Unit 1 Cloud Computing

1.What is Cloud Computing?

Ans.: - Cloud Computing means storing and accessing the data and programs on remote
servers that are hosted on the internet instead of the computer’s hard drive or local server.
Cloud computing is also referred to as Internet-based computing, it is a technology where
the resource is provided as a service through the Internet to the user. The data that is
stored can be files, images, documents, or any other storable document.

The following are some of the operations that can be performed with Cloud Computing
• Storage, backup, and recovery of data
• Delivery of software on demand
• Development of new applications and services
• Streaming videos and audio

2. What is the need of Cloud Computing?

Small as well as large IT companies, follow the traditional methods to provide the IT infrastructure.
That means for any IT company, we need a Server Room that is the basic need of IT companies.

In that server room, there should be a database server, mail server, networking, firewalls, routers,
modem, switches, QPS (Query Per Second means how much queries or load will be handled by the
server), configurable system, high net speed, and the maintenance engineers.

To establish such IT infrastructure, we need to spend lots of money. To overcome all these problems
and to reduce the IT infrastructure cost, Cloud Computing comes into existence.
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3. What are the characteristics of Cloud Computing?

Cloud computing is a technology that allows users to access and use computing resources
(such as servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence) over
the internet, often referred to as "the cloud." The key characteristics of cloud computing
include:
On-Demand Self-Service:
Users can provision and manage computing resources as needed without requiring human
intervention from the service provider.
Broad Network Access:
Cloud services are accessible over the internet from a variety of devices, such as laptops,
smartphones, and tablets, with standard web browsers.
Resource Pooling:
Computing resources are pooled together to serve multiple users, with different physical
and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand.
Rapid Elasticity:
Computing resources can be quickly scaled up or down to accommodate changing
workloads, allowing for flexibility and efficiency in resource utilization.
Measured Service:
Cloud computing resources are metered, and users are billed based on their actual usage,
providing cost transparency and enabling users to pay only for the resources they consume.
Service Models:
Cloud computing offers different service models:
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Provides virtualized computing resources over the
internet.
Platform as a Service (PaaS): Offers a platform that allows users to develop, run, and
manage applications without dealing with the complexity of infrastructure.
Software as a Service (SaaS): Delivers software applications over the internet on a
subscription basis.
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Deployment Models:
Cloud computing can be deployed in various ways:
Public Cloud: Resources are owned and operated by a third-party cloud service
provider, and services are delivered over the internet.
Private Cloud: Cloud resources are used exclusively by a single organization, either on-
premises or hosted by a third-party provider.
Hybrid Cloud: Combines elements of both public and private clouds, allowing data
and applications to be shared between them.
Scalability and Flexibility:
Cloud services can scale horizontally or vertically to meet changing demands, and users can
easily tailor their resource usage based on specific requirements.
Virtualization:
Virtualization technologies enable the creation of virtual instances of computing resources,
allowing for better resource utilization and flexibility.
Security and Compliance:
Cloud service providers implement security measures to protect data and ensure
compliance with regulatory requirements. However, users must also take responsibility for
securing their own data and applications.

4.What are the Cloud Service/DELIVERY Models?

There are the following three types of cloud service models -

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

5.What are the Roles and boundaries of Cloud computing?

Organizations and humans can assume different types of pre-defined roles depending
on how they relate to and/or interact with a cloud and its hosted IT resources. Each of
the upcoming roles participates in and carries out responsibilities in relation to cloud-
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based activity. The following sections define these roles and identify their main
interactions.
Cloud Provider
The organization that provides cloud-based IT resources is the cloud provider. When
assuming the role of cloud provider, an organization is responsible for making cloud
services available to cloud consumers, as per agreed upon SLA guarantees. The cloud
provider is further tasked with any required management and administrative duties
to ensure the on-going operation of the overall cloud infrastructure. Cloud providers
normally own the IT resources that are made available for lease by cloud consumers;
however, some cloud providers also “resell” IT resources leased from other cloud
providers.
Cloud Consumer
A cloud consumer is an organization (or a human) that has a formal contract or
arrangement with a cloud provider to use IT resources made available by the cloud
provider. Specifically, the cloud consumer uses a cloud service consumer to access a
cloud service

Cloud Service Owner

The person or organization that legally owns a cloud service is called a cloud service
owner. The cloud service owner can be the cloud consumer, or the cloud provider
that owns the cloud within which the cloud service resides. For example, either the
cloud consumer of Cloud X or the cloud provider of Cloud X could own Cloud Service .
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Note that a cloud consumer that owns a cloud service hosted by a third-party cloud
does not necessarily need to be the user (or consumer) of the cloud service. Several
cloud consumer organizations develop and deploy cloud services in clouds owned by
other parties for the purpose of making the cloud services available to the general
public. The reason a cloud service owner is not called a cloud resource owner is
because the cloud service owner role only applies to cloud services.
Cloud Resource Administrator
A cloud resource administrator is the person or organization responsible for
administering a cloud-based IT resource (including cloud services). The cloud
resource administrator can be (or belong to) the cloud consumer or cloud provider of
the cloud within which the cloud service resides. Alternatively, it can be (or belong to)
a third-party organization contracted to administer the cloud-based IT resource. For
example, a cloud service owner can contract a cloud resource administrator to
administer a cloud service
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The reason a cloud resource administrator is not referred to as a “cloud service

administrator” is because this role may be responsible for administering cloud-based
IT resources that don’t exist as cloud services. For example, if the cloud resource
administrator belongs to (or is contracted by) the cloud provider, IT resources not
made remotely accessible may be administered by this role (and these types of IT
resources are not classified as cloud services).
Additional Roles
The NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture defines the following
supplementary roles:
• Cloud Auditor – A third-party (often accredited) that conducts independent
assessments of cloud environments assumes the role of the cloud auditor. The typical
responsibilities associated with this role include the evaluation of security controls,
privacy impacts, and performance. The main purpose of the cloud auditor role is to
provide an unbiased assessment (and possible endorsement) of a cloud environment
to help strengthen the trust relationship between cloud consumers and cloud
providers.
• Cloud Broker – This role is assumed by a party that assumes the responsibility of
managing and negotiating the usage of cloud services between cloud consumers and
cloud providers. Mediation services provided by cloud brokers include service
intermediation, aggregation, and arbitrage.
• Cloud Carrier – The party responsible for providing the wire-level connectivity
between cloud consumers and cloud providers assumes the role of the cloud carrier.
This role is often assumed by network and telecommunication providers. While each
is legitimate, most architectural scenarios covered in this book do not include these
roles.
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Organizational Boundary
An organizational boundary represents the physical perimeter that surrounds a set of
IT resources that are owned and governed by an organization. The organizational
boundary does not represent the boundary of an actual organization, only an
organizational set of IT assets and IT resources. Similarly, clouds have an
organizational boundary.
Trust Boundary
When an organization assumes the role of cloud consumer to access cloud-based IT
resources, it needs to extend its trust beyond the physical boundary of the
organization to include parts of the cloud environment. A trust boundary is a logical
perimeter that typically spans beyond physical boundaries to represent the extent to
which IT resources are trusted When analyzing cloud environments, the trust
boundary is most frequently associated with the trust issued by the organization
acting as the cloud consumer.

6. Explain cloud computing Architecture.

Cloud Computing Architecture

As we know, cloud computing technology is used by both small and large organizations to store
the information in cloud and access it from anywhere at anytime using the internet connection.

Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-oriented architecture and event-driven

architecture.

Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts

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o Front End
o Back End

The below diagram shows the architecture of cloud computing

Front End
The front end is used by the client. It contains client-side interfaces and applications that are required
to access the cloud computing platforms. The front end includes web servers (including Chrome,
Firefox, internet explorer, etc.), thin & fat clients, tablets, and mobile devices.

Back End
The back end is used by the service provider. It manages all the resources that are required to provide
cloud computing services. It includes a huge amount of data storage, security mechanism, virtual
machines, deploying models, servers, traffic control mechanisms, etc.

Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

There are the following components of cloud computing architecture -

1. Client Infrastructure

Client Infrastructure is a Front end component. It provides GUI (Graphical User Interface) to interact
with the cloud.

2. Application

The application may be any software or platform that a client wants to access.
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3. Service

A Cloud Services manages that which type of service you access according to the client’s
requirement.

Cloud computing offers the following three type of services:

i. Software as a Service (SaaS) – It is also known as cloud application services. Mostly, SaaS
applications run directly through the web browser means we do not require to download and
install these applications. Some important example of SaaS is given below –

Example: Google Apps, Salesforce Dropbox, Slack, Hubspot, Cisco WebEx.

ii. Platform as a Service (PaaS) – It is also known as cloud platform services. It is quite
similar to SaaS, but the difference is that PaaS provides a platform for software creation, but
using SaaS, we can access software over the internet without the need of any platform

Example: Windows Azure, Force.com, Magento Commerce Cloud, OpenShift.

iii. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – It is also known as cloud infrastructure services. It

is responsible for managing applications data, middleware, and runtime environments.

Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Google Compute Engine (GCE), Cisco Metapod

4. Runtime Cloud

Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime environment to the virtual machines.

5. Storage

Storage is one of the most important components of cloud computing. It provides a huge amount
of storage capacity in the cloud to store and manage data.

6. Infrastructure

It provides services on the host level, application level, and network level. Cloud infrastructure
includes hardware and software components such as servers, storage, network devices, virtualization
software, and other storage resources that are needed to support the cloud computing model.

7. Management

Management is used to manage components such as application, service, runtime cloud, storage,
infrastructure, and other security issues in the backend and establish coordination between them.

8. Security

Security is an in-built back end component of cloud computing. It implements a security mechanism
in the back end.
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9. Internet

The Internet is medium through which front end and back end can interact and communicate with
each other.

7. What are the essential characteristics of Cloud Computing?

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

On-Demand Self-Service

Cloud computing allows on-demand self-services. Services include storage, networking,

analysis, etc. Users can select and use single or multiple services depending on their needs.
Users become more accountable for their intake, which improves their ability to make wise
decisions. Users can make use of resources following their needs and specifications. They
are charged at the end of the billing cycle based on how much they use the services
provided by the cloud service providers.

Broad Network Access

The cloud is accessible to any device from any location because of widespread network
access. A cloud provider must offer its clients numerous network access options. Otherwise,
a few systems would be available for using the cloud service.

Broad network access contains configuration for secure remote access, paying special
attention to mobile cloud computing, regulating the data that broad access network
providers have collected, enforcing role-based access control, etc. As a result, cloud
computing removes obstacles and borders because it operates across numerous regions.

Scalability or Rapid Elasticity

A system's capacity to manage an increasing volume of work by adding resources is known

as scalability. Cloud services must quickly develop to keep up with the ongoing expansion
of businesses. One of the most flexible aspects of cloud computing is scalability. In addition
to having the potential to increase the number of servers or infrastructure in response to
demand, it also offers a significant number of features that satisfy the needs of its clients.

Scalability further improves cloud computing’s cost-effectiveness and suitability for

business use. It can be dialed back when demand is low and exponentially expanded when
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demand is high. When demand declines, services revert to how they were before. It is
comparable to when a restaurant can accept more people during peak hours, but it is a
cloud. This requires a lot of planning, money, and resources, but cloud service providers
handle every element.

Resource Pooling

Resource pooling is one of the core components of cloud computing. A cloud service
provider can provide each client with different services based on their demands by
employing resource pooling to divide resources across many clients.

Resource pooling is a multi-client approach for location independence, network

infrastructure pooling, storage systems, etc. The process of real-time resource assignment
does not affect the client's experience. This is often used in wireless technologies like a
radio transmission.

Measured Service

Cloud systems automatically manage and manage resource utilization by using a metering
capability. The consumption of resources is tracked for each application and tenant; it will
give both the user and the resource supplier an account of what has been utilized.
Monitoring, regulating, and reporting resource utilization allows for transparency for the
service provider and the service user.

The metering capability is built into some level of service abstraction, which enables
transparency between the customer and the service provider. Each user must be billed
according to how much of the service they use, and the cloud provider must be able to
measure this usage.

8. Explain Cloud service models.