Practical English second bachelor

Chapter one: The English sentences

a. Definition: the sentence is a group of word which is composed of a
subject, the verb and the compliment.
e.g. – TSHISEKEDI is DRC president
S V C
In the English language, there are primarily four categories of sentences :
- declarative/assertive ,
- interrogative ,
- imperative , and
- exclamatory .

Gaining a deep understanding of each sentence type, their unique

characteristics and how they can be applied in various contexts is a critical
part of mastering the English language . One effective method of learning
is by practising grammar exercises , which can help you better
comprehend the structure and use of these sentence types .

Types of Sentences

The sentences that we write can be classified in two ways:

1. By Structure
- Simple
- Compound
- Complex
- Compound-Complex.

2. By Function
- Statement
- Question
- Exclamation
- Command (imperative)

1. Sentences By Structure

In order to discuss sentence types by structure, you must be able to

distinguish between two kinds of clauses, groups of words that have a
subject and a verb.
An independent clause (main clause) has a subject and a verb and
expresses a complete thought. It is a sentence.

A dependent clause (subordinate clause) also has a subject and a verb but
it does not express a complete thought. It is not a sentence.
1. Simple Sentences
Contain one independent clause.

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Examples:
I ate my lunch quickly.
My brother visited his uncle last week.
Daniel and Sarven play basketball every day.
Note: Above example contains a compound subject but it is still a simple
sentence.

S/V
Birds sing
Birds sing beautifully
S/V/Adverb
Sally dropped her books.
S/V/Direct Object
I made a cake for my mother.
S/V/D.O/Indirect Object
He painted his house red.
S/V/D.O/Adjective
Bill is a student.
S/Linking Verb/N
Bill seemed tired.
S/LV/AAAdjecti

2. Compound Sentences
Contain two or more independent clauses joined together in one of the
three ways:

1. With a coma (,) and a coordinating conjunction FANBOYS (for / and /

nor / but / or / yet / so) to show the relationship between the clauses.

Examples.

The students were tired, for they had studied all night without sleeping.
Chris is playing the piano, and Jan is playing the guitar.
The baby cannot be blamed for crying, nor can we blame its parents.
Juan wanted to leave, but Gary did not.
He must pass the final exam, or he will have to repeat the course.
They were happy to escape the danger in their country, yet they knew
they would miss their homeland.
We were hurrying to prepare for the party, so everyone helped.

2. With a semicolon (;) when the ideas expressed are closely

related.

Ex.
They were glad to leave the country; their lives were in danger.
The students were exhausted; they had studied all night for their finals.
We need to hurry; the plane leaves in an hour.
3. With a semicolon (;) and an adverbial conjunction.
consequently, moreover, nevertheless, therefore, however

Ex.
She was unhappy with her grade; consequently, she found a tutor.
Her thesis needed work; moreover, her paragraphs lacked focus.
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She worked hard all semester; therefore, her grades improved.
She worked hard all semester; nevertheless, she did not get an "A".

3. Complex Sentences
Contain one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses

A dependent clause may be joined by or begin with one of the following

subordinating conjunctions that expresses the relationship between the
clauses.

although, even though, while, though

contrast:
because, since, as
cause:
if, when, unless
condition:
whenever, once, before, after, until, as soon
time:
as
place:
where, wherever
Examples:

Although the girl spoke no English, she found her way to the hotel.
The children stayed in the house all day since it was raining so hard.
If you want to do well in school, you must study regularly.
Our neighbor, who married last year, is expecting a baby.
Although the weather was bad, we went out.
Before my father arrived home, I finished all my homework.

Note:

Notice that you use a comma when the subordinator begins a sentence
but not when it joins clauses.

4. Compound-complex Sentences
Contain two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent
clauses.

Examples:

When he listens to the radio, he turns the volume up, and the neighbors
complain.
Although the power was out all over the city, Mr. Griffin got to work on
time; therefore, he was able to attend an important meeting with his boss.
Our new manager, who took over the position last month, was a complete
disappointment, so he resigned yesterday.
The car that was stolen yesterday was found, but it was damaged
considerably.

2. Sentences By Function
1. Declarative

Declarative sentences simply declare something about a subject. They can

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be simple, compound, complex or compound complex.

Jennifer bought a new pillow from the supermarket.

Teddy read book all night.
Jimmy fell and broke his arm when snowboarding.

2. Interrogative Sentences
Interrogative sentences ask questions. There are two types of questions
posed:

Yes-No Questions

Are you tired?

Will you come with me?
Must I eat this?

Questions requiring other answers

How did you break your arm?

When did it snow?
Why is the water not blue?

These questions begin with question words (who, what, when, how...)

3. Exclamation Sentences
These express warning, surprise, alarm, anger, etc.

Oh Wow!
Are you serious!
I can't believe this!
Stop!

4. Imperative Sentences
Imperative sentences give an order or make a request.

Report to the police station.

Come here.
Do what I say.

Usually the subject is not stated and it is implied pronoun "you".

Exercise 1

Examine the following sentences and determine the type of each.

1. Close the gate when you leave.
2. Do you enjoy playing chess?
3. My favourite colour is blue.
4. Where is the nearest hospital?
5. What a fantastic performance!

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 6. Try this delicious pasta.
7. It is raining today.
8. Please water the plants.
9. Switch off the lights before you sleep.
10. May I borrow your book?
11. How do you like your tea?
12. I love watching movies.
13. Always tell the truth.
14. The sun rises in the east.
15. Oh no! We missed the bus.
16. Yay! We won the match.
17. Africa is a diverse continent.
18. Respect your teachers.
19. Do you know where the post office is?
20. Leave the room immediately.

Exercise 2

Look at the following sentences and punctuate them correctly.

1. What a wonderful surprise this is
2. Are you joining the party tonight
3. Please pass me the salt
4. Ravi is a brilliant student
5. Have you met Dr Abdul Kalam
6. Oh no, my cat is missing
7. The sunset is truly mesmerising
8. Everyone should respect different opinions
9. Batman saved the city from the Joker
10. Please obey the traffic rules
11. Can you tell me the date today
12. What a thrilling roller coaster ride
13. William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet
14. Don't play in the hallway
15. Always lend a helping hand to those in need

Chapter two : the punctuation marks

a. Defintion : Punctuation has a way of adding emphasis and

cadence to our written sentences.

Still, many people, from native English speakers to people learning English
as a foreign language, aren’t always sure when and where to use
punctuation marks.
If you find punctuation confusing, rest assured you’re not the only one.
Plenty of people, even native English speakers, have trouble when it
comes to using the right punctuation marks. The good news is that the 14
different punctuation marks aren’t as confusing as you’d think when you
break them all down. If you want to master your writing, whether it’s for

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an essay or even a best selling novel, it’s important to understand how to
use each punctuation mark.

So, what are the 14 punctuation marks and how should you use them?
Let’s dive into it.

What are the 14 Punctuation Marks in English?

There are 14 punctuation marks that are used in the English language.
They are: the period, question mark, exclamation point, comma,
colon, semicolon, dash, hyphen, brackets, braces, parentheses,
apostrophe, quotation mark, and ellipsis.
If you want to make your writing easier to read and generally look more
professional, you should know what each one is and how to use them.
Don’t worry, we’ll break down each punctuation mark and show you
exactly how and when to use it.

We can break down the punctuation marks into five categories, as follows:
 Sentence endings: period, question mark, exclamation point
 Comma, colon, and semicolon
 Dash and hyphen
 Brackets, braces, and parentheses
 Apostrophe, quotation marks, and ellipsis
Each category serves its own purpose within a sentence or a text. While
there are some differences between American and British punctuation
styles, here we’ll focus on the main examples instead of breaking down
the slight differences. Let’s take a closer look at each punctuation mark
and its usages.

1. Full stop or Period (.)

This one is probably the most straight forward. Also referred to as a full
stop, the period denotes the end of a sentence. A full sentence is
considered as one that is complete and declarative.
Here’s an example of a period at the end of a sentence:
 The dog ran under the bus.
Periods are also used in abbreviations, such as in names or titles.
Here are examples of how to use a period in abbreviations:
 Dr. Smith read his patient’s chart.
 Mr. H. Potter opened his front door.

2. Question Mark (?)

A question mark also ends a sentence, however it ends a sentence that is
a direct question. Typically, sentences that are questions begin with what,
how, when, where, why, or who.
Here’s how to use a question mark in a sentence:
 How do you like your eggs?
 Why didn’t you like the movie last night?
Generally, a question mark also denotes a shift in tone in a sentence if it’s
being read out loud, so this is something to take note of.
3. Exclamation Point (!)

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An exclamation point or exclamation mark is also used at the end of a
sentence when that sentence expresses an intense emotion. The
expression can be a variety of things, from excitement, disgust, anger, joy,
or anything else. Exclamation points are meant to add emphasis to a
sentence.
Here’s how to use one in a sentence:
 “Look out behind you!” she yelled.
 I’m so excited to go to the park tomorrow!
4. Comma (,)
Commas are used to insert a pause into a sentence. The purpose of the
pause can be for different reasons, such as to separate ideas, phrases, or
even alter the structure of a sentence.
Commas have a few different uses. Commas are used for a direct address,
such as:
 Joe, it was nice to see you again.
 They’re also used to separate two complete sentences:
 He went to the library, and then he went out for lunch.
 Commas can also be used to list items in a sentence:
 She went shopping and bought shoes, a dress, two shirts, and a pair
of pants.
Commas are one of the most misused punctuation points, and its misuse
often results in a comma splice. A comma splice is when you join two
independent clauses with a comma instead of a conjunction. For example:
 It’s almost time for dinner, I’m not hungry.
 Instead of using a comma, the sentence should read:
 It’s almost time for dinner and I’m not hungry.
Oxford commas are often debated within academics and the English
language, and using one often comes down to preference. An Oxford
comma is when a final comma is placed on the last item of a list. For
example:
 He likes to eat fruits, cake, vegetables, and pasta.

5. Colon (:)
A colon has three primary uses. One way to use it is when introducing
something, such as a quote, an example, a series, or an explanation.
She took four classes last semester: history, biology, arts, and economics.
A colon can also be used to link two independent clauses if the second
clause clarifies or completes the first one. For example:
 They didn’t have time to waste: it was already late.
 Finally, a colon can also emphasize a subject in a sentence:
 I only hate one vegetable: brussel sprouts.

6. Semicolon (;)
Similar to a colon, a semicolon links two independent clauses. However, in
this case, the clauses are more closely related than when you would use a
colon. For example:
I have a meeting tomorrow morning; I can’t go out tonight.

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Both clauses are independent enough to be their own sentences, but
instead of using a period, it’s possible to use a semicolon to show both
clauses are connected.
Another less common use for semicolons is within a list that uses commas.
Have a look:
 Last summer we traveled to London, England; Paris, France; Rome,
Italy; and Athens, Greece.

7. Dash (-)
There are two types of dashes that vary in size and use.
En dash: Typically shorter in length, the en dash is used to denote a range,
such as between numbers or dates. For example:
 The company was operational from 1990-2000.
 He took the Chicago-New York train last night.
 Em dash: this dash is longer, and is sometimes used instead of other
punctuation marks, like commas, colons, or parentheses. Here’s an
example:
 Her answer was clear — Yes!

8. Hyphen (-)
Not to be confused with a dash, a hyphen is used in compound words
when two or more words are connected. Here are some examples of
hyphenated words:
 Step-by-step
 Mother-in-law
 Ex-boyfriend

9. Brackets [ ]
Brackets are used to clarify something or for technical terms or
explanations. It can also be used to clarify a subject when quoting another
person or text. For example:
 She [Mrs. Smith] agrees that cats are better than dogs.
 Adam said that “[summer] is my favorite time of year.”

10. Braces { }
It’s unlikely you’ll need to use braces very often unless you’re writing a
mathematical or technical text. However, it’s still good to know so you
don’t accidentally use them instead of brackets or parentheses. Braces are
usually used in operations, for example:
 6{3x+[28+2]}=xy

11. Parentheses ( )
Parentheses are used to supply further details or information or as an
aside. Parentheses can often be replaced with commas and the sentence
would retain its same meaning. Here’s an example:
 Kate (who is Matt’s wife) likes to go for walks.

12. Apostrophe (‘)

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Apostrophes are meant to show that a letter or letters have been omitted
and also to indicate the possessive or contractions. It can also be used to
pluralize lowercase letters. Here are some examples:
 I’ve been working from home for 6 months and it’s great.
 Rebecca’s dog had surgery yesterday.
 All that’s left to do is dot the i’s and cross the t’s.

13. Quotation Marks (“)

Quotation marks are used to denote text, speech, or words spoken by
someone else. It is also used to indicate dialogue.
 “I don’t like this,” said Mark.
 She told him that she “prefers not to think about that.”
 Single quotation marks (‘ ’), not to be confused with apostrophes,
are often used for a quote within a quote.
 Kalume told her mother “Jack ran up the hill and he said he was
going to ‘fetch a pail of water’ before he fell.”

14. Ellipsis (…)

An ellipsis is three periods used together to represent an omission of
words or letters. They are often used to jump from one sentence or phrase
to another while omitting unnecessary or obvious words. It’s also used
when quoting someone and unnecessary words are left out.
Here are some examples:
 At midnight, she began to count down: “ten, nine, eight…” and then
the ball dropped.
 When Martin Luther King said “I have a dream…” he was talking
about civil rights and an end to racism.

Chapter Three : The Prepositions

Prepositions are words which show the relationship between a noun or a

pronoun object and some other words in the sentence. They are always
followed by nouns or pronouns. They are called "the biggest little words”
in English because they have very important functions.
Three Groups of Prepositions:
a. Prepositions of place, position and direction.
b. Prepositions of time.
c. Prepositions for other relationships.

SOME COMMON PREPOSITIONS

PLACE POSITION DIRECTION TIME OTHER

above beyond on after except

across by opposite befor as
along down out (of) e like
among from outside at about
at in over by with

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 around
away from in front of for
through withou
behind inside durin
to t
below into g
towards by
beside near from
under for
between off in
up

Although prepositions are hard to generalize with separate rules, there is

one simple rule about them. And, unlike most rules, this rule has no
exceptions.
Rule:
They are always followed by a "noun", never followed by a verb.
By "noun" we include:
 Noun (dog, money, love)
 Proper Noun (name) (London, Mary)
 Pronoun (you, him, us)
 Noun Group (my first car)
 Gerund (swimming)
If we want to follow with a verb, we must use the "-ing" form which is
really a gerund or verb in noun form.

Prepositio
Subject + Verb "noun"
n

The pen is on the table.

He lives in England.

Henry is looking for you.

The newspaper your green

under
is book.

English
Pascal is used to
people.

She isn't used to working.

We ate before coming.

a. Prepositions of Time / Place at, in, on

At for a precise time

 In for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
 On for DAYS and Dates

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 At In On

At 4:30 pm in March on Monday

At 3 o'clock In Winter On 6 March

At noon In the summer On 22 Dec.2012

At dinnertime In 1990 On Christmas Day

At bedtime In the next century On your birthday

At the moment In the future On New Year's Eve

Notice that use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common

expressions:
 In the morning /On Monday morning
 In the mornings / On Sunday mornings
 In the afternoon(s) / On Sunday afternoons
 In the evening(s) / On Friday evenings
When we say next, last, this, every we do not use at, in, on.

I went to New York last June (not in last June)

She is coming back next Monday. (not on next Monday)
I go home every Easter . (not at every Easter)
We'll call you this afternoon. (not in this afternoon)

b. Preposition of Place: at, in, on

In General:
 At for a POINT (dog, money, love)
 In for an ENCLOSED SPACE
 On for a SURFACE

At In On

At the bus stop In London On the wall

In the
At the corner On the ceiling
garden

At the entrance In a box On the floor

At the crossroads In a building On the carpet

At the top of the page In a car On a page

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Some other common uses of at / on / in

At In On

At home In a car On a bus

At work In a taxi On a train

At school In a helicopter On a plane

At university In an elevator On a bicycle

At the top In the sky On the radio

At the bottom In the street On the left

At the side In a row On a horse

At reception In a boat On a boat

Notice: how we can use on a boat or in a boat depending on the type and
the size of the particular boat/ship.

Single Word Prepositions

about as despite of toward

above at during off under

across before for on underneath

after behind from onto until

against beneath in over up

along beside into through upon

among between like to with

around by near together within

Single Word Prepositions

because
according to contrary to except for
of

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 with regard
in addition to in spite of on account of
to

More on Prepositions Use

Prepositio
use Example
ns

during the movie, during the flight,

during while in
during my stay

for for two days, for an hour

from / to from Saturday to Monday, from 5 to 9

the time period from one between 1986 and 2012, between
between
to another Saturday and Monday

until/till before a certain time until/till Sunday,5 o'clock

by Tuesday, by next month, by

by at the least
tomorrow

to movement towards to school, to work, to the station

movement towards inside

into into the cinema, into the car
something

out of to leave a place/a thing out of the theater, out of the car

by near/next to/beside LINK stand by me, by the lake

through through the tunnel, through the room

across opposite ends across the river, across the street

against against the wall, against the door

movement towards inside

into into the cinema, into the car
something

Chapter four: the use of Also / Too / Either and Imperative

a. The use of Also and too

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 Also and too are used in affirmative sentences.

Mrs. Fatuma is an English teacher.

Mr. Baruti is also a teacher.
Henry is a student.
Alicia is a student, too.

b. The use of either

Either is used in negative sentences.

I don't like video games.

Sofia doesn't like video games, either.

More Examples

1. My car isn't fast. - His car isn't fast, either.

2. They go to Goma in summer. - We also go to Goma in summer.
3. Carla is a smart woman. - I am a smart woman, too.
4. Juan has got a new barbecue. Victor has also got a new barbecue.
5. I like America. - Mandy likes America, too.
6. The teachers aren't at school. - The students aren't at school, either.
7. Ronaldo isn't an actor. - Micheal Phelps isn't an actor, either.

Exercise

A. Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative.

1. Victoria has got a new dictionary. Sam has got a new dictionary, too.
Victoria hasn't got a new dictionary. Sam hasn't got a new dictionary, either
.
2. Gaby has got a diamond ring. Maria has also got a diamond ring.
.
3. Mr. Gerard is from England. Mr. Terry is from England, too.
.
4. I like chocolate. Margaret likes chocolate, too.
.

B. Change the following sentences from negative to affirmative.

5. Paul hasn't got an English book. Dan hasn't got an English book, either.
.
6. Pam cannot swim. Brian can't swim either.
.
7. Davis isn't a big city. Berkeley isn't a big city either.
.

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8. Coffee isn't my favorite drink. Coffee isn't his favorite drink, either.
.

Note: You can also use too as alternative to also in affirmative sentences.
Both are correct. You can use "too" too.
c. Imperatives

We use imperatives to tell someone to do something or to give

instructions, orders, warnings, directions, etc.
Imperatives are divided into two groups:

a) Positive Imperatives
b) Negative Imperatives
a. Positive Imperatives
To form a positive imperative we use the base form of the verb. The base
form is the form in the dictionary.

Some imperative verbs:

read, listen, put, run, walk, move, eat...
Listen!
Raise your hands.
Do your homework.
Speak English.
Come here.
Be quiet.
We can also use positive imperatives by using always.
Always put on your safety belt.
Always remember my advice.

b.Negative Imperatives
To form a negative imperative we use:
Do not + the base form of the verb
Examples: Do not come here.
Do not put your hat on the chair.
Do not drink it.
Do not park your car here.

NOTE: The contraction for do not is don’t.

Do not come here. = Don’t come here.
Do not speak Spanish in the class. = Don’t speak Spanish in the class.
Do not sit there. = Don’t sit there.
Do not lean out of the window. = Don’t lean out of the window.

Negative Imperatives Using Never / Don't Ever

Never go there again.
Never leave your keys in your car.
Never steal from anyone.
Don't ever steal from anyone.

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Don't ever leave your keys in your car.

The imperative does not usually have a subject, but we can use a noun or
pronoun to make it clear who we are speaking to.

Mary come here.

Somebody answer the phone.
Nobody move.
Relax, everybody.

You before an imperative can suggest an emphatic (accent) persuasion or

anger.

You stay home. You just sit down and relax for a bit.
You take your hands off me.

Emphatic imperatives with do + infinitive

This is common in polite requests, complaints and apologies.
Do sit down.
Do listen to your father.
Do punish me.
Do have some wine.

Chapter Five: the use of Can / Can't, Polite Requests and Present
Continuous Tense

a. CAN / CAN'T : shows ability, inability, request, permission, possibility,

and inappropriateness.

Examples:

a. I can speak English.

b. You can leave early today.
c. Can I come in, please?

Formation:

Positive: Subject + CAN + Verb1

Negative: Subject + CAN'T + Verb1

POSITIVE STATEMENT NEGATIVE STATEMENT

ca can spea
I speak English I English
n 't k

ca can
He run very fast You run very fast
n 't

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 ca can
He sit in the garden He sit in the garden
n 't

ca can com
She come with us She with us
n 't e

ca to the other can to the other

It jump It jump
n side 't side

ca can mak delicious

We make delicious cakes We
n 't e cakes

ca can
You pass the exam You pass the exam
n 't

The ca The can

draw pictures draw pictures
y n y 't

NOTE: Negative form of CAN is either “cannot” or “cannot” and its

negative contraction is “Can’t”. In British English, it is pronounced /ka:nt/
but in American English, it is /kent/.

NOTE: Negative “YES/NO QUESTIONS” are formed in two ways:

1. Can you not come today? Can he read fast?
2. Can’t you come today? Can’t he read fast?

USE:
We use “CAN” to expr

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1. Ability
lolSarven can ride a bike.
He can speak Japanese.
I can play table tennis.
We can cook.
They can eat with chop sticks.
Paul and Ingrid can ski.

2. Inability
He can’t ride a horse.
I can’t type very fast.
We can’t lift 100 kilos.
Jan can not run fast.
Alicia cannot drive a car.

3. Request
Can you help me?
Can you tell me the way to the
museum?
Can you come here a minute
please?

4. Permissions

Can I use your cell phone?

Can I take a day off?
Can I smoke here?
Can I go out?

Typical responses: Certainly. Yes,

certainly. Of course. Of course you
can. Sure (informal) … etc

5. Possibility

The florist can deliver the bouquet

early.
My friend can visit me this week

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Note: can is not normal used to describe future possibility in the positive
form.

INCORRECT: It can rain tomorrow.

6. Inappropriateness

You can’t wear that dress! It is indecent.

You can’t smoke in this building. It is illegal.
You can’t ask for information here. This is not information desk.
b. Polite Requests

Asking people to do things:

Can you wait a moment, please?

Could you tell me how to get to the library?
Do you think you could post my letter?
I wonder (not sure) if you could sign the paper?
Do you mind helping me with my project?
Asking for and giving permission:
May I come in? "yes, please do."
Could I use your calculator? "yes. sure'
Can I speak to Mr. Drill, please?

For offering an invitation:

Would you like a cup of tea?
Would you like to play chess (échecs) with me?

Informally to a friend
Do you think you could turn the volume of the TV down?
Do you think you could give me a lift to the station?
Do you think I could borrow your car?

Formally to a Stranger

Could you tell me where the nearest ATM is, please?

Would you mind if I sit here?
Would you mind lending me your book, please?
Would you like to sit here?
Would you mind giving me a hand with my suitcase?

Note:

We can add the phrase by any chance at the end of our request to make it
more polite. (More for information requests)

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Do you know what time it is by any chance? (friends / strangers)
Excuse me, do you know how I can get to the theater by any chance?
(strangers)
c. Present Continuous Tense

Formation of Present Progressive Tense

Subject + am / is / are + Verb (ing) +
Affirmative Form Complement
I am learning English right now.
Subject + am not / isn't / aren't + Verb (ing) +
Negative Form Complement
I am not learning French right now.
Am / is / are + Subject + Verb (ing) +
Question Form Complement
Is he going to work?
Am...not / isn't / aren't + Subject + Verb (ing) +
Negative Question Complement
Am I not coming with you to the mall?

Verb (ing)

The most common state of the verb(ing) is just simply the verb itself +
letters "ing"

walk - walking
talk - talking
turn - turning
learn - learning...

Exercise

Fill in the blanks using present progressive tense.

is raining
1. Look! it (rain)
2. They (watch) the news on TV.
3. The birds (fly) to South.
4. Matt (wait) for the bus.
5. The chef (not cook) anything today.
6. What Helen (do) at the moment?

Chapter six : The Pronouns, the simple present tense

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 a. The Pronouns :

we have subject and objet pronouns

SUBJECT PRONOUN OBJECT PRONOUN

I Me
SINGULAR You You
He Him
She Her
It It

We Us
PLURAL You You
They Them

We use Object Pronoun as direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of

prepositions.
Me Tell me the truth, please!
You Your daughter can help you in the kitchen.
Him I want to play soccer with him
Her I can take her out to dinner.
It Oh, what a nice car! Look at it.
You Your mother can take you to the park tomorrow.
Us Please show us your new game.
Them Ted can teach them English.
Exercise
Rewrite the sentences using object pronouns

1. Look at those people in the street.

Look at them
.
2. My sister is writing an essay now.
M
.
3. I am listening to my favorite song.
I
.
4. Don't forget to bring your girlfriend along.
D
.
5. They are waiting for my mother and me.
.
6. Can you pass the water to your sister?
?
7. His father asked Jake a difficult question.
.

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8. Jenny is helping her mother.
.
9. Can someone help my brothers with their homework?
?
10. The boys are trying to climb that tree.
.

b. Simple Present Tense

We use The Simple Present Tense for an action which goes on everyday or all the
time.

Frequency Adverbs
always generally
frequently sometimes
often rarely
usually seldom
everyday once / twice
occasionally on Sundays

Formation of Simple Present Tense and Daily Routine Verbs

Subject + Verb + Complement

Affirmative Form
I speak English.
Subject + Don't / Doesn't + Verb +
Negative Form Complement
I don't speak English.
Do / Does + Subject + Verb +
Question Form Complement?
Do you speak English?
Don't / Doesn't + Subject + Verb +
Negative Question Form Complement?
Don't you speak English?

The third person singular (he, she, it) is usually formed by adding -S to the
root of the verb. Sometimes -ES is added. -S, -ES and IES are added in
positive sentences.

Affirmative
I walk We walk
You walk You walk
He walks They walk

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She walks
It walks

a. Hamid listens to music every night.

b. He rarely watches TV.
c. She usually takes the train to work.
Uses of Simple Present Tense

1. To show a habit
We drink coffee every morning.

2. To express a general truth

Water boils at 100 degrees.

3. To express an action with a future time expression

I leave tomorrow.

Negative
I don't cry
You don't cry We don't cry
He doesn't cry You don't cry
She doesn't They don't
cry cry
It doesn't cry
Example Sentences
1. We buy a newspaper every Sunday.
2. He doesn't visit his father.
3. Does she lie to her mother?
4. My sister works at the theater.
5. The boss gives us a lot of work to do.
6. Marry and Lucas don't play fairly.
7. Do you like to read comic books?
8. They spend a lot of money.

Daily Routine Verbs

a. Daily Activities In The Morning:
On Weekdays I usually wake up at 8 am.
I stay in bed about 10 minutes before I get up.
I wash my face and take a shower.
Then I dry and comb my hair.
I have a breakfast at around 8.30.
After breakfast I brush my teeth.
I put on make - up.
I get dressed.
I leave home at around 8.50.

b. Daily Activities Outside:

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I take a bus to work.
I arrive work at around 9.30.
I have a cup of coffee while I read the newspaper.
Then I check my emails and file my papers.
I usually make some telephone calls.
Then I report to my boss.
At around 1 pm I have lunch. I usually work on the computer.
I have afternoon tea at around 4 pm and eat some snacks.

c. Daily Activities After work:

I leave work at 5.30.

I take a train and go to the gym before I go home.
I work out for almost an hour.
I arrive home at around 7.30.

d. Daily Activities In The Evening:

I get undressed.
I take a bath.
I get into my pajamas and take the rubbish out.
If I don't feel so tired I cook dinner.
I have dinner at around 9.
I relax on my couch and watch TV.
I wash the dishes and feed my dog.
I lock the door and brush my teeth.
At around 11.30 I set the alarm and read a book for about 30 minutes.
Then Finally at around 12 pm I turn off the lights and go to bed.

e. Daily Activities At The Weekends:

On Saturdays, I usually go grocery shopping early in the morning.

I do the washing and hang the clothes out to dry.
I water the garden and wash my car.
Then I do the ironing.
At night, I go out with my friends and have some fun .
On Sundays I go to church in the morning.
Then In the afternoon, I go to the mall by my car and do some shopping.
Then I usually hire a movie and watch a movie
Before I go to bed I make sure that I recharge my cell-
phone and meditate to reduce the stress I get during the week.

Chapter seven: Be Going To Future, Must vs Have To / Has To,

Tense Agreement Rules

Be going to expresses more of a planned future or an intention to perform

a certain action.

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Time Expressions Used:
tomorrow tomorrow night
next week next month
later next year
soon when he returns
in a few minutes next July
in three days at 5 o'clock

* Forming Be Going To Future

Subject + am / is / are + going to + verb +

Affirmative Form complement
She is going to sell her house.
Subject + am not / isn't / aren't + going to + verb +
Negative Form complement
She is not going to sell her house.
Am / is / are + Subject + going to + verb +
Question Form complement?
Is she going to sell her house?
Am...not / isn't / aren't + subject + going to + verb
Negative Question
+ complement?
Form
Isn't she going to sell her house?

Be Going To Exercise

Use be going to in the following sentences.

1. Are you (watch) the ceremony tomorrow?

2. Gary (not visit) his cousin today because he is tired.
3. I (paint) my room on Sunday.
4. The guests (bring) their own food.
5. There are no clouds in the sky. It (not rain) today.
6. My mother (cook) dinner for us later.
7. I'd better sleep. I (get up) early in the morning.
8. Am I (come) with you tomorrow?
9. Your friends (not do) your homework for you.

c. Must vs Have To / Has To

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Must and have are used to express obligation or necessity:
The main differences between must and have to are:

Must means "really should or else it will be bad for you", it expresses an
obligation forced by the speaker.

Have / Has to expresses general obligations. When we are talking about

another person's obligation we use have to, too. We use have to when the
obligation comes from outside.

Examples Sentences
Teacher : You must listen to me carefully.
Father : You must stop smoking.

You have to put on uniform at school.

She has to buy new dictionary for school.
You have to give your report by 5 p.m. tomorrow.
They have to wake up early in the morning.
1. MUST
Subject + must + verb + complement
Affirmative Form
You must come home before 8
o'clock.

Subject + mustn't + verb +

complement
Negative Form
You mustn't come home before 8
o'clock.

Must + subject + verb + complement

?
Question Form
Must you come home before 8
o'clock?

Mustn't + subject + verb +

complement ?
Negative Question Form
Mustn't you come home before 8
o'clock?

2. HAVE TO / HAS TO

Affirmative Form Subject + has to / have to + verb +

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 complement

He has to take his medicine.

Subject + don't have to / doesn't have to + verb

+ complement.
Negative Form
He doesn't have to take his medicine.

Does / Do + subject + have to + verb +

complement ?
Question Form
Does he have to take his medicine?

Doesn't / Don't + subject + have to + verb +

Negative complement ?
Question
Doesn't he have to take his medicine?

Note: When we say he doesn't have to take his medicine, we mean that
he is not obligated to take his medicine. (Lack of necessity)

We say he mustn't take his medicine to give it a negative obligation

meaning.

Note:

- Must is only used in present and future meanings. Have to can be used in
any tenses.
- Must also has a probability meaning.

He missed the class for the first time, he must be sick.

d. Tense Agreement Rules

When writing a sentence, it is important to think about when the action in

your statement occurred. You should keep the tense uniform throughout
the sentence when discussing things that happened at the same time.
When referring to separate events, the tenses might differ, but it is
important to recognize the difference. Below are some examples of tense
agreement and disagreement.
 Talking About the Same Event
Tense Agreement

When I went to the coffee house, I bought two cookies.

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Both 'went' and 'bought' are in past tense.

Tense Disagreement

When I went to the coffee house, I buy two cookies.

'Went' is in past tense, but 'buy' is in present tense. They do not match.

 Different Events at Different Times

Tense Agreement

I biked to class last Monday, but today I am taking the bus.

'Biked' is past tense because it happened in the past. 'Taking' is present or
future because this is happening or will happen today.

Tense Disagreement

I bike to class last Monday, but today I am taking the bus.

Because it happened in the past, 'bike' should not be in present tense.

Exercise

Here are some examples of sentences with tense disagreement. Correct

them so that the tenses match.

1. My father to Harvard and biology.

2. When I in USA, I always dinner at Cheesecake
Factory.
3. I to the gym and every Saturday.
4. I grades and transcripts at the student center.
5. I always the Flintstones, and my favorite character
Fred.
Chapter eight : Question Types in English

There are a number of question types in English:

Yes-No Questions
Wh-Questions
Tag questions
Choice Questions
Hypothetical Questions
Embedded questions
Leading questions

a. Yes / No questions
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Most of them start with an auxiliary verb and expect an answer Yes or No.

Yes / No Questions Answers

Do you like your new teacher? Yes / No (Yes I do / No I don’t)

Can you help me? Yes / No (Yes I can / No I can’t)

Have you ever been here before? Yes / No (Yes I have / No I haven’t)

Did you visit your aunt yesterday? Yes / No (Yes I did / No I didn't)
Note: you can ask a yes / no question using the verb "to be" as a full verb
(not an auxiliary) as well.

Are you from The United States?

Yes / No (Yes I am / No I am not)

b. Wh-Questions

As you can understand from its name, most of them start with a question
word such as:

What / Where / Why / Who / Whose / When / Which

Wh-questions Answers

What is your name? My name is Allen.

When did you come? I came yesterday.

Who is your teacher? Mr. Jack is my teacher.

Whose book is that? That’s mine.

Note: there are other question words that don’t start with "wh" as well.

How / how many / how often / how far / how much / how long / how old etc.

Examples:

How are you? I am fine.

How old are you? I am fifteen.

How much is it? It is $5.

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c. Tag questions (disjunctive or tail questions)

They are mini-questions asked at the end of a statement to confirm it.

Examples:

You love her, don’t you?

She has seen it, hasn't she?

Nobody knew the answer, did they?

Let’s go, shall we?

d. Choice Questions

We use choice questions when we offer choices.

Choice questions Answers

Would you like a house or a flat? A house, of course.

Do you go with your family or alone? With my family.

Are you a little nervous or excited? A little nervous.

e. Hypothetical Questions

We ask hypothetical questions to have a general idea of a certain situation

(like a questionnaire).

Examples

What would you do if you won the lottery?

Would you leave your country and your relatives behind to study abroad?

If you had a superpower, what would it be?

f. Embedded questions (indirect questions)

We use them in reported speech or in polite questions.

Examples:

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She asked me if she could borrow my dictionary.
She asked me where the nearest train station was.
(not where was the nearest train station…)

Note: notice that the word order is affirmative.

Could you tell me how I can go to The Central Park?

g. Leading questions

We ask leading questions when we want to get the answer we desire.

Examples:

What do you think of the terrible side effects of drugs?

Were you with your family at the time of the crime?

Chapter nine: Colors in English, See vs Watch vs Look

Below are some of the most common main colors and their names.

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BLACK

WHITE

RED

BROWN

BLUE

YELLOW

PURPLE

ORANGE

GREEN

PINK

GRAY

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B. See vs Watch vs Look

These three verbs are also easily confused as they are all related to our
eyesight. However, there are distinct differences between them.
Examples :
I see you.
I am looking at you.
I am watching you.

- The use of See

We start to see unintentionally when we open our eyes, It may not be
deliberate, we just see without any effort.

For example:

Can you see my house over the cliff?

Bats can see very well in the dark.
See you tomorrow.
You may not see much in dim light.

- The use of Look

Different from the action “see” we make a special effort when we try to
see something. It's an active verb.

For example:

Don't look at the sun with naked eye.

Look at me while I am speaking.
He looked at his watch and told me the time.
Don’t look at me like that, I didn't do anything wrong.

- The use of Watch

The verb “watch” is used when we look at something that moves or

changes for a period of time. It's a continuous action of looking and
observing.

For example:

All day long I just watched TV yesterday.

I like watching the spectacular sun set every day.
Please be quiet, I am trying to watch the world cup series.
Do you like watching talk shows?

Watch a Movie vs See a Movie

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 A. Watch a movie
We watched a movie yesterday.
This would imply we watched a movie at home (TV/DVD...)

B. See a Movie
We saw a movie yesterday.
This would imply that we did so by going to a movie theater.
We can also explicitly say that we went to the movie theater
and watched Ice Age.

Quick Exercise

Select from see / watch / look.

1. I couldn't anything in the dark.

2. I don't soap operas.
3. I am every single move you make.
4. me very carefully.
5. You need to in order to see.
6. Did you how he kicked the ball?
7. him kick the ball now.
8. Did you at him in the eyes?
9. Can you the traffic sign from here?
10. How far can you without glasses?
11. I don't want to play. I will just you.
12. There is nothing to on TV.
13. under the carpet and you will see how dirty it is.
14. He just stood there and me burn.
15. I don't want to any dust on the kitchen counter.

Use of Affect or Effect

How did it affect you?

What was its effect on you?

a. Use of Effect
It is a noun meaning “outcome or result”.

For example:

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The effects of the earthquake were overwhelming.
Before you make an important decision, always think about the possible
effects of it.
Your advice had a tremendous effect on my decision.

b. Use of Affect
It is a verb meaning “to change or to have an effect on”.

For example:

His success in management will affect our standing among the other
departments.
The way she affected other students was admirable.
Your remarks have affected me a lot.

Exercise

Select from effect / affect.

effects
1. What are the possible of these actions?
effects
2. I don't think there will be any negative .
3. His actions will positively your reputation at school.
4. The crisis is not going to our country.
5. The hurricane had no significant on wildlife.

Accept vs Except vs Expect

These words sound/look similar, except, as you would expect, they have
different meanings.
I was expecting everyone to accept except for Henry.

Accept
It means "to be in agreement" or "to admit to do something".

For example:

He accepted to sign the contract.

Having studied hard, Rebecca was accepted to the university.
The professor accepted to do a lecture about global development.
He accepted our invitation. (he said "yes" to our invitation offer)

Except

It means "to exclude something" not to include.

For example:
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We all passed our class except Tom.
Everybody was willing to join the competition except Mary.
The teacher excepted the new student. (she didn't include him)

Expect

It means "to anticipate" or "to wait for something".

For Example:

Don’t expect miracles and do something!

I didn't expect to see you so soon.
They were expected to leave soon.

Exercise

Choose accept, except or expect.

accept
1. I your generous offer.
2. I don't him to understand me.
3. I am someone for dinner.
4. Everybody had breakfast for Diana.
5. Jenna

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