1A M1.

1 2020-2021

Study of fun tions and usual fun tions

Obje tifs
ˆ To b able to study a real-valued fun tion of one variable
ˆ To know usual fun tions

1 To study a real-valued fun tion of one variable

1.1 Parity
Denition 1. Even Fun tion
Let f be a real-valued fun tion from I to R, of one variable. f is an even fun tion if :
ˆ I is symmetri with respe t to the origin .
ˆ ∀x ∈ I, f (−x) = f (x)

Example 1.
Are those2 fun tions even on their domain of denition ?
x + cos x + 1
f (x) = ; g(x) = 2x + 2
−|x| − 1
Property 1.
A fun tion is even if and only if its graph fa e is symmetri with respe t to the y-axis, meaning
that its graph remains un hanged after ree tion about the y-axis.
Example 2.
Che k this property with a graph.
Denition 2. Odd Fun tion
Let f be a real-valued fun tion from I to R, of one variable. f is an odd fun tion if :
ˆ I is symmetri with respe t to the origin .
ˆ ∀x ∈ I, f (−x) = −f (x)
Example 3.
Are those fun
3
tions odd on their domain of denition ?
−x + sin x
f (x) = ; g(x) = 2x + 2
x2 + 1
Property 2.
A fun tion is odd if and only if its graph has rotational symmetry with respe t to the origin,
meaning that its graph remains un hanged after rotation of 180 degrees about the origin.
Example 4.
Che k this property with a graph.

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1.2 Asymptoti dire tions

On a une bran he innie si x or f (x) tends to +∞ or −∞.
ˆ rst ase : lim f (x) = ±∞ : verti al asymptote x = x0
x→x0
ˆ se ond ase : lim f (x) = y0 : horizontal asymptote y = y0
x→±∞
f (x)
ˆ third ase : lim f (x) = ±∞. We study lim
x→±∞ x→±∞ x
f (x)
1. If lim = ±∞ : asymptoti urve of asymptoti dire tion Oy (example : the
x→±∞ x
fun tion exp)
f (x)
2. If lim = 0 : bran he parabolique de dire tion asymptotique Ox (exemple : la
x→±∞ x
fon tion ln x)
f (x)
3. If lim = a ∈ R∗ : we study lim f (x) − ax :
x→±∞ x x→±∞

(a) If lim f (x) − ax = b ∈ R : oblique asymptote y = ax + b

x→±∞

(b) If lim f (x) − ax = ±∞ : asymptoti urve of asymptoti dire tion y = ax

x→±∞

Example 5.
2 − 3x2
Let's study asymptoti dire tions for f dened by f (x) =
x+3

1.3 Convexity, on avity for fun tions of direntiability lass C 2

In this se tion, let f be a fun tion of dierentiability lass C 2 on an open interval I .
Denition 3.
f is said onvex on I if ∀x ∈ I, f ′′ (x) > 0. Instead of " onvex", one often says " urved upwards".

Example 6.
Let f be a onvex fun tion on an interval I .
1. What an you say about the derivative of f ?
2. Let's sket h the graph of a onvex fun tion.
Denition 4.
f is said on ave I if −f is onvex on I . Instead of " on ave", one often says " urved down-
wards".
Example 7.
Sket h the graph of a on ave fun tion, using the previous denition.
Denition 5. Let x0 ∈ I . f has an ine tion point at x0 , if and only if the sign of f ′′(x)
hanges at x0 .
Sket h an ine tion point.

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1.4 General method for studying a fun tion

1. Domain of denition, , oddness, evenness, periodi ity ( if possible you redu e the domain
to study).
2. Continuity, extension by ontinuity, dierentiability.
3. Sum up the variations of the fun tion : ompute the derivative, study its monotony and
let's denote its stationnary points (where f ′ vanishes) and forbidden points (where f ′ is
not dened).
4. Tangentes :
(a) If the derivative fun tion vanishes : horizontal tangent line
(b) If the derivative fun tion or the dieren e quotient tends to +∞ or −∞ : verti al
tangente line, non dierentiability point.
( ) half-tangente lines : get while studying f on the right-hand or left-hand of x0
5. Limits at endpoints.
6. Study asymptoti dire tions.
7. Give the full variation table of f .
8. Con avity, onvexity, ine tion point.
9. Sket h the graph

2 Exponential, logarithmi and power fun tions

2.1 Exponential fun tion

Denition 6. There exists a unique fun tion from R

to R, alled the exponential fun tion appelée, denoted
exp, dierentiable on R su h that :

exp(0) = 1
′
exp (x) = exp(x), ∀x ∈ R
Fon tionnal equation

By denition, exp is ontinuous and dierentiable on R.


 exp(x + y) = exp(x). exp(y)
∀x, y ∈ R : 1
exp(−x) =
exp(x)


We set : e = exp(1) and denote ex = exp(x).

Variations
∀x ∈ R, exp(x) > 0 thus exp′ = exp, so exp is stri tly in reasing.

Limits at endpoints
lim ex = +∞ lim ex = 0
x→+∞ x→−∞

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The graph of exp has an horizontal asymptote −∞ of equation y = 0 this is the X-axis.

Comparative growths
x
 ∀n ∈ R∗ , lim e = +∞

x→+∞ xn
 ∀n ∈ R∗ , lim |x|n ex = 0
x→−∞

Limits to know by heart

ex − 1
lim =1
x→0 x

2.2 Logarithmi fun tion

Denition 7. The logarithmi fun tion, denoted

by ln, is the inverse fun tion of the exponential exp
as exp is bije tive from R to ]0; +∞[. The logarith-
mi fun tion ln is dened from ]0; +∞[ to R.
Variations
ln has the same variations of exp thus ln is onti-
nuous, dierentiable and str itly in reasing on
]0; +∞[.
Derivative
1 1 1
∀x > 0, ln′ (x) = = =
exp′ (ln x) eln x x
Limits at endpoints
lim ln x = −∞ lim ln x = +∞
x→0+ x→+∞

The graph of the logarithmi fun tion ln has a verti al asymptote at 0.

Fon tionnal equation

ln(xy) = ln(x) + ln(y)
(
∀x, y > 0 : 1
ln = − ln x
x
Comparative growths
 ∀n ∈ N∗ , lim ln x = 0

x→+∞ xn
 ∀n ∈ N∗ , lim xn ln x = 0
x→0+

Limit to know by heart

ln(1 + x)
lim =1
x→0 x
Example 8. Let's study f : x 7→ ln(1 + ex )

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2.3 Exponential and logarithmi fun tion with base a

2.3.1 Exponenetial fun tion with base a

Denition 8. Let a > 0 be a stri tly positive real number. For all x ∈ R,
on dénit l'exponentielle de base a par :
ax = exp(x ln a) = ex ln a

Ainsi, l'étude d'une exponentielle de base a se ramène à elle d'une ex-

ponentielle lassique du type eαx .

2.3.2 Logarithmi fun tion with base a

Let a > 0 be a stri tly positive real number and a 6= 1.
For all x > 0, the logarithmi fun tion with base a is
dened by :
ln x
loga (x) =
ln a
To study the logarithmi fun tion with base a is equi-
valent to study the logarithmi fun tion with a mul-
tipli ative fa tor.

2.3.3 Fon tion logarithme dé imal

The logarithm with base 10 is alled the ommon logarithmi fun tion,
and denoted by This fun tion is the inverse fun tion of the exponential
fun tion of base 10 : x → 10x. Those fun tions are used when we work
with powers of 10.
Example 9. For instan e, in hemistery, we get the formula : [H + ] = 10−P H . Let's dedu e PH
in fun tion of the on entration [H +].

2.4 Power Fun tions

For α ∈ R, we dene :
R∗+ → R
 
fα :
x 7→ xα

with xα = eα ln x.
So , again , it omes down to study a lassi exponential , ex-
ept in the ase where alpha is an integer ( onventional power
fun tion ), and in the ase of a negative integer ( inverse fun -
tion of a onventional power fun tion ) , rational and we have
x f racpq = sqrt[q]xp .

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2.5 Comparative growths

Let's onsider α > 0 and a, b > 1, we get :
ax logb x
lim = +∞ lim =0 lim xα logb x = 0
x→+∞ xα x→+∞ xα x→0

We summarize it : en +∞ :
logb x ≪ xα ≪ ax

3 Hyperboli Fun tions

3.1 The hyperboli osine and sine

Denition 9. The hyperboli osine and sine are fun tions from
R to R dened by :
x −x

 ch : x 7→ e + e

x
2 −x
 sh : x 7→
 e − e
2
Continuity, Dierentiability
ch and sh are ontinuous and dierentiable on R

Let's study properties of ch and sh.

Oddness, Evenness
ˆ The hyperboli osine ch is .......................... .
ˆ The hyperboli sine sh is ............................. .
Derivative
ch′ (x) =

∀x ∈ R,
sh′ (x) =
Variations Table
x x
ch x sh x

Sign
For all x ∈ R, we get ch(x) .............
sh(x) hanges sign at .............

Hyperboli Trigonometry
There exists many formulas between ch and sh, this one is fundamental :

∀x ∈ R, ch2 x − sh2 x = 1

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Example 10. Prove the previous equality.

Comparaison
As ch x − sh x = e−x for all x ∈ R, we get : lim ch x − sh x = 0. The urves of ch, sh and
x→+∞
1
x 7→ ex are said asymptoti .
2

3.2 The hyperboli tangent

Denition 10. The hyperboli tangent, denoted by th, is dened on R by :
sh x ex − e−x e2x − 1 1 − e−2x
∀x ∈ R, th x = = x = =
ch x e + e−x e2x + 1 1 + e−2x
Continuity Dierentiability
The fun tin th is ontinuous and dierentiable on R.

Oddness, Evenness
This fun tion th is ..................

Derivative
∀x ∈ R, th′ (x) = ..........................
Variations table
x
th x

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Example 11. Prove that : ∀x ∈ R, ch(2x) = ch2 x + sh2 x and sh(2x) = 2 ch x. sh x

4 Geometri al transformations of fun tions

4.1 Introdu tion

Let's try
1. Sket h the graph of the exponential fun tion.
2. Sket h also the graph of the following fun tions : − exp(x) ; exp(x) + 1 ; exp(x) − 1 ;
2 exp(x).
3. Let's nd geometri al tranformations used to move those graphs.
4. Same questions for the fun tions exp(−x) ; exp(x + 1) ; exp(x − 1) ; exp(2x).
Conne t ea h formula up to a geometri transformation.
1. −f (x) ;
2. f (x) + 1 ;
3. f (x) − 1 ;
4. 2f (x) ;
5. f (−x) ;
6. f (x + 1) ;
7. f (x − 1) ;
8. f (2x).
1. up translation ;
2. down translation ;
3. left translation ;
4. right translation ;
5. ree tion symmetry of x-axis ;
6. ree tion symmetry of y -axis ;
7. verti al dilation by fa tor 2 ;
8. horizontal dilation by fa tor 1/2.
1. Whi h formula is asso iated to a homothety of enter the origin and of ration 2 ?
2. rotational symmetry with respe t to the origin ?

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4.2 Con lusion

Geometri al transformations an also be used to qui kly move and resize graphs of fun tions.
Let f and g be two real-valued fun tions of one variable, dened respe tively on Df and Dg ,
let's onsider their graphs Cf and Cg in the orthonormal plane (O,~i, ~j).

4.2.1 Translations
Theorem 1 ( Verti al Translation).
If g(x) = f (x) + k with k ∈ R
Then Cg is the image of Cf under the verti al translation of ve tor k~j .
Theorem 2 (Horizontal Translations).
If g(x) = f (x + k) with k ∈ R
Then Cg is the image of Cf under the horizontal translation of ve tor −k~i.

4.2.2 Symmetries
Theorem 3 (Ree tion symmetry of x-axis).
If g(x) = −f (x)
Then Cg is the image of Cf under the ree tion symmetry a ross the x-axis.
Theorem 4 (Ree tion symmetry of y -axis).
If g(x) = f (−x)
Then Cg is the image of Cf under the ree tion symmetry a ross the y -axis.
Theorem 5 (Point ree tion ( entral inversion ) at the origin O).
If g(x) = −f (−x)
Then Cg is the image of Cf under the point ree tion at the origin O .

4.2.3 Dilations
Theorem 6 (Verti al Dilation).
If g(x) = k.f (x) with k > 0
Then Cg is the image of Cf under a verti al dilation by a fa tor of k.
Theorem 7 (Horizontal Dilation).
If g(x) = f (k.x) with k > 0
1
Then Cg is the image of Cf under an horizontal dilation by a fa tor of .
k
Theorem 8 (Homothety of enter O and of ratio k).
1
If g(x) = k.f ( .x) with k > 0
k
Then Cg is the image of Cf under the homothety of enter O of ratio k.

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5 Trigonometri fun tions

5.1 Periodi fun tions

Denition 11.
Let T be a real, and f a real-valued fun tion dened on I . f is a T perido fun tion if :
ˆ ∀x ∈ I, x + T ∈ I .
ˆ ∀x ∈ I, f (x + T ) = f (x)

Example 12.
Let's onsider f dened by f (t) = cos(ωt) for t ∈ R . Prove thar f is a periodi fun tion with
2π
period . ω is alled pulsation in physi s.
ω
Proposition 1.
Let a, b, and ω be real numbers. Then there exists three real numbers φ, φ′ and A su h that :
for all realt : a cos(ωt) + b sin(ωt) = A sin(ωt + φ) = A cos(ωt + φ′ )
√ a b
We get : A = a2 + b2 , tan φ = and tan φ′ = −
b a
The previous property is useful in physi s : the sum of two sinusoidal signals of the same pulse
(and therefore same period) is a sinusoidal signal of same pulse (and therefore same period)
with a phase dieren e of phi .
Example 13.
Let's prove the previous property, then let's write the expression cos 2x + sin 2x as A sin(ωx+φ).

5.2 The osine and sine fun tions

5.2.1 Graphs

5.2.2 Formulas
cos(−x) = cos(x) sin(−x) = − sin(x) Few fundamental values
cos(π − x) = − cos(x) sin(π − x) = sin(x)
cos(π + x) = − cos(x) sin(π + x) = − sin(x)
π π
cos( − x) = sin(x) sin( − x) = cos(x)
2 2
π π
cos( + x) = − sin(x) sin( + x) = cos(x)
2 2

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θ 0
π π π π Addition formulas
6 4 3 2 ˆ cos(a + b) = cos(a) cos(b) − sin(a) sin(b)
√ √ ˆ sin(a + b) = cos(a) sin(b) + cos(b) sin(a)
3 2 1
cos(θ) 1 0
2 2 2
√ √
sin(θ) 0
1 2 3
1 Linéarisation
2 2 2 1 + cos(2a)
ˆ cos2 (a) =
1 √ 2
tan(θ) 0 √ 1 3 1 − cos(2a)
3 ˆ sin (a) =
2
2
1
ˆ sin(a) cos(a) = sin(2a)
2
Solving an equation cos(x) = cos(a)

 a = b + 2kπ, k ∈ Z (1)
cos(a) = cos(b) ⇔ ou
a = −b + 2k ′ π, k ′ ∈ Z (2)


Solving an equation sin(x) = sin(a)


 a = b + 2kπ, k ∈ Z (1)
sin(a) = sin(b) ⇔ ou
a = π − b + 2k ′ π, k ′ ∈ Z (2)


5.3 The tangent fun tion

Denition 12.
sin x
The tangent fun tion is dened by tan x = on R −
cos x
π
{ + kπ, k ∈ Z}
2
Proposition 2.
ˆ The tangent fun tion is π periodi and odd fun tion.
1
ˆ tan′ (x) = 1 + tan2 x =
cos2 x
ˆ lim tan x = +∞
−π
2

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Graphi al representation

Solving an equation tan(x) = tan(a)

tan(a) = tan(b) ⇔ a = b + kπ, k ∈ Z

1
Example 14. Let's study f : x 7→ tan x −
tan x

Workout

Exer ise 1.
Let's study those fun tions :
r2 − R
1. U(r) = with R is a non zero onstant.
r+R
2. I(p) = ap − 1 − p with a a stri tly positive real number.
p

Exer ise 2.
In ele tromagnetism , you will learn about, the eld and the ele tri potential Axe Ox

reated by a disk of radius R , at metal (and thi kness ) uniformly ele tried x M
with an areal density of onstant harge sigma . You will nd that at a point M
of abs issa x , the ele tri potential is : O

σ √ 2 √
V (x) = V (M) = ( R + x2 − x2 )
2ε0
1. Study V . Is V of dierentiability lass C 1 on R ?
2. We dene E ~ , the ele tri eld at the point M , by

~ = − dV u~x
E
dx
Using the study of V , evaluate the limit of E at 0 and at +∞.
3. Are those results onsistent with the physi al phenomenom ?
Exer ise 3.
Let's study
1. f (x) = xe x
1

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2. f : x 7→ x x
1

Exer ise 4. Bode's diagramm

Ele troni lters are used to lter ertain frequen ies. To study these
lters we dene a transfer fun tion whi h is equal to the quotient of the
omplex output voltage on the omplex input voltage. For the ir uit
1 1
shown against, we get H(jω) = ω with j = −1 et ω0 =
2
. We
1 + j ω0 RC
then dene the gain, in dé ibel, by GB = 20 log |H(jω)|.
1. Express in fun tion of ω , GB (ω).
ω
2. Let g be the fun tion dened g(ω) = −20 log( ).
ω0
Prove that lim GB (ω) − g(ω) = 0. What an you dedu e about the urves of GB and
ω→+∞
g?
3. Let's study the variations of GB .
ω
4. We dene : X = log for ω > 0, and K the fun tion dened by GB (ω) = K(X).
ω0
Without express K in fun tion of X :
(a) Let's study the variations of K .
(b) Determine the equations of the asymptotes of the representation of K as X tends
to −∞ and tends to +∞.
( ) Détermine the oordinates of the point A(X0 , Y0 ) of interse tion between the previous
lines.
(d) Compute K(X0 ).
(e) Sket h the trend of K , and its asymptotes in an orthogonal plane.
ω
5. On the X -axis, we mat h ea h integer value of X with ω = kω0 su h that log = X,
ω0
thus we get G(ω) on the Y -axis.
Thus we get the representation of GB in a semi-log plot (or semi-log graph).
The frequen ies go from a few tens of hertz to several hundred , this will represent GB .
6. ω0 is alled the uto frequen y. Do you understand this name ?
P
7. We dene the gain of a power (in de ibel) by P par GB = 10 log S . One an also dene
PE
the ut-o frequen y for whi h the output power is equal to half of the input power .
Prove that we rend GB (ω0 )
Exer ise 5 (A familly of fun tions).
Our goal is to study, for all natural number n distin t from 0, the fun tions fn dened by
ln x
f (x) = x − n − n
x
We denote Cn the urve of fn in an orthogonal plane.
A. Let's study fn
1. Give the domain of denition of fn .

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2. let's dene gn on ]0; +∞[, by gn (x) = x2 − n + n ln x

(a) Prove that there exists a unique αn su h that g(αn) = 0, and that αn ∈ [1; 3]. Let's
ompute α1 .
(b) Compute fn′ and dedu e variations of fn .
n
( ) Prove that fn (αn ) = 2αn − n − and dedu e the limit of fn (αn ).
αn
3. Study asymptoti dire tions of fn , study the relative position of Cn with respe t to its
asymptotes on ]0; +∞[.
B. Relative positions of the graphs Cn
Soit d(x) = fn (x) − fn+1 (x).
1. Study the variations of d, evaluate its limits at 0 and at +∞.
2. Dedu e that the equation d(x) = 0 has a unique solution β and that β ∈ [0; 1].
3. Let's dedu e the relative position of Cn and Cn+1 .
4. Sket h on the same graph the trend of Cn and Cn+1 .
Exer ise 6.
Study those fun tions
 
2x − 1
1. h : x 7→ ch
x+1
2. i : x 7→ ln (1 + th x)
Exer ise 7.
Express ch(x) using 
sh(x) and sh(2x).
n 
1
Simplify un = , and dedu e lim un .
Y
ch
p=1
2p n→+∞

Exer ise 8.
1. Study f (x) = esh(x) − (1 + x) on [−1; 1] (It ould interesting to study f ”).
1
Let's dedu e ∀x ∈ ]0; 1[ , 1 + x 6 esh x 6 .
1−x
kn  
1
2. Let k ∈ N, k > 2. For all n ∈ N, we put un = , evaluate lim un.
X
sh
p=n
p n→+∞

Exer ise 9.
Let's solve :

 ch x + ch y = 35

12
25
 sh x + sh y =

12

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Exer ise 10.

Let's dene f a real-valued fun tion by f (x) = x2 − 2x − 3. You will nd below its graph in a
Cartesian oordinate plane, and the graph of y = x2 :
ˆ Find the geometri al transformation used to
Cf

3
get Cf from P ?
ˆ Prove it.
2
P

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3

−1

−2

−3

−4

Exer ise 11.

1. Sket h the graph of f dened by

2x + 5 si x ∈ [−3, −2]



f (x) = 1 si x ∈ [−2, 1]
−x + 2 si x ∈ [1, 5]



2. Let's dene h by h(x) = −f (x).

Find the geometri al transformation used, sket h the graph of h and give its expression.
3. Same question for i(x) = f (−x)
4. Same question for g(x) = f (x + 1) + 2
Exer ise 12.
1. Sket h as qui k as possible those graphs (we will start with the graph of the elementary
fun tion used (sine, osine, et .).
√
sin(x) + 1 ; f2 (x) = − cos(x) ; f3 (x) = ln(−x) ; f4 (x) = 2 x ; f5 (x) = sin(2x) ;
f1 (x) = √
f6 (x) = x+1
2. More di ult : f7 (x) = 2 sin(x) + 1 ; f8 (x) = ln(2x + 1) ; f9 (x) = sin(2x) + 1 ; f10 (x) =
2 ln(x + 1).

Exer ise 13.

Find the smallest period of those fun tions :

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1. f1 (x) = sin(3x) 2x
3. f1 (x) = sin(3x) − cos( )
3
π tan(4x)
2. f1 (x) = cos(ωx + ) 4. f1 (x) =
4 tan(2x)
Exer ise 14.
Solve
π
1. sin(2x) = sin( ) 3. tan(3x) = 1
3
π
2. cos(3x + π) = cos( ) 4. sin x + sin(2x) = 0
2
Exer ise 15.
Solve on R.
√
1 2
1. sin(2x) 6 2. cos(3x + π) > −
2 2
3. tan(3x) > 1

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