Programming in Modern C++: Assignment Week 6

Total Marks : 25

Partha Pratim Das

Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur – 721302
[email protected]

February 24, 2023

Question 1
Consider the following code segment. [MCQ, Marks 2]

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base{
public:
void fun1() { cout << "1" ; }
virtual void fun2() { cout << "3" ; }
};
class Derived : public Base{
public:
virtual void fun1() { cout << "2" ; }
void fun2() { cout << "4" ; }
};
int main(){
Base *t = new Derived();
t->fun1();
t->fun2();
return 0;
}

What will be the output?

a) 13

b) 14

c) 23

d) 24

Answer: b)
Explanation:
As fun1() is a non-virtual function at the base class, for the t->fun1() function call static
binding is done. So, the function of pointer type will be called.
As fun2() is a virtual function, for the t->fun2() function call dynamic binding is done. So,
the function of object type will be called.

1
Question 2
Consider the following code segment. [MCQ, Marks 2]

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int x = 0;
class ClassA{
public:
ClassA(){ x = x+2; }
~ClassA() { x = x-1; }
};
class ClassB : public ClassA{
public:
ClassB(){ x = x+3; }
~ClassB(){ x = x-2; }
};
void fun(){
ClassB t;
ClassA *t1 = new ClassB();
cout << x << " ";
delete t1;
}
int main(){
fun();
cout << x;
return 0;
}

What will be the output/error?

a) 10 6

b) 10 4

c) 8 6

d) 8 4

Answer: a)
Explanation:
When the function fun is called, an object of class ClassB is created, which increase the value
of the global variable by (3 + 2) = 5. Again an object of class ClassB is created with new
which will increase global variable x by 5. So, 10 is printed first. When it is returned from the
function, destructor for both object would be called. In this process, for the object (t1), only
base class destructor is called because of non-virtual-ness. But, for the object (t), both class
destructor would be called. So, x is decreased by only 4. So, 6 will be printed.

2
Question 3
Consider the following code segment. [MCQ, Marks 2]

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class A{
public:
A() { cout<<"A "; }
~A() { cout<<"~A "; }
};
class B : public A{
public:
B() { cout<<"B "; }
virtual ~B() { cout<<"~B "; }
};
class C : public B{
public:
C() { cout<<"C "; }
~C() { cout<<"~C "; }
};
int main(){
A *t1 = new C;
delete t1;
return 0;
}

What will be the output?

a) A B C ∼C ∼B ∼A

b) A B C ∼C ∼B

c) A B C ∼B ∼A

d) A B C ∼A

Answer: d)
Explanation:
When the object of class C is created, it calls constructor of class C which in turn calls con-
structor of class B and A respectively. So, it will print A B C.
Whenever, the object is deleted, it calls destructor of class A first. The destructor of class A is
not virtual, so it will not call child class destructor. So, final result will be A B C ∼A.

3
Question 4
Consider the following code segment. [MCQ, Marks 2]

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Virtual {
public:
virtual void fun() = 0; //LINE-1
};
void Virtual::fun() {
cout << "Pure virtual function";
}
int main() {
Virtual m; // LINE-2
Virtual *p = new Virtual(); // LINE-3
p->fun(); // LINE-4
return 0;
}

Which line/s will give you error?

a) LINE-1

b) LINE-2

c) LINE-3

d) LINE-4

Answer: b), c)
Explanation:
Any abstract base class cannot be instantiated and hence will give an error at LINE-2. Also, we
cannot create abstract class object using new operator and hence will give an error at LINE-3.

4
Question 5
Consider the following code segment. [MCQ, Marks 2]

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base{
public:
virtual void fun() { }
};
class Derived : public Base{
public:
void fun(double i) { }
};
int main(){
Derived t1;
Base *t2 = new Derived();
t1.fun(); //LINE-1
t1.fun(3.14); //LINE-2
t2->fun(); //LINE-3
t2->fun(3.14); //LINE-4
return 0;
}

Which line/s will give you error?

a) LINE-1

b) LINE-2

c) LINE-3

d) LINE-4

Answer: a), d)
Explanation:
The function fun() of class Base is overloaded in class Derived. So, base class function become
hidden for derived class. So, LINE-1 will give error. On the other hand, class Base doesn’t
have fun(double) in its definition. So, LINE-4 will give an error.

5
Question 6
Consider the following code segment. [MSQ, Marks 2]

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class classA{
public:
virtual void f(){ cout << "A::f() "; }
void g(){ cout << "A::g() "; }
void h(){ cout << "A::h() "; }
};
class classB : public classA{
public:
void f(){ cout << "B::f() "; }
virtual void g(){ cout << "B::g() "; }
void h(){ cout << "B::h() "; }
};
class classC : public classB{
public:
void f(){ cout << "C::f() "; }
void g(){ cout << "C::g() "; }
virtual void h(){ cout << "C::h() "; }
};
int main(){
classC cb;
classB &bb = cb;
bb.f();
bb.g();
bb.h();
return 0;
}

What will be the output?

a) A::f() B::g() C::h()

b) C::f() C::g() B::h()

c) C::f() B::g() B::h()

d) C::f() C::g() C::h()

Answer: b)
Explanation:
In class classB, the functions f() and g() are virtual functions. As bb refers to the object
cb, the output will be C::f() C::g() B::h().

6
Question 7
Consider the following code segment. [MCQ, Marks 2]

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class A{
public:
virtual void fun(){ cout << "1 "; }
};
class B : public A{
public:
void fun(){ cout << "2 "; }
};
class C : public B{
public:
void fun(){ cout << "3 "; }
};
int main(){
C *cb = new C;
_________________; //LINE-1
return 0;
}

Fill in the blank at LINE-1 so that the program will print 2.

a) cb->B::fun()

b) B::fun()

c) B::cb->fun()

d) cb->fun()

Answer: a)
Explanation:
As cb is a pointer to an object of class C, we can call fun() from class B as cb->B::fun()
such that it will print 2.

7
Question 8
Consider the following code segment. [MCQ, Marks 2]

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Vehicle{
public:
virtual void run() = 0;
virtual void stop() = 0;
};
class Car : public Vehicle{
};
class MotorCycle : public Vehicle{
public:
void run(){}
void stop(){}
};
class Truck : public Car{
public:
void run(){}
void stop(){}
};
class SportsCar : public Car{
public:
void run(){}
virtual void nitro() = 0;
void stop(){}
};
void SportsCar::nitro(){}
class SUV : public Car{
public:
void run(){}
};

Identify the abstract classes.

a) Vehicle, Car, MotorCycle

b) Vehicle, Car, SUV

c) Vehicle, Car

d) Vehicle, Car, SportsCar, SUV

Answer: d)
Explanation:
A class having at least one pure virtual function is an abstract class. At the same time, a pure
virtual function remains pure virtual until it is overridden by the derived class. Hence, the
correct option is d).

8
Question 9
Consider the following code segment. [MCQ, Marks 2]

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class B{
int b;
public:
B(int i) : b(i) {}
virtual void f(B *t) { cout << t->b << endl; }
};
class D : public B{
int d;
public:
D(int i=0, int j=0) : B(i), d(j) { }
void f(D *t) { cout << t->d << endl; }
};
int main(){
B *t1 = new D(1,2);
t1->f(new D); //Line-1
return 0;
}

What will be the output?

a) 0

b) 1

c) 2

d) Garbage

Answer: a)
Explanation:
The function call at LINE-1 invokes derived class function with a temporary object as param-
eter. The temporary object of class D has data members with value 0 as constructor initializes
both the data members with default value 0. Hence, the program will print 0.

9
Programming Questions

Question 1
Complete the program with the following instructions.
• Fill in the blank at LINE-1 with proper access specifier.
• Fill in the blanks at LINE-2 to declare area() as a pure virtual function.
The program must satisfy the given test cases. Marks: 3
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Shape{
____________: //LINE-1
double ar;
public:
_____________________________; //LINE-2
void show(){
cout << ar << " ";
}
};
class Triangle : public Shape{
int h, w;
public:
Triangle(int a, int b) : h(a), w(b){}
void area(){
ar = 0.5*h*w;
}
};
class Circle : public Shape{
int r;
public:
Circle(int a) : r(a){}
void area(){
ar = 3.14*r*r;
}
};
int main(){
int w,h,r;
cin >> w >> h >> r;
Shape *s1 = new Triangle(h,w);
Shape *s2 = new Circle(r);
s1->area();
s2->area();
s1->show();
s2->show();
return 0;
}

Public 1
Input: 1 2 3
Output: 1 28.26

10
Public 2
Input: 2 5 10
Output: 5 314

Private 1
Input: 3 5 7
Output: 7.5 153.86

Answer:
LINE-1: protected OR public
LINE-2: virtual void area() = 0
Explanation:
The data member of class Shape is being accessed from its child classes. Hence, the access
specifier of the data member should be protected or public at LINE-1. the function area
needs to be declared as pure virtual at LINE-2 which can be done as virtual void area()
= 0;

11
Question 2
Consider the following program with the following instructions.
• Fill in the blank at LINE-1 with appropriate destructor declaration.
• Fill in the blank at LINE-2 with appropriate initialization list of derived class constructor.
The program must satisfy the sample input and output. Marks: 3
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base{
public:
Base(){ cout << "1 "; }
Base(int n){ cout << n << " "; }
_______________________; //LINE-1
};
Base::~Base(){ cout << "2 "; }
class Derived : public Base{
public:
Derived(){ cout << "3 "; }
Derived(int n) : ____________ { cout << n * 3 << " "; } //LINE-2
virtual ~Derived(){ cout << "4 "; }
};
int main(){
int i;
cin >> i;
Base *pt = new Derived(i);
delete pt;
return 0;
}

Public 1
Input: 5
Output: 5 15 4 2

Public 2
Input: 7
Output: 7 21 4 2

Private
Input: 50
Output: 50 150 4 2

Answer:
LINE-1: virtual ∼Base()
LINE-2: Base(n)
Explanation:
At LINE-1, the destructor needs to be defined as virtual destructor, so that if the derived class
object gets deleted it will be called automatically. Hence, LINE-1 has to be filled with virtual
∼Base();
The initialization-list required at LINE-2 is Base(n).

12
Question 3
Consider the following program. Fill in the blanks as per the instructions given below:

• Fill in the blanks at LINE-1 with an appropriate keyword.

• Fill in the blank at LINE-2 with an appropriate function declaration.

• Fill in the blank at LINE-3 with an appropriate statement.

such that it will satisfy the given test cases. Marks: 3

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class B{
protected:
int s;
public:
B(int i=0) : s(i){}
_______ ~B(){ } //LINE-1
________________________; //LINE-2
};
class D : public B{
public:
D(int i) : B(i) {}
~D();
int fun(int x){
return s+x;
}
};
class Z{
public:
void fun(int a, int b){
B *t = _________; //LINE-3
int i = t->fun(b);
cout << i << " ";
delete t;
}
};
D::~D(){ cout << --s << " "; }
int main(){
int i, j;
cin >> i >> j;
Z w;
w.fun(i,j);
return 0;
}

Public 1
Input: 5 3
Output: 8 4

13
Public 2
Input: 2 8
Output: 10 1

Private
Input: 7 6
Output: 13 6

Answer:
LINE-1: virtual
LINE-2: virtual int fun(int) = 0
LINE-3: new D(a)
Explanation:
The destructor of B class needs to be declared as virtual in order to call D class destructor at
the time of deletion. The function fun() can be declared as a pure virtual function at LINE-2
as virtual int fun(int) = 0;. We can’t instantiate abstract class. So, LINE-3 can be filled
as new D(a).

14