advantages of Cloud Computing-

1) Back-up and restore data

Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to get back-up and restore that data using the cloud.

2) Improved collaboration

Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing groups of people to quickly and easily share
inform cloud via shared storage.

3) Excellent accessibility

Cloud allows us to quickly and easily access store information anywhere, anytime in the whole world, us
internet connection. An internet cloud infrastructure increases organization productivity and efficiency b
that our data is always accessible.

4) Low maintenance cost

Cloud computing reduces both hardware and software maintenance costs for organizations.

5) Mobility

Cloud computing allows us to easily access all cloud data via mobile.

6) IServices in the pay-per-use model

Cloud computing offers Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to the users for access services on th
pays the charges as per the usage of service.
7) Unlimited storage capacity

Cloud offers us a huge amount of storing capacity for storing our important data such as documents, im
video, etc. in one place.

8) Data security

Data security is one of the biggest advantages of cloud computing. Cloud offers many advanced
feature security and ensures that data is securely stored and handled.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

A list of the disadvantage of cloud computing is given below -

1) Internet Connectivity

As you know, in cloud computing, every data (image, audio, video, etc.) is stored on the cloud, and we
data through the cloud by using the internet connection. If you do not have good internet connectivity,
access these data. However, we have no any other way to access data from the cloud.

2) Vendor lock-in

Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of cloud computing. Organizations may face problems when t
their services from one vendor to another. As different vendors provide different platforms, that can cau
moving from one cloud to another.

3) Limited Control

As we know, cloud infrastructure is completely owned, managed, and monitored by the service provider
users have less control over the function and execution of services within a cloud infrastructure.

4) Security

Although cloud service providers implement the best security standards to store important information.
adopting cloud technology, you should be aware that you will be sending all your organization's sensitiv
to a third party, i.e., a cloud computing service provider. While sending the data on the cloud, there ma
that your organization's information is hacked by Hackers.
REAL TIME APPLICATIONS
Cloud Computing has its applications in almost all the fields such as business,
entertainment, data st networking, management, entertainment, education, art and
global positioning system, etc. Some famous cloud computing applications are discussed
here in this tutorial:

Business Applications
Cloud computing has made businesses more collaborative and easy by
incorporating various as MailChimp, Chatter, Google Apps for business, and Quickbooks.

SN Application Description

1
MailChimp
It offers an e-mail publishing platform. It is widely employed by the
businesses to design and send their e-mail campaigns.

2
Chatter
Chatter app helps the employee to share important information
about organization in real time. One can get the instant feed
regarding any issue.
3
Google Apps for Business
Google offers creating text documents, spreadsheets,
presentations,etc., on Google Docs which allows the business users
to share them in collaborating manner.

4
Quickbooks
It offers online accounting solutions for a business. It
helps in monitoring cash flow, creating VAT returns and creating
business reports.

Data Storage and Backup

Box.com, Mozy, Joukuu are the applications offering data storage and backup services in
cloud.

SN Application Description
1
Box.com
Box.com offers drag and drop service for files. The users need to
drop the files into Box and access from anywhere.

2
Mozy
Mozy offers online backup service for files to prevent data loss.

3
Joukuu
Joukuu is a web-based interface. It allows to display a single list of
contents for files stored in Google Docs, Box.net and Dropbox.

Management Applications
There are apps available for management task such as time tracking, organizing notes.
Application such tasks are discussed below:

SN Application Description

1
Toggl
It helps in tracking time period assigned to a particular project.

2
Evernote
It organizes the sticky notes and even can read the text from
images which helps the user to locate the notes easily.

3
Outright
It is an accounting app. It helps to track income, expenses,
profits and losses in real time.

Social Applications
There are several social networking services providing websites such as Facebook,
Twitter, etc.
SN Application Description

1
Facebook
It offers social networking service. One can share photos,
videos, files, status and much more.

2
Twitter
It helps to interact with the public directly. One can follow any
celebrity, organization and any person, who is on twitter and can
have latest updates regarding the same.

Entertainment Applications

SN Application Description

1
Audio box.fm
It offers streaming service. The music files are stored online and
can be played from cloud using the own media player of the
service.

Art Applications

SN Application Description

1
Moo
It offers art services such as designing and printing business
cards, postcards and mini cards.