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PALGRAVE STUDIES IN MODERN EUROPEAN LITERATURE
Boriana Alexandrova
Palgrave Studies in Modern European Literature
Series Editors
Shane Weller
School of European Culture and Languages
University of Kent
Canterbury, UK
Thomas Baldwin
Centre for Modern European Literature
University of Kent
Canterbury, UK
Ben Hutchinson
Centre for Modern European Literature
University of Kent
Canterbury, UK
Linked to the Centre for Modern European Literature at the University of
Kent, UK, this series offers a space for new research that challenges the
limitations of national, linguistic and cultural borders within Europe and
engages in the comparative study of literary traditions in the mod-
ern period.
Joyce, Multilingualism,
and the Ethics
of Reading
Boriana Alexandrova
Centre for Women’s Studies
University of York
York, UK
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub-
lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institu-
tional affiliations.
Cover illustration: ‘Joyce’s Ghost on Sandymount Strand’, original oil on canvas painting by
Jonathan Buettner, 2010
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
I handle language in a very self-conscious way—almost as a “foreign anguish.” I
hope in the way a painter approaches her paint, or a sculptor his marble. It is not
me—it is outside of me—a foreign anguish. And yet it is me. As only language can
be. The Heideggerian house of one’s being, if you will. The only way I can then
work with it is to fracture it, fragment it, dislocate it, doing with it what it did to
me and my kind, before I can put it back together, hopefully better able to express
some of my own small truths. And for me this is where form becomes so very
important, because part of the transformative and decontaminating process is also
to find the appropriate form for what I’m saying.
—Marlene NourbeSe Philip1
1
Marlene NourbeSe Philip, “Interview with an Empire,” in Bla_k: Essays & Interviews,
First edition, Essais, no. 3 (Toronto, Ontario, Canada: BookThug, 2017), 56.
For Izzy, Joe, Leanne, Paul, Richard, and Robin
Series Editors’ Preface
ix
x Series Editors’ Preface
Taking first the question of when the modern may be said to com-
mence within a European context, if one looks to a certain Germanic tra-
dition shaped by Friedrich Nietzsche in The Birth of Tragedy (1872), then
it might be said to commence with the first ‘theoretical man’, namely
Socrates. According to this view, the modern would include everything
that comes after the pre-Socratics and the first two great Attic tragedians,
Aeschylus and Sophocles, with Euripides being the first modern writer. A
rather more limited sense of the modern, also derived from the Germanic
world, sees the Neuzeit as originating in the late fifteenth and early six-
teenth centuries. Jakob Burckhardt, Nietzsche’s colleague at the University
of Basel, identified the states of Renaissance Italy as prototypes for both
modern European politics and modern European cultural production.
However, Italian literary modernity might also be seen as having com-
menced two hundred years earlier, with the programmatic adoption of the
vernacular by its foremost representatives, Dante and Petrarch.
In France, the modern might either be seen as beginning at the turn of
the seventeenth to the eighteenth century, with the so-called Querelle des
anciens et des modernes in the 1690s, or later still, with the French
Revolution of 1789, while the Romantic generation of the 1830s might
equally be identified as an origin, given that Chateaubriand is often cred-
ited with having coined the term modernité, in 1833. Across the Channel,
meanwhile, the origins of literary modernity might seem different again.
With the Renaissance being seen as ‘Early Modern’, everything thereafter
might seem to fall within the category of the modern, although in fact the
term ‘modern’ within a literary context is generally reserved for the litera-
ture that comes after mid-nineteenth-century European realism. This lat-
ter sense of the modern is also present in the early work of Roland Barthes,
who in Writing Degree Zero (1953) asserts that modern literature com-
mences in the 1850s, when the literary becomes explicitly self-reflexive,
not only addressing its own status as literature but also concerning itself
with the nature of language and the possibilities of representation.
In adopting a view of the modern as it pertains to literature that is more
or less in line with Barthes’s periodization, while also acknowledging that
this periodization is liable to exceptions and limitations, the present series
does not wish to conflate the modern with, nor to limit it to, modernism
and postmodernism. Rather, the aim is to encourage work that highlights
differences in the conception of the modern—differences that emerge out
of distinct linguistic, national and cultural spheres within Europe—and to
prompt further reflection on why it should be that the very concept of the
Series Editors’ Preface xi
This book has been in the making for as long as I have known and loved
Irish literature, but it began to take tangible shape eight years ago as my
doctoral project for the University of York, UK. I owe so much to the
many friends, partners, teachers, colleagues, optimistic sceptics, and que-
rying supporters who have left their mark on what this book has become.
There were moments when I did not think I could go on or that my
unlikely, phantasmagoric theories about multilingualism and the Wake
could ever make a plausible book. But a book it has become: a book that
I have come to adore because of all the extraordinary, clever, kind, nurtur-
ing, and unfathomably patient people who make their presence felt on
every page of it.
I wish to thank Derek Attridge: my doctoral supervisor, unyieldingly
supportive colleague, friend, and model for what thoughtful, ethical, the-
oretically groundbreaking Joyce scholarship could look like. This work
was made possible first and foremost by his decision to endorse it when it
was little more than a quixotic idea, lovingly but clumsily articulated in an
e-mail. In the foundational stages of writing, his insight, open-mindedness,
sensitivity, and curiosity kept me grounded while giving me the intellec-
tual freedom to push the boundaries of the work’s potential. I am continu-
ously humbled by the leap of faith he took with me and this project in
2011, and ever grateful for his guidance.
Elizabeth Tyler and Emilie Morin, my research advisors at York, went
above and beyond the call of duty to discuss, inspire, and offer generous
and discerning feedback. Elizabeth’s recommendation of Yasemin Yildiz’s
xiii
xiv Acknowledgements
Beyond the Mother Tongue was instrumental in establishing the scope and
relevance of my early thinking on Wakean multilingualism, and it was her
passion for multilingualism across the ages that gave me the courage to
look beyond the boundaries of my own specialism—even to locate the
subversively immodest lisping women of the Middle Ages in ALP and Issy.
Emilie Morin, in her characteristically eagle-eyed manner, not only
offered copious comments on the work during my PhD, but she subse-
quently took the time from her unfathomably busy schedule to read and
annotate the entire first draft of the manuscript. She has unyieldingly sup-
ported, advised on, and inspired the process of writing, revision, and pre-
paring for publication. She did this because she believed in the work, but
more than that, she believed and continues to believe in me. I could never
adequately articulate the impact that she has single-handedly made on this
work, on me personally, and on her students and colleagues at York. Her
example as a scholar and mentor has truly been awe-inspiring. It is no
exaggeration to say that this would never have become a book without her.
My appreciation also goes to the University of York’s Department of
English & Related Literature and Humanities Research Centre, which
have provided a hospitable academic environment and research funding. I
am grateful to Lawrence Rainey for taking me on his editorial team at
Modernism/modernity and giving me the coveted opportunity to earn a
living while doing stimulating academic work in 2013–2016: the most
crucial early stages of writing. Funding that made it possible for me to
continue writing at uncertain times was also generously provided by the
Sir Richard Stapley Educational Trust.
I wish to extend a very special thanks to my colleagues at the Centre for
Women’s Studies at the University of York—Rachel Alsop, Clare Bielby,
Stevi Jackson, Ann Kaloski-Naylor, Vicki Robinson, and Evangeline
Tsao—for their warm, collegial support and friendship during the final
stages of preparing the book manuscript in the midst of a hectic academic
year. Quite a lot of the manuscript changed in the year leading up to pub-
lication: this has become an unapologetically feminist book, even if it is
about the work of a straight cis white male European writer. I owe my
CWS colleagues and friends the irreverent political spirit of this book and
the courage to claim my queer feminist position. Engaging with beloved
feminist writers such as Audre Lorde, Marlene NourbeSe Philip, and bell
hooks, among others, was one of the best decisions I could have made for
this book, and I would not have had the guts to do it had this extraordi-
nary Centre not been my home at this pivotal moment. My MA and PhD
Acknowledgements xv
you have a lot to answer for! From the daily—in fact, hourly—love, care,
and compassion you have provided for as long as we have been together to
the dinners, the gigs, the laughs, the precious family moments, the swift
kicks up the bum when I clearly needed them, your unyielding support
through bereavements, illness, and financial difficulty: you are the reason I
get up every morning, and the reason I have been able to carry on through
the most impossible moments. A book proposal, let alone a book, would
never have materialised without your relentless encouragement and love.
Rich, if anyone spots an umlaut out of place in my footnotes, I take full
responsibility, because otherwise you caught them all in your ridimeticu-
lous trawling through the manuscript, you pedant! Paul, notwithstanding
your reign as the Pinnacle of Patriarchy in cards, you are the most loving,
dedicated, and generous friend anyone could ever ask for; I couldn’t have
got through any part of this without you. Joe, Leanne: you brought the
most precious little person into our family and you are responsible for so
much brightness and warmth in this silly cynical world; I love you so much.
Robin, you astoundingly clever, beautiful, loveable little shero: I hope you
get to read this someday, or when you inevitably learn to read Joyce by the
age of three, and I hope you know how much happiness and life you have
brought to this family for every minute since you were born. Rog: your
friendship meant so much and your music resounds through my mind and
my home every day; I miss you and wish you were here to see this book
come out, but you are in it nonetheless. Katy, your love, support, and
friendship has warmed and brightened the past eight years more than I
could say. Jessie, you are a feminist warrior and a force to be reckoned with:
your friendship and queer comradery have been an example to live by.
Mandi, Carrie, Sian, Annis: thank you for making me family; I don’t know
what I would do without your friendship, your generosity, and support.
Last but not least, I would like to thank Izzy Isgate: we have travelled
a long and at times very difficult road together. But we have made it such
a very long way. The influence of your unrivalled emotional intelligence
and intellectual rigour can be felt on every page of this book—from the
readings of Wakean women and girls to the queer ethics of pleasure,
trauma, and reparative grieving. You inspired, modelled, and encouraged
the bravest and most important parts of this book. You have shown me, in
lightness and in darkness, that the most fragile, vulnerable, and unspeak-
able pieces of us—the ones that we are quickest to hide—actually make up
the best of us, and the best of writing. Being your partner and friend dur-
ing the years of writing this book made me fearless, and I wish to dedicate
the fiercest of this work to you.
Conventions of Reference
Joyce’s Works
Below is a list of the editions of Joyce’s works referenced throughout this
volume. Indirect references to Chamber Music, Pomes Penyeach, and
Giacomo Joyce occasionally crop up throughout the book but they do not
form any part of the textual analysis, so they are not listed below. Where
appropriate, the titles are abbreviated as follows:
xix
Translations of Finnegans Wake
Below is a list of the Finnegans Wake translations discussed in this volume. This list
is not exhaustive and only includes works with which I have engaged in some tex-
tual or thematic detail. A more thorough compilation of Finnegans Wake transla-
tions published up until 2012 can be found in: Patrick O’Neill, Impossible Joyce:
Finnegans Wakes (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013). See also Patrick
O’Neill’s Trilingual Joyce: The Anna Livia Variations (Toronto, Buffalo, London:
University of Toronto Press, 2018).
(continued)
xxi
xxii TRANSLATIONS OF FINNEGANS WAKE
(continued)
Italian Finnegans Wake: Libro primo V-VII. Translated by Luigi Schenoni. Milano:
Mondadori, 2001.
Finnegans Wake: Libro secondo, III-IV. Translated by Luigi Schenoni. Milano:
Mondadori, 2011.
Finnegans Wake: Libro Terzo, Capitoli 1 e 2. Translated by Enrico Terrinoni
and Fabio Pedone. Milano: Mondadori, 2017.
Finnegans Wake: Libro Terzo, Capitoli 3 e 4; Libro Quarto. Translated by
Enrico Terrinoni and Fabio Pedone. Milano: Mondadori, 2019.
Anna Livia Plurabelle di James Joyce nella Traduzione di Samuel Beckett e
Altri. Edited by Rosa Maria Bollettieri Bosinelli and Luigi Schenoni.
Translated by Samuel Beckett, Nino Frank, Ivan Goll, Eugene Jolas, Philippe
Soupault, Paul Léon, Adrienne Monnier, and Alfred Péron. Tri-Lingual Series.
Torino: Giulio Einaudi, 1996.
Polish Finneganów Tren. Translated by Krzysztof Bartnicki. Kraków: Korporacja
Ha!art, 2012.
Russian Belyaev, Konstantin. “Pominki po Finneganu: Apologii͡a perevoda.” Soi͡uz
Pisateleı̆, 2000.
Fomenko, Elena G. “Proba Perevoda Na Russkiı̆ I͡azyk Finala ‘Pominok Po
Finneganu’ Dz͡heı̆msa Dz͡hoı̆sa.” Naukoviı̆ Visnik Miz͡hnarodnogo
Gumanitarnogo Universitetu [Науковий Вісник Міжнародного Гуманітарного
Університету], Filologii͡a [Філологія], 2, no. 29 (2017): 124–28.
Rene, Andrey. “Na pomine Finneganov [На помине Финнеганов], Digital
Version.” Samizdat, May 19, 2019. http://samlib.ru/r/rene_a/contents.
shtml.
———. Na Pomine Finneganov [На Помине Финнеганов]. 8 vols. Izdatel’skie
reshenii͡a, 2018.
Sergeev, Andrey. “Ballada O Khukho O’V’orttkke (Zloslovie Khosti Po
Povodu Grekhopadenii͡a Khamfri Irvikera).” Vek Perevoda. http://www.
vekperevoda.com/1930/sergeev.htm. Also in Zapadnoevropeı̆skai͡a Poezii͡a XX
Veka. Moskva: Khudozhestvennai͡a literatura, 1977.
Smirnov, Dmitry. “Tri kvarka dli͡a mastera Marka,” based on “—Three quarks
for Muster Mark…make his money and mark!” (FW 383.1–14). In James
Joyce, Stikhotvorenii͡a. Edited by G. Kruzhkov. Moskva: Raduga, 2003.
Volokhonsky, Henri. Wéı̆k Finneganov: opyty otryvochnogo perelozhenii͡a
rossiı ̆skoi͡u azbukoı ̆. Tver: Kolonna Publications, 2000.
———. “Dzheı ̆ms Dzhoı ̆s v perevode Anri Volokhonskogo: Iz Finneganova
Wéı ̆ka.” Edited by Dmitry Volchek. Mitin Journal, no. 53 (1996): 138–46.
———. “Wéı̆k Finneganov: opyty otryvochnogo perelozhenii͡a rossiı̆skoi͡u
azbukoı.̆ ” In Sobranie proizvedeniı̆: perevody i komentarii, edited by Illy
Kukui͡a, 3:81–136. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2012.
A Note on the Use of Slavonic Typography
Bulgarian https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/bulgarian.pdf
Russian https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/russian.pdf
Serbian https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/serbian.pdf
Ukrainian https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/ukrainia.pdf
The reader should note, however, that the LoC Romanization tables
draw a strictly visual equivalence between Roman and Cyrillic symbols,
and as such it does not account for the phonological variations that might
occur in certain symbol combinations, especially in Russian. Because the
phonological manoeuvres of Joyce’s multilingual techniques are so com-
plex and often carry their own layers of meaning independently of the
visual, my transliterations occasionally depart from the standard
Romanization conventions in order to approximate the phonology of the
translations as closely as possible. Departures from the LoC conventions
are explained in the chapter notes.
xxiii
Praise for Joyce, Multilingualism, and the Ethics
of Reading
“One of the most remarkable achievements of this book lies in the way it builds
important and far-reaching arguments about the ethics of reading and the politics
of otherness upon the foundation of a meticulous engagement with the multilin-
gual text of Finnegans Wake. Drawing on her own impressive linguistic abilities,
Alexandrova explores what it means to be a multilingual reader of the Wake—
which, she shows in superb detail, is something Joyce’s last book turns all its read-
ers into.”
—Derek Attridge, Emeritus Professor of English, University of York, UK
Contents
1 Introduction 1
Multilingualism Studies and the Wake 1
Positioning the Migrant: Exile and the Monolingual Paradigm 15
The Multilingual Reader 26
xxvii
xxviii CONTENTS
5 Ethical Multilingualism199
The Multilingual Dialectic: Revisiting Bakhtin 205
Multilingual Ethics and the Body 207
Theorising Embodiment 207
Multilingualism, Monstrosity, and Concorporeality 212
Ethical Encounters with the Wake 219
Bibliography251
Index269
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
But though every deformation of word and sentence in this passage is inten-
tional and deliberate, it should no more provoke laughter than the attempt
of the unfortunate sick man to state that he took his dog out in the morn-
ing. It should disgust. The taste which inspired it is taste for cretinism of
speech, akin to finding exhilaration in the slobberings and mouthings of
an idiot.6
For all that his world and writings were indelibly stamped by his Dublin
upbringing, Joyce spent almost two-thirds of his life outside of the English-
speaking world: leaving Ireland as a twenty-two-year-old, he spent almost
eleven years in multilingual Trieste, five years in German-speaking Zurich,
and almost twenty years in the francophone world of Paris, finally returning
to Zurich once again just before his death.18
Joyce’s fascination with languages has a paper trail all the way back to his
teenage years. At 14 years old he produced a translation of Horace’s Ode
III.13, O fons Bandusiae, for his Senior Grade school examinations at
Belvedere College: his earliest surviving piece of writing.19 His 1898/99
essay, “The Study of Languages,” written when he was about 16 or 17,
takes on the “vindication of Literature” against the derisions of those
“obnoxious mathematicians,” but also, fascinatingly, he takes on the vin-
dication of the multilingual consciousness. At this early age he had already
begun contemplating the intrinsic interlingual foundations of all spoken
and literary language:
városa
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