UNIT-IV

Word press: Introduction to word press, servers like wamp, bitnami e.tc, installing and
configuring word press, understanding admin panel, working with posts and pages, using
editor, text formatting with shortcuts, working with media-Adding, editing, deleting media
elements, working with widgets, menus.

Q) What Is Content Management System?

A Content Management System (CMS) can be defined as a tool or software program containing a set of
interrelated programs used for creating and managing different digital or online content. Content development
has become a sensational means of sharing information over the internet. Even non-technical users got the
ability to publish content easily and quickly on the World Wide Web. All this is possible because of the easy-to-
use content management tools widely used by firms, news organizations, educational institutions, and other
businesses.Some famous examples of CMS software are Joomla, Drupal, WordPress, TYPO3, etc. The typical
use of CMSes is in two areas:

1. Enterprise Content Management (ECM) and

2. Web Content Management (WCM)

Components of Content Management System

A content management system is composed of two major components. These are:

  A content management application (CMA) is a graphical user interface that allows users to create,
delete, modify, and publish content without the knowledge of HTML or other programming languages
necessary to create web pages.
 A content delivery application (CDA) is responsible for the back-end services. It manages as well as
delivers content after being framed in the CMA.

Advantages of Content Management System

 Most of the CMS is open source and is available for free.

 Easy and quick uploading of media files can be done.
 Several SEO tools make on-site SEO simpler.
 Easy customization is possible as per the need of the user.
 It can modify CSS files as per the design needed by the user.
 Many templates and plugins are available for free. Customization of plugins is also possible.
 Content editing is also more comfortable as it uses the WYSIWYG editor.

Disadvantages of Content Management System

 CMS software needs a time-to-time update, so the user must look for an updated version.
 Using different plugins can make your website heavy and challenging to run.
 CMS hosting is quite expansive.
 PHP knowledge is required to modify or change the WordPress website.

Q) What is WordPress?
WordPress can be defined as an open-source CMS that has been licensed under GPLv2. It means anyone has
the right to usandas modify the WordPress software for free. It can be considered a tool that makes the life of
content publishers easy to manage an essential portion of the website, like website content and multimedia files
in web pages without prior knowledge of web programming. The ultimate result is that WordPress helps
develop and build a website handy for anyone, even without a developer's skill set.

Features of WordPress

WordPress is considered to be the most popular content management system due to its characteristics.

 The most important features of WordPress are that you can create a dynamic website without any
programming and design knowledge.
 WordPress is theme-based, providing you options for various open-source and premium design themes
that can be integrated easily without any designing knowledge.
  Plugins extend the functionality of WordPress, which can be used to add new required modules.
 WordPress sites are Search Engine Optimization (SEO) friendly, which means you can easily optimize
the built-in WordPress for search engine listings.
 WordPress is Multilingual, which allows users to translate content into different languages.
 WordPress has an inbuilt Media Management System, which manages images, music, documents, etc.,
and can be used with text content.

Advantages of WordPress

 WordPress is a free and open-source platform under the GNU General Public License (GPL).
 Design theme customization in WordPress is straightforward.
 It allows you to manage users with different roles and permissions.
 WordPress media management is quick and easy to use.
 WordPress provides a WYSIWYG editor to manage your text content, which is very useful for
manipulating the layout of the document.
Q) What is the difference between WordPress.com and WordPress.org ?
WordPress.org WordPress.com

It requires a separate web hosting You must sign up for an account or create a
account to run a WordPress site. website or blog.

It helps create a free website and is Get basic website functionalities for free and need
open-source for further modification. pay to upgrade for professional site development.

You can upload your plugins to extend No Plugin upload allowed.

the functionality.

Here, you can use your custom URL. Free plans will be a sub-domain of WordPress.

Q) Explain about WAMP server.

WAMP is an acronym that stands for Windows, Apache, MySQL, and PHP. It’s a software stack which
means installing WAMP installs Apache, MySQL, and PHP on your operating system (Windows in the
case of WAMP). Even though you can install them separately, they are usually bundled up, and for a good
reason too.
What’s good to know is that WAMP derives from LAMP (the L stands for Linux). The only difference
between these two is that WAMP is used for Windows, while LAMP – for Linux based operating systems.
what each letter represents:

1. “W” stands for Windows, there’s also LAMP (for Linux) and MAMP (for Mac).

2. “A” stands for Apache. Apache is the server software that is responsible for serving web pages.
When you request a page to be seen by you, Apache grants your request over HTTP and shows you
the site.

3. “M” stands for MySQL. MySQL’s job is to be the database management system for your server. It
stores all of the relevant information like your site’s content, user profiles, etc.

4. “P” stands for PHP. It’s the programming language that was used to write WordPress. It acts like
glue for this whole software stack. PHP is running in conjunction with Ap ache and communicating
with MySQL.

Instead of installing and testing WordPress on your hosting account, you can do it on your personal
computer (localhost).
WAMP acts like a virtual server on your computer. It allows you to test all WordPress features without
any consequences since it’s localized on your machine and is not connected to the web.

Q) Explain about installing and configuring wordpress.

Download WordPress
WordPress is a free and open-source platform under the GNU General Public License (GPL), and you can
download it directly from WordPress's official website. You can also open
the https://wordpress.org/download/ link now to download WordPress.
WordPress Installation

 First, you need to download WordPress and upload it into your localhost or web server project folder.
 Then you are required to open your web browser and navigate the URL of the WordPress folder path (In
the case of localhost URL will be http://localhost/wordpress_project_folder_name).
 Next, WordPress installation requires an empty MySQL database, so you require to create it before.
 Next, the WordPress Setup wizard will ask you for initial information about the website, which is
mentioned below.
Step 1: The WordPress installation setup will ask you about your language preference in the first step. Here you
have to choose the language of your choice and press Continue.

Step 2: The second stage provides the required information before proceeding.

Step 3: You must provide MySQL database connection credentials in this installation step. It will ask to enter
the information related to the MySQL database. Here is the list of fields that the screen will be asking you to
insert:

1. Database Name: This will be the name of the database that you have already created in the MySQL
database to use WordPress.
2. Username: It will be the user name data for your database.
3. Password: Here, you must enter your MySQL database's password.
 4. Database Host: is where you have to insert the hostname; the default is "localhost".
5. Table Prefix: is implemented to add prefixes in the database tables, which help run multiple sites on the
same database.

Once you provide all the information, press the Submit button.

Step 4: The installation setup checks the authentication of database credentials and provides you with a
confirmation.

If you have provided the correct MySQL credentials, a new screen will come up with the option "Run the
Install".

Click the "Run the Install" button.

Step 5: This is the final step, where you must provide site admin information.

Enter the administrative information; the form will have the following fields:

1. Title of the site

 2. Username
3. Password
4. Your Email address
5. Check-box to allow search engines to index the site.

Once you fill required data in the form, click the "Install WordPress".
Step 6: The admin panel will come up with a login screen. Enter the username and password you have chosen
on the previous screen and log in.

That's it; you have successfully installed WordPress.

Q) Explain about WordPress Dashboard or Admin panel.

WordPress dashboard is the first screen of the WordPress admin control panel after the login. It provides
website information at a glance, it's easily customizable, and offers quick access to other pages.

For handling all the different utilities of WordPress, you need a control panel from which you can control and
manage your entire WordPress Website. The admin dashboard of WordPress is also called WP Admin Panel. It
acts as a control unit, which consists of a collection of gadgets that can help build your website with a
customized look and theme, and therefore, it is essential to understand what features it has and how you can use
it as a user.

These are the features available on the WordPress Dashboard:

Top Admin Bar

WordPress Top Admin Bar provides shortcut links, including notifications about plugin updates, user
comments, writing or editing posts, user options, etc. You can see that it will be available on all pages of
WordPress after login for your convenience.
Screen Options
The WordPress screen option is related to the current page customization and may contain some checkboxes to
show and hide some screen options.
Screen Option is a collection of different widgets that can be toggled for showing and hiding on some screens
using checkboxes. This dashboard feature allows you to customize the admin screen or panel.
Welcome
It provides some useful links and steps to start working with WordPress for the first time.
At a Glance
It provides a quick overview of published posts, pages, current WordPress version, and active theme
information.
Activity
The activity widget provides quick access to the latest posts and comments. It instantly offers the option of
accepting, declining, answering, editing, deleting, and marking a comment as spam.
Quick Draft
Quick Drafts allows quick access to write and save content from the dashboard. You can draft or publish new
content from here that came to your mind.
It provides a tiny post editor allowing users to write, save, and publish a post from the admin panel. It also has
the provision for adding a draft title, notes about the draft, and a saving option as a Draft.
WordPress News
The WordPress News widget gets information from the official WordPress blog, which contains information
about the latest software releases, updates, news, and alerts.
Admin Sidebar Menu
WordPress Admin Sidebar Menu provides main admin options, which include links such as Posts, Media,
Pages, Comments, Appearances, Plugins, Users, Tools, Settings, etc., used to handle your entire website
components.
Let us understand each of these menus one by one.

 Posts: talks about the entries as contents in reverse chronological order on the posts page. Also, posts get
displayed in the RSS feed of your blog. You can control the number of posts you want to show at a time
from the Reading Settings.
 Pages: It is a static website content element and is not listed according to date. Also, pages do not make
use of tags. An About page is a typical example of a page.
 Media Library: It is an essential repository for media files (such as images, audio, videos, and other
documents) that can be used on your site. It allows you to upload as well as manage media files in your
posts and pages easily and quickly.
 Comments: This section shows your website's visitors' comments as they wanted to communicate with
you, and you can see the list of all comments made by your readers.
 Appearances: This is used to customize your website's look and appearance.
 Plugins: This is a section from where you can incorporate other additional programs for your website,
which can extend the functionality and add new features to your site.
 User: This section helps define what actions the different users of your site are allowed to perform.
These actions are called capabilities.
 Tools: It contains a collection of programs for performing non-routine management tasks.
 Settings: This section is used to set the basic configuration of your site.
Q) What Are Posts in WordPress?
"Posts" is a WordPress component that allows users to inscribe a blog and post it on the associated site. These
posts are listed in descending order on the front page of the website or blog.
Add a New Post in WordPress
Here are the steps to add new posts to WordPress:

1. To add a new Post on your website through WordPress, you must log in to the WordPress account.
2. There you will see Admin Sidebar Menu on the left.
3. Go to the Posts on the menu and choose Add New.
4. Now you will see a new screen where you will be given the option to add a title and content for your
web page.
5. There are two primary components of this screen:
1. Title: where you can insert the title of your post
2. Content: where you will inscribe the content for your post. It can be done in two different ways:
1. Visual mode lets you write in a regular format using WYSIWYG Editor.
2. Text mode allows you to write in HTML format like you are writing in Windows
Notepad.

Publishing a New Post in WordPress

Once you have created the content for your blog or site and set up all the formats and other tags, you now need
to publish the content. You have to click the Publish button to publish your desired post. This button will be
available on the right side of the panel.
Here is the list of components that comes under the Publish section:
 1. Save Draft: This button saves the post as a draft.
2. Preview: This button is for previewing the post before publishing.
3. Move to Trash: This link is for deleting the post.
4. Status: This option is to change the current status of the post, whether it is published, pending, or under
reviewer draft.
5. Visibility: This option is to modify the post's visibility to public, private, or password protected.
6. Published: This option is for setting the date and time of publication.

Edit Existing Post

You must go to Posts> All Posts to edit a post. There you will see the list of all created posts. Hover your mouse
over any post; You will see the option of Edit and Quick Edit. You can use any one of the options to make
changes to your post.
Delete Existing Post
You must go to Posts > All Posts to delete a post. There you will see the list of all existing posts. Hover your
mouse over any posts; you will see a Trash link allowing you to delete the post.

Q) What Are Pages in WordPress?

Creating pages for your website is similar to creating Posts in WordPress. Pages are a collective set of static
content that does not change its display information dynamically during the website run. Let us now get to
know how to add or make a page in WordPress.
Add a New Page in WordPress
Here are the steps to add new pages in WordPress, and this is similar to adding a new post:

1. To add a new Post on your website through WordPress, you must log in to the WordPress account.
2. You will now see the screen of the Dashboard.
3. On the left side of your Dashboard, you will see Admin Sidebar Menu.
4. Go to the Pages on the menu and choose Add New.
 5. Now you will see a new screen where you will be given the option to add a title and content for your
web page.
6. There are two primary components of this screen:
1. Title: This is an input field where you can insert the title of your page
2. Content: This is a textarea where you have to inscribe the content for the page. It can be used in
two different ways:
1. Visual mode: This is where you can write in a regular format by using WYSIWYG
Editor.
2. Text mode: This is where you can write in HTML format like in Windows Notepad.

What Is a WYSIWYG Editor?

WYSIWYG Editor has similar capabilities to a Word Processor, and it is a primary interface where you can
draft and format your content. Various buttons for editing formatting include Bold, Italic, Word Strike, Bullet-
List, Number-List, Block-Quote, Left, Right Alignment, Justify, Add-Link, Distraction-Free Writing Toggle
Button, Toggle Toolbar, and the horizontal line.
Publishing a New Page in WordPress
Once you write your entire article or content, you can publish the page to the user by clicking the Publish button
from the right window screen.
Here is the list of components that comes under the Publish section:
1. Save Draft: This button saves the page as a draft.
2. Preview: This button is for previewing the page before publishing.
3. Move to Trash: This link is for deleting the page.
4. Status: This option is to change the current status of the page, whether it is published, pending, or under
reviewer draft.
5. Visibility: This option is to modify the page's visibility to public, private, or password protected.
6. Published: This option is for setting the date and time of publication.
Edit Existing Page
You must go to Menu> All Pages to edit a post. There you will see the list of all created pages. Hover your
mouse over any page; You will see the option of Edit and Quick Edit. You can use any one of the options to
make changes to your page.
Delete Existing Page
You must go to Pages > All Pages to delete a page. There you will see the list of all existing pages. Hover your
mouse over any page; you will see a Trash link allowing you to delete the page.

Q) What Are WordPress Categories?

WordPress categories is an essential tool used by admins and users in dividing the website's content into various
sections. You must have noticed that the different content you write can be further divided into different
categories. The categorization based on genres and types tells readers about the post so that readers can quickly
find any post from the post's collection.

Categories are a convenient way to organize your written posts. There may also be multiple subcategories,
which makes the hierarchical arrangement of posts potential. Furthermore, a single post can be positioned in
more than one category to become available from multiple dimensions. It gives you and readers a lot of
flexibility in showing precisely the posts you wish to and accurately the way you want within the site's widgets,
menus, or your WordPress theme directly. If no category is added to your posts or contents, then the category is
set to uncategorized by default.

How to Create Categories in WordPress?

To create new categories in WordPress, you need to follow the steps mentioned below:

1. Go to your WordPress dashboard.

2. Navigate to the "Posts" menu > "Categories".
3. On the left window pane of your page, you will see a tab that will let you create categories. You have to
fill in the category name, followed by the category description in the text box, and when all the
information is fed, you have to press the "Add New" Category button.
How to Assign Posts to Categories in WordPress?

You can incorporate the different posts into categories as soon as you set the category structure. There are two
ways of doing this. To implement categorization in your posts, you have to open a particular post (or create a
fresh one) and then place a checkbox from the Categories section, which you will find in the rightmost bottom
corner of your screen for assigning categories to your posts.

Components of Adding Categories

1. Name: This is an input field where you will name the category, which will be unique.
2. Slug: This is an editable part of the post URL.
3. Parent: This is where you can add subcategories or choose none; a selection is optional, specifying your
category.
4. Description: This option is also optional. Here, you will find a text box to write a brief description of
your category.

Editing and Deleting a Category

For editing a category, you have to navigate to the "Posts" menu > "Categories". You can move your mouse
over the category to edit and delete.

Q) What Are WordPress Tags?

WordPress Tags can be defined as a set of information you can attach to your WordPress content to categorize
and better identify content. Each post has many tags that allow the visitors to click on a tag to find related posts
with the same tag. When you mention a tag correctly, it not only helps readers easily find content but also helps
in search optimization.

How to Include Tags in Your WordPress Post?

The steps to include tags in your posts are:

 1. Log in to WordPress and go to your dashboard.
2. From there, you have to navigate to Posts > Tags.
3. You will now see a new screen, the "Tags" page.
4. From that page, you have to fill all the required fields that are discussed below:
1. Name: This is where you will name the category, which will be unique.
2. Slug: This is an editable part of the URL.
3. Description: This option is also optional. Here, you will find a text box to write a brief
description of your tag.
5. After inserting all the above information, you must click the "Add New Tag" button.
6. This will bring the newly created tag on the right side of the page, which you can see on your screen.

Editing Tags in WordPress

Here is a list of simple steps that you can follow to edit tags in WordPress:

1. From the dashboard, go to your Posts menu.

2. From there, choose the Tags option.
3. You can view the tags you have created previously using the steps mentioned above.
4. As you hover the mouse cursor on the Tags, you will see a few options below the Tag name.
5. You can choose either the Edit or the Quick Edit option.
6. Now, edit any of the desired fields you want to modify and click the Update button to reflect the
changes.

Deleting Tags in WordPress

If you want to remove the tag from your WordPress post altogether, you need to follow some specific steps or
approaches.
 1. From the dashboard, go to your Posts menu.
2. From there, choose the Tags option.
3. You can view the tags that you have created previously using the steps mentioned above.
4. As you hover the mouse cursor on the Tags, you will see a few options below the Tag name.
5. From there, you can either choose the Delete option.
6. A pop-up dialog box will ask for confirmation. Click OK to delete the tag.

Q) Explain about Media Library in WordPress.

Media Library consists of the images, audios, videos and files that you can upload and add to the content when
writing a Post or Page. Here you can view, add, edit or delete any media related objects if not needed.

Following are the steps to understand about Media Library.

Step (1) − Click on Media → Library in WordPress.

Step (2) − You can view media files like images, audios, videos. Click on Add Media button.
Step (3) − The Upload New Media page gets displayed. You can learn how to Add Media in the next chapter.

Step (4) − You can view a bar as shown in the following screenshot.

The various tabs that appear have the following functions −

List View − Displays the images and videos in list form.

Grid View − Displays all images in the grid format as shown in the following screen.
Filter the images and videos − Filters the images and videos.

Search Box − Helps to search a particular image by inserting the name into the box.

Add Media
WordPress allows you to add, all kind of media files like videos, audios and images.

Following are the steps to Add Media.

Step (1) − Click on Media → Add New in WordPress.

Step (2) − Then, click on Select Files option to select the files from your local storage as shown in the
following figure.
Step (3) − Add Media files such as images and audios by selecting them and click open as shown in the
following screenshot.

Step (4) − You can view the list of media files added as shown in the following screenshot.

Insert Media
Media files can be inserted to your Pages or Posts from libraries, from local storage or from URLs.

Following are the steps to Insert Media in WordPress.

Step (1) − Click on Posts → Add New in WordPress.

Step (2) − Click on Add Media.

Step (3) − You can select the files from the Media Library tab as shown in the following screenshot.

Information about the selected media file will be displayed on the right side of the screen under the Attachment
Details. Click on Insert Post button, the image will be inserted into the post. In Attachment Details section,
you will find information about the images such as URL, Title, Caption, Alt Text and Description

You can also insert an image directly from your system by clicking on Upload Files tab. Click on Insert into
Post button.

Edit Media

You can manage all the information about your media that is saved in the Media Library.

Following are the steps to Edit Media in WordPress.

Step (1) − Click on Media → Library and click on the name of the media item or the edit link.
Step (2) − You will view a list of media files. Select any one image to edit.

Step (3) − You can view the edit media page with few options on the right side.

 URL − You can read only a link from media file.

 Title − This displays the name of the media. Title is often shown in galleries and attachment pages, if
themes or plugins are designed to display it.
  Permalink − Permalink is the URL of the media attachment page. This is also a link to view the
attachment page.
 Edit image button − This allows you to edit the image position, such as rotate counter-clockwise, rotate
clockwise, scale, crop, flip vertically, and flip horizontally.
 Caption − A brief explanation of the media.
 Alternate Text − The alt text for the image, which is used to describe media. Used for availability.
 Description − An explanation of your media file.
 Delete Permanently − Delete your media file permanently.

Step (4) − Once you complete editing the required fields, click on Update button to save the changes made to
an image.

Q) What Are WordPress Widgets?

WordPress custom widget allows you to add a specific function to your website based on your needs. It’s a
great solution whenever you can’t find anything in particular that would meet your specific requirements.
or when you’re becoming a WordPress developer and want to develop your website.
To summarize, let’s take a look at the steps on how to create your own custom WordPress widget:

1. Create a new class that extends WP_Widget.

2. Begin with __construct() to determine widget’s parameters.

3. Use widget() to define the appearance of the widget on the front-end.

4. Add form() to configure how the widget will look.

5. Don’t forget to add update() to refresh the widget every time you modify it.

6. Register the new WordPress custom widget using add_action() function.

7. Copy and paste the entire code to the bottom of functions.php file and click Update File.
 8. Go to the Widgets menu and move the widget to the desired place.

Q)How to Defining a Menu in WordPress?

You must define a menu before you can add items to it.

1. Login to the WordPress Dashboard.

2. From the 'Appearance' menu on the left-hand side of the Dashboard, select the 'Menus' option to bring up the
Menu Editor.
3. Select Create a new menu at the top of the page
4. Enter a name for your new menu in the Menu Name box
5. Click the Create Menu button.
Your new custom menu has now been defined.

Adding Items to a Menu

You can add different link types into your menu, these are split between panes left of the menu you're currently
editing.

1. Locate the pane entitled Pages.

2. Within this pane, select the View All link to bring up a list of all the currently published Pages on your site.
3. Select the Pages that you want to add by clicking the checkbox next to each Page's title.
4. Click the Add to Menu button located at the bottom of this pane to add your selection(s) to the menu that
you created in the previous step.
5. Click the Save Menu button once you've added all the menu items you want.
Your custom menu has now been saved.

Note The Screen Options allow you to choose which items you can use to add to a menu. Certain items,
like Tags are hidden by default.

Deleting a Menu Item

1. Locate the menu item that you want to remove in the menu editor window
2. Click on the arrow icon in the top right-hand corner of the menu item/box to expand it.
3. Click on the Remove link. The menu item/box will be immediately removed.
4. Click the Save Menu button to save your changes.