EE2022 Electrical Energy Systems

Three-Phase Concept

Three-Phase Circuit Delta-Wye Connection

Per-Phase Analysis
Three-Phase Power
 Questions
• Why three-phase power?
• What are Delta and Wye connections?
• What is line-to-line voltage and current?
• How to compute three-phase power?

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Background
Multiple Single-Phase vs Multi-Phase
i1
• We are accustomed to single-phase
power in our homes, i.e., a single line
voltage referenced to a neutral. ~ S1 L1
• However, AC signal means the averaged
power received will be 2 of amplitude,
Neutral
i.e., RMS value.
• How can we increase this averaged Neutral
power?
➡ Use multiple lines. ~ S2 L2

i2

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 Three-Phase Circuit

Generation Transmission Load

Neutral Line
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 Three-Phase Voltage Sources
va = 2 V cos (ω t )
⎛ 2π ⎞
vb = 2 V cos ⎜ ω t − ⎟⎠
⎝ 3
⎛ 2π ⎞
vc = 2 V cos ⎜ ω t + ⎟⎠
⎝ 3

Vc
All 3 voltage sources have the
Phase sequence: 120° same voltage magnitude, but they
Va
abc (positive) are phase shifted by 120 degrees
apart.
Vb

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 Balanced Three-Phase Circuit
Three-phase circuit is said to be balanced when:
• Three voltage sources have identical magnitude and they all differ in
phase by ± 120∘.
• The three loads connected should be balanced, i.e., identical line
impedance and load impedance.

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 Neutral Line
Vc Ic In = Ia + Ib + Ic = 0
0
Va
Ia
Ia Va
Ib Ic
Ia
Ib
Vb

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Line vs Phase Voltages
Line-to-Neutral (Phase) Voltages
• The phase voltages are:

Van = Vln∠0∘
Vbn = Vln∠ − 120∘
Vcn = Vln∠ − 240∘ = Vln∠ + 120∘

• Van leadsVcn, which leadsVbn

van, vbn, vcn are called line-to-neutral
voltage or phase voltage.

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 Line-to-Line Voltages
• Three-phase voltage is given as line-to-line voltage by convention.

Van = Vln∠0∘
Vbn = Vln∠ − 120∘
⇒ Vab = Vln∠0∘ − Vln∠ − 120∘ = Vln(1∠0∘ − 1∠ − 120∘)

( 2 2 ) [2 2 ]
1 3 3 3
Vab = Vln 1− − −j = Vln +j

Vab = 3Vln∠30∘
− Vbn Vab
Vcn
30°
• KVL: Vab = Van − Vbn = 3Van∠30∘V n Van
| Vline−to−line | = 3 | Vline−neutral | Vbn
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 Line-to-Line Voltages
• Three-phase voltage is given as line-to-line voltage by convention.

Vbc = Vbn − Vcn

Vbc = Vln∠ − 120∘ − Vln∠120∘

( 2 2 ) ( 2 2 )
1 3 1 3
Vbc = Vln − −j − − +j

Vbc = 3Vln∠ − 90∘

− Vbn Vab
Vcn
30°
• KVL: Vbc = 3Vln∠ − 90∘ = 3Vbn∠30∘ n Van
Vca = 3Vln∠150∘ = 3Vcn∠30∘V Vbn
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 Line Current
• We can use line-to-neutral
voltages to nd line currents
when
‣ Y-connected source & load
‣ balanced loads

• Line currents are balanced as ia, ib, ic are called line currents.
long as the source and load are
balanced. Van Vln∠0∘
Ia = =
ZY ZY
Vbn Vln∠ − 120∘
Ib = =
ZY ZY
Vcn Vln∠120∘
Ic = =
ZY ZY
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Neutral Current in Balanced Circuits
• Apply KCL:

In = Ia + Ib + Ic
Vln
[ ]
∘ ∘ ∘
In = 1∠0 + 1∠ − 120 + 1∠120
ZY

( 2 2 ) ( 2 2 )
Vln 1 3 1 3
In = = 1+ − −j + − +j
ZY

In = 0 A

• The neutral conductor carries zero current in a balanced three-phase

circuit.
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Delta & Wye Connections
 Three-Phase Connection Types

Wye (Y) Connection Delta (Δ) Connection

a + a
+ Ia Ia
Van
- Vab
n c Ic
b c Ic b
Ib - Ib

• Wye-load has a neutral connection, but Delta-connected load does not.

➡ Currents in a Wye-connected load are the line currents.

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 Line Current & Phase Current

Wye (Y) Connection Delta (Δ) Connection

A Ia
Ia A
I ab I ca

n I bc Ic
Ic B C
B
C
Ib Ib

• Currents through three-phase lines are called ‘line currents’.

• Currents carried by load impedance are called ‘phase currents’ or ‘load currents’.
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 Balanced Delta-Connected Loads
• Use line voltages to nd load
currents.

Vab 3Van∠30∘ 3Vln∠30∘

Iab = = =
ZΔ ZΔ ZΔ
Vbc 3Vbn∠30∘ 3Vln∠ − 90∘
Ibc = = =
ZΔ ZΔ ZΔ
Vca 3Vcn∠30∘ 3Vln∠150∘
Ica = = =
ZΔ ZΔ ZΔ

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 Balanced Delta-Connected Loads
• Applying KCL:

Ia = Iab − Ica
3Vln
Ia = [1∠30∘ − 1∠150∘]
ZΔ

( 2 2) ( 2 2)
3Vln 3 1 3 1 3Vln 3Vln
Ia = +j − − +j = ⋅ 3=
ZΔ ZΔ ZΔ

• Other phases can be found: 3Vln∠0∘

Ia = = 3Iab∠ − 30∘
ZΔ
3Vln∠ − 120∘
Ib = = 3Ibc∠ − 30∘
ZΔ
3Vln∠120∘
Ic = = 3Ica∠ − 30∘
ZΔ
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 Balanced Delta-Connected Loads
Ic
A
Ia
I ab I ca I ca
C Ic n I ab
B
Ia
I bc Ib − I ca
Ib I bc
KCL: I a = I ab − I ca = 3I ab ∠ − 30°

I line = 3 I phase

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 Delta-Wye Conversion
• Analysis is simpler when dealing with Wye-connected loads, i.e., we can
directly apply circuit theories.
➡ We should rst convert Δ-connected loads to Wye-connected loads.

• Loads must have the same line currents regardless of conversion.

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 Delta-Wye Conversion
• Line currents for a Wye-connected load:
Vln∠0∘
Ia =
ZY
Vln∠ − 120∘
Ib =
ZY
Vln∠120∘
Ic =
ZY
• For a Delta-connected load:
3Vln∠0∘
Ia =
ZΔ
3Vln∠ − 120∘
Ib =
ZΔ
3Vln∠120∘
Ic =
ZΔ 22
 Delta-Wye Conversion
Equating any of the line currents, we can determine the impedance relationship.

Vln∠0∘ 3Vln∠0∘
=
ZY ZΔ
ZΔ = 3ZY
ZΔ
ZY = and ZΔ = 3ZY
3

Ia A
Ia
+
+
A ZY
ZΔ ZΔ Z Δ = 3ZY Vab
Vab ZY ZY
C Ic Ic
B
B C
ZΔ Ib Ib -
-

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Per-Phase Analysis
 Per-Phase Analysis
• For balanced networks, circuit analysis can be done by considering only a
single phase, i.e., other phases are simply shifted by ± 120∘.

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 Steps of Per-Phase Analysis
• Make sure that the three-phase system is balanced.
• The three-phase sources need to have the same magnitude with 120
degrees of phase difference.
• The three-phase impedances must be of the same value (both phase and
magnitude).
• Convert all Delta-connected sources/loads to Wye-connected sources/
loads.
• Pick one phase to analyse as a single-phase circuit.

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 Single-Line Diagram
• This is a representation of a 3-Ф circuit.
• Each line represents three conductors in the three-phase system.

T1
T1 T2
T2
TL1
TL1
G1 G2
TL2
T TL3
TL3
L2
T3
T3
Load L1
L1
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 Example – Single Line Diagram

IS j2.5 j5
1
2
3 Load 2: Y-Connected
IS Inductive: ZL = j10
Source: ∆-Connected Load 1: Δ-Connected
√3 Positive sequence. Capacitor: ZC = -j15

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Single-Line to Three-Phase Circuit
Source: ∆ +ve sequence
IS j2.5 2
j5
1 3 ZLY = j10
IS
!"∆ = -j15

A 32 .
5 A j5 A
I - -

i
8

j10
-j15 j15
-

-
- ~
j10 j10

⑧ e ⑧
B B
-
115
-③
IB d
L

= 3
C C
C
j2 j5
5
.

-E

j2 5
.

j5
-

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 Converting from ∆ to Y
Source: ∆ +ve sequence !"∆ = -j15
IS j2.5 2 j5
1 3 ZLY = j10
IS

Use voltage source as angle reference:

Vab 3∠0° ZCΔ − j15

Van = ∠0° = = 1∠0° ZCY = = = − j5
3 3 3 3

j 2 .
5 j5
Ge
⑨
:

j5 j10
Van= 10
-

no

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Solving Single-Phase Diagram

IS
1a
j2.5 j5
2a 3a

+
Van = 1Ð0 0
-j5 ICY j10
-

I CY
I ab = ∠30° & I a = 3I ab ∠ − 30°
3
( IY ) ( IΔ )

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Three-Phase Power
 Three-Phase Complex Power Calculation
• Three phase complex power is found from summation of each phase complex
power.
• We rst determine the instantaneous power supplied by the sources, i.e., ignore
all power absorbed by the loads and line losses.
‣ Phase-a line-to-neutral voltage is van(t) = 2Vln cos(ωt + ϕ).
‣ Phase-a line current is ia(t) = 2IL cos(ωt + β), where β depends on load
impedance.

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Three-Phase Complex Power Calculation
• The instantaneous power delivered by phase-a of the source is
pa(t) = van(t)ia(t)
pa(t) = 2VlnIl cos(ωt + ϕ)cos(ωt + β)
⇒ pa(t) = VlnIl cos(ϕ − β) + VlnIl cos(2ωt + ϕ + β)
• Note that phases b and c are shifted by ± 120∘, i.e.,
pb(t) = VlnIl cos(ϕ − β) + VlnIl cos(2ωt + ϕ + β − 240∘)
pc(t) = VlnIl cos(ϕ − β) + VlnIl cos(2ωt + ϕ + β + 240∘)

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Three-Phase Complex Power Calculation
• The total power delivered by the sources is the sum of three-phases
p3ϕ(t) = pa(t) + pb(t) + pc(t)
p3ϕ(t) = 3VlnIl cos(ϕ − β)
+VlnIl[cos(2ωt + ϕ + β)
+cos(2ωt + ϕ + β − 240∘)
+cos(2ωt + ϕ + β + 240∘)]
• Everything in the square brackets cancels such that
p3ϕ = 3VlnIl cos(ϕ − β) = P3ϕ

• Note that power in a balanced three-phase network is constant.

• In terms of line-to-line voltages, the power is P3ϕ = 3Vll Il cos(ϕ − β)

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 Complex Power Calculation
• The complex power delivered by phase-a is
Sa = VanI*a = Vln∠ϕ ⋅ (Il∠β)
Sa = VlnIl∠(ϕ − β)
Sa = VlnIl cos(ϕ − β) + jVlnIl sin(ϕ − β)
• For phase-b, complex power is
∘ ∘
Sb = VbnI*
b
= Vln ∠(ϕ − 120 ) ⋅ (Il ∠(β − 120 )) *
Sb = VlnIl∠(ϕ − β)
Sb = VlnIl cos(ϕ − β) + jVlnIl sin(ϕ − β)
Vcn = 1Ð + 120°
• This is equal to Sa and also to phase Sc. Van = 1Ð0°

Vbn = 1Ð - 120°
• Total complex power is
S3ϕ = Sa + Sb + Sc Apparent power is
S3ϕ = 3VlnIl∠(ϕ − β) the magnitude of S:
S3ϕ = 3VlnIl
S3ϕ = 3VlnIl cos(ϕ − β) + j3VlnIl sin(ϕ − β) 36
 Complex Power Calculation
• Complex power (RMS) can be expressed in terms of the real and reactive
power,
S3ϕ = P3ϕ + jQ3ϕ
‣ Real power is P3ϕ = 3VlnIl cos(ϕ − β).
‣ Reactive power is Q3ϕ = 3VlnIl sin(ϕ − β).

• Advantages of three-phase power:

‣ For a given amount of power, it requires half the number of wires
compared to single-phase.
‣ No return current on the neutral conductor.
‣ Constant real power supplied, i.e., constant motor torque —> less noise
and vibration of machinery.

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