Lecture 2 & 3 Notes
Lecture 2 & 3 Notes
-
g
loading .
UNI
PARTI
Ref.Book-ti.s.to)
1-
Srashti Tomas
Error in measurement
The degree to which a measurement nears the expected value IS
expressed in terms of the error of measurement.
is absolute value
where e
Yn is expected value
is measured value
XN
Therefore ,
% Ewe =
Absolutely ex too
=
Eynxioo
value
Expected
µaun=YnYj
-
measured air teems
of accuracy
ft is more frequently
than error
rather
.
A
? I ";g )
-
-
-
Shastri Tomar
where A cis relative accuracy .
a =
100% -
% error .
a
= A X 100%
Example -
I .
Absolute Error ,
e =
yn -
Xn= go -
7Gt II
Q .
% euros = E- X 100 =
80--79×100
Yw 180
=
1.25 %
3 .
Relative Accuracy
,A=1.18IqI
A =
I -
I
80
H . Yo of Accuracy =
7g
I 0.98
- -
A 80
A. =
Ioox
I go to -
-
Aashto Tomar
Precision
y=ifI)
-
measurement
Value of nth
where Xn
measurement
=
In set
of
.
average
=
Example
-
-
that
measurements
Table below
gives
the set
of 20
were
GH measurement
of
.
siamhtasueeomae
-
the
Average value for set
of
ment
Lo
of
measurements
-
all
Sum
Xj =
10
= 1005 = too -5
TO
two
-
=
I - .
I o -
995
-
-
srashti tornal
Gross Errors
slasher Tomar
Questions -
the
A voltmeter having a sensitivity of 1 kWV is connected across an unknown
resistance in series with a milliammeter reading 80v onO 150v scale. When
the milliammeter reads 10 mA, calculate the (i) Apparent resistance of the
unknown resistance, (ii) Actual resistance of the unknown resistance, and
(iii) Error due to the loading effect of the voltmeter.voltmeter sensitivity -
1000 ohms/v.
seems
tell '
-
fappaiesntjshh
Tonal
resistance
Total circuit
-
a)
VII ftp.a-81?-
resistance . R =
=
,
In ,
=
¥8 Resistance of
apptarent voltmeter
total
unknown
-
L V =) L Ker 11 oooh .
|Ru lsok#
try
-
The
In
=
Rnr
Rtx
Ru Rt RT
ku
-
thx
-
RRv =g
=
8. uh
150 8
%
-
) error = 8- 45 - 8
X
LW
5 3 To
#
= .
Seashti Tomar
Referring to above question,if the milliammeter reads 600 mA and the
voltmeter reads 30 V on a 150 V scale, calculate the following:
-
1 Total circuit
resistance apparent resistance
YI
o¥÷
.
30 U
Ry
=
-
=7@
2 . Actual Resistance he
-
.
Ing
I v I ooo r
150 U x 150 =
LT TRU
a
may give
kn = high
-
connected in a
result when
when connected
rotem
The is
.
same
eesistance 0kt eeristhokt , error
-
in a low
reduced
7500k
.
k
RV 50*150
Rn = RTX = -
=
-
-
50N 149 - 5k
150kt
-
Rv -
Ry
Rye 50.io#
-
③ % Error : 50 .
167 -
50
- X l w
50 -
167
=
O -
33%
Siashh Tomoe
Random Errors
These are errors that remain after gross and systematic errors have
been substantially reduced or at least accounted for. Random errors
are generally an accumulation of a large number of small effects and
may be of real concern only in measurements requiring a high degree
of accuracy. Such errors can be analyzed statistically.
SOURCES OF ERROR
2. Poor design
4. Poor maintenance
Arithmetic Mean
Je na
-
=
x t t
,
-
Je =
E Hn
n I
-
-
taken
Un = nth reading
taken
n =
total
readings
.
Tomoe
Deviation from the Mean f. eashti
This is the departure of a given reading from the arithmetic mean of the
group of readings. If the deviation of the first reading, x1 is called d1,and
that of the second reading x2 is called d2, and so on, The deviations from
the mean can be expressed as
in
Nz
dgi-kq-I.dz
- -
-
= - -
dy =
nd - E
,
The deviation may be positive or negative. The algebraic sum of all the
deviations must be zero.
-
Average Deviations
r
-
-
dit =
r is standard deviation .
Limiting Errors
lenamtple .
T.fm?keeEjei:I:yeuor
¥¥E
limiting woe at =LomA_ X 100
&oomAC
=
3.3¥
Tomar feashli .
80mA on its 150 mA range are used to determine the power dissipated in
a resistor. Both these instruments are guaranteed to be accurate within
±1. 5% at full scale deflection. Determine the limiting error of the power.
the voltmeter
for oisxioov
=
o
magnitude dffimihng
-
eerie
1.50
=
Fox
too
=
2143%
25mA
Ammeter is O -
015 X 150 MA = Q -
Similarly
MA 2. of
at 80 =
183%
limiting error X 10=2 -
egg -